International Conference of Inclusive Innovation and Innovative Management (ICIIIM 2014)

LEADERSHIP STYLES OF BARANGAY CAPTAINS AND THEIR

EFFECTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PEACE
AND ORDER PROGRAMS IN THE BARANGAYS
OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY
ADONIS SOLIDARIOS BESA, Sociologist
STI COLLEGE-GENERAL SANTOS CITY, PHILIPPINES
besaadonis@gmail.com

ABSTRACT - This study determined the leadership styles

of barangay captains in selected urban and rural barangays
in General Santos City in terms of the realization of the
barangay vision and mission, implementation of barangay
plans, policies and programs and the productivity of its
employees. It also includes the effects of the
implementation of peace and order programs in their
respective jurisdiction. It has been found out that the
leadership styles of the barangay captains in the
implementation of mission and vision of the barangay,
plans, programs and policies and the employees
productivity is democratic andthe level of implementation
of peace and order programs in the barangays of General
Santos City is effective

INTRODUCTION
In the Philippines, Government declared that
the promotion of the general welfare is essential for
the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of
democracy. Thus, its prime duty is to serve and
protect the people. Guaranteed under the 1997
Philippine Constitution, it wants to bring back to the
constituents the benefits of being a Filipino and for
allegiance thereto.
Peace and Order is a social issue concerning
every individual. Here in the General Santos City,
Philippines where this study was focused, the twenty
six (26) Barangays have different ways of
implementing national and local peace management
programs. In fact, they have their own peace and
order councils headed by their Barangay Captains
which the latter perform the implementing function.
The researcher attempts to gain some important
inputs on how these Barangay Captains lead their
constituents in the implementation of the peace and
order programs.
The study on the Leadership Styles of
Barangay Captains and Their Effects on the
Implementation of Peace and Order Programs in the
Barangays of General Santos City determined the
leadership styles of barangay captains in selected

urban and rural barangays in General Santos City as

perceived by the community leaders and employees
in terms of the realization of the barangay vision and
mission, implementation of barangay plans, policies
and programs and the productivity of its employees.
It also includes the effects of the implementation of
peace and order programs in their respective
jurisdiction.
The study used descriptive design
to determine the leadership styles and the level of
implementation of the peace and order in the
barangays of the General Santos City and inferential
statistics to ascertain its effects to arrive the
significance of the leadership styles to the
implementation of peace and order.
The study determined the leadership styles
of Barangay Captains in the Barangays in General
Santos City and its effects to the implementation of
peace and order programs in their respective
jurisdiction.
Specifically, it sought answers to the
following:
1. What is the prevailing leadership style
of Barangay Captains as perceive by the
community
leaders and employees in terms of:
a. realization of the barangays vision
and mission
b. implementation of barangay plans,
policies and programs
c. improving productivity of its
employees
2. What is the level of implementation of
the Barangay Captains pertaining on
peace and order programs?
3. Is there a significant effect of the
leadership style to the implementation practices by
the Barangay Captains?

International Conference of Inclusive Innovation and Innovative Management (ICIIIM 2014)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents some of the related
literature and studies and its conceptual framework.
The materials are categorized according to related
readings composed of laws and department
directives, related literature, composed of books,
journals and magazines, and, related studies which
have direct bearing to the present study.
A. Related Literature
Leadership is a process whereby one
individual exerts influence over the others. The
superior can influence the subordinate through his or
her holding power to have control over them based
on the following; (1) coercive power; (2) reward
power; (3) legitimate power; (4) experts power; and
(5) referent power (Donelly, et al., 1992).
Welch (1992) also cited five core skills
possessed by effective leaders; (1) empowerment
occurs when a leader shares influence and control
with followers; (2) intuition, the ability to scan a
situation; anticipate changes, task risks, and build
trust; (3) self-understanding, the ability to recognize
ones strengths and compensate for ones weakness;
vision, the ability to imagine a different and better
situation and ways to achieve it; (5) value
congruence, the ability to understand the
organizations guiding principles and employees
values and reconcile the two.
Newstroom (1997) defines leadership as the
process of influencing and supporting others to work
enthusiastically toward achieving objectives. It is
understood then that leadership is a relational
behavior that needs interaction between the leader
and the followers.
Stogdill (1986) asserted that a person does
not become a leader by virtue of the possession of
some combination of traits, but the patterns of
personal behavior of a leader must bear some
relevant relationship has to be conceived in terms of
interaction of variables, which are also constant flux
and change.
Boone and Kurtz ( 1990 ) as cited by
Miranda (1993) that whatever type of a leadership is
chosen, its effectiveness will depend on its
appropriateness in relation to the people who are led,
the nature of the job itself and the management

support given to the leader from those who rank

higher than him in the organizational structure. No
leadership style will work unless it fits well with the
managers personal characteristics such as sincerity,
knowledge and need to be accepted. All these factors
work together to create a distinctive environment for
leadership.
Fiedler (1997) pointed out that task-oriented
controlling leader will prove more to be effective
when the situations are either very easy or very
difficult. The more permissive and considerate a
leader reforms, the more he is effective in the
intermediate situation of medium difficulty. In the
final analysis, Fiedler contended that leadership
styles should be adopted to situational elements.
.
Newstroom and David (1997) cited that,
managers are expected to use leadership style, have
knowledge of interpersonal and group dynamics to
create an appropriate quality of work life for their
employees. When this task is done properly,
employees
became
motivated
toward
the
achievement of organizational goals. Their
motivation however, is also a product of their
underlying attitudes and specific situational factors at
a certain point in time. If any of the previous factors
in the organizational system are changed, motivation
will also be different, likewise performance also is
affected.
The following figure presents a conceptual
framework of a good producer or achiever in line to
the leadership styles the Barangay Captains are using
in implementing their peace and order programs in
their respective Barangays and to the entire General
Santos City.

