10/23/2012

Physics 111: Lecture 2

Review:
Todays Agenda

Recap of 1-D motion with constant acceleration

1-D free fall

example

For constant acceleration we found:

x = x0 + v 0 t +
v = v 0 + at

1 2
at
2

a = const
l

Review of Vectors

3-D Kinematics
Shoot the monkey
Baseball
Independence of x and y components

v
l

From which we derived:

v 2 - v 02 = 2a(x - x0 )
v av

1
= (v0 + v)
2

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 1

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 2

1-D FreeFree-Fall

Recall what you saw:

l

x = x0 + v 0 t +

1 2
at
2

This is a nice example of constant acceleration (gravity):

In this case, acceleration is caused by the force of gravity:
Usually pick y-axis upward
y
Acceleration of gravity is down:
a y = -g

t
v

v y = v0 y - g t
y = y0 + v0 y t -

ay = - g

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 3

Gravity facts:

Problem:
Penny
& feather

g does not depend on the nature of the material!

Galileo (1564-1642) figured this out without fancy clocks
& rulers!

demo - feather & penny in vacuum

Nominally, g = 9.81

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 4

Ball
w/ cup

1
g t2
2

The pilot of a hovering helicopter

drops a lead brick from a height
of 1000 m. How long does it take
to reach the ground and how fast
is it moving when it gets there?
(neglect air resistance)
1000 m

m/s2

At the equator
g = 9.78 m/s2
At the North pole g = 9.83 m/s2
l

More on gravity in a few lectures!

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 5

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 6

10/23/2012

y = y0 -

Problem:
l

First choose coordinate system.

Origin and y-direction.

Next write down position equation:

1000 m

2 1000 m

9 .81 m s 2

= 14 . 3 s
y0 = 1000 m

v y2 - v 02 y = 2 a( y - y 0 )
l

y = y0 -

2 y0

Recall:

Realize that v0y = 0.

Problem:

Solve for time t when y = 0 given

that y0 = 1000 m.

t =

1 2
gt
2

y = y 0 + v 0y t

1 2
gt
2

1 2
gt
2

Solve for vy :

v y = 2 gy0

= -140 m / s
y=0

y=0
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 7

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 8

Lecture 2, Act 1
1D Free fall

Lecture 2, Act 1
1D free fall
l

Alice and Bill are standing at the top of a cliff of height

H. Both throw a ball with initial speed v0, Alice straight
down and Bill straight up
up.. The speed of the balls when
they hit the ground are vA and vB respectively. Which
of the following is true:

Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition

should tell you that v = v0
We can prove that your intuition is correct:
Equation: v 2 - v 02 = 2 ( - g )(H - H )= 0

(a)

vA < vB

(b) vA = vB

Alice

v0

(c) vA > vB

v0

v0
H
vA

This looks just like Bill threw

the ball down with speed v0, so
the speed at the bottom should
be the same as Alices ball.

Bill

Bill

v = v0
H

vB

y=0
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 9

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 10

Lecture 2, Act 1
1D Free fall
l

Vectors (review):
l

In 1 dimension, we could specify direction with a + or - sign.