International Conference of Inclusive Innovation and Innovative Management (ICIIIM 2014)

community leaders and 13 Barangay employees were
selected as respondents.
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in 10 selected
barangays in General Santos City. General Santos
City is composed of 26 barangays, twelve of which
are considered urban, fourteen are categorized as
rural barangays. There are 10 barangays which are
considered in the study. There are 5 rural barangays
and 5 urban barangays. The 5 rural barangays are:
Barangay Baluan, Barangay Buayan, Barangay
Mabuhay, Barangay Siguel and Barangay Olympog.
The 5 urban barangays are: Barangay City Heights,
Barangay North, Barangay East, Barangay South, and
Barangay West.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method of research
to be used to include the design employed, research
subjects, research locale, sampling technique, the
research instrument, the data gathering procedure and
the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The research study used descriptive design
to determine the leadership styles and the level of
implementation of the peace and order programs in
the selected barangays in General Santos City and
influential statistics to ascertain its effects in order to
arrive the significance of the leadership styles to the
implementation of the peace and order.
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
The population was divided into two groups:
(1) Community Leaders, (2) Barangay Employees, on
the basis of their participation during entire duration
of data gathering. A pre-sampling of 30 respondents
was used to estimate the standard deviation. The
standard deviation was 0.9633. The error is set at
0.10. The desired sample size was 330 by using the
sample size for estimating the mean. There are 10
barangays being selected. For each Barangay, 20

Research Instruments
A questionnaire was used in this study. It is
a checklist, which consists of leadership styles and
the level of implementation of peace and order
program of Barangay Captains. The instrument was
designed with reference from books, manuals,
research papers on topics under study. Observations
and experiences of the researcher was also considered
in constructing the tool.
The rating used scale for the determination of
leadership styles were as follows:
0 Autocratic

1 - Democratic

On the determination of the level of

implementation of peace and order, the rating scale
was:
1- Very Ineffective 2 Ineffective 3 Effective
4 Very Effective
The Validation of instrument passed through
the hands of the adviser, a city public official or
administrator and an official of the Department of
Interior and Local Government.
Furthermore, the validated questionnaire
was presented to the panel members for their review
before its administration.

International Conference of Inclusive Innovation and Innovative Management (ICIIIM 2014)

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The following are the salient findings of the
study:
1. Leadership styles of the barangay captains
in the implementation of mission and vision of the
barangay, plans, programs and policies and the
employees productivity is democratic particularly in
the following areas:
a. In realizing the barangay mission and
vision that includes the implementation of peace and
order as a help in social development of a barangay,
the prioritization of peace and order programs, the
observance of national peace and order programs in
the barangay and the implementation of peace and
order management;
b. In implementing its plans, programs and
policies that includes the implementation of peace
and order programs in the barangay and the
enforcement of laws pertaining on peace and order
programs and policies; and
c. Employees productivity that includes
employees working as peace advocators, efficiency
of barangay workers and leaders, level of satisfaction
of Barangay constituents in the implementation of
peace and order programs and active participation of
barangay workers and constituents.
2. The level of implementation of peace and
order programs in the barangays of General Santos
City is effective.
a. In the level of implementation in law enforcement
that include management of peace and order
programs of the Barangay Captains and the
imposition of peace and order laws and policies is
effective.
b. In the level of implementation in insurgency that
include the implementation of peace and order
programs to lessen insurgency and the prevention of
crimes and other criminalities is effective.
c. In the level of implementation in civil
defense and public safety that include the
implementation of the provision of peace and order
programs for the satisfaction of the Barangay
constituents and the promotion of effective public
interest and welfare specifically on:

a. fire prevention that include the carrying

out of peace and order programs on fire prevention
and the concerns on fire prevention programs;.
b. prosecution and law that include peace
and order policies and working capabilities of
workers;
c. community development that include the
implementation of programs in community
development and the support to the non-government
organizations and other organizations which are
working for peace and order programs; and
d. health sanitation that include the
implementation of peace and order programs on
health sanitations.
3. There is a
significant relationship
between the leadership style and the implementation
practices of the barangay captains.
Based on the findings of the study, the
following conclusions are hereby presented:
1. The two groups of respondents, the
community leaders and the employees perceive that
the leadership style used by the barangay captains in
implementing barangay mission and vision, plans,
programs and policies and employees productivity is
democratic.
2. The community leaders and employees
perceive that the level of implementation of peace
and order programs in law enforcement, insurgency,
civil defense and public safety, fire prevention and
protection, prosecution and law, community
development and health sanitations is effective.
3. Since the barangay captains used
democratic style of leadership in the implementation
of peace and order programs in General Santos City,
they are effective, hence, they can attain their goals in
their mission and vision.
on the Strengthening of Barangay Peace and
Order Council (BPOC).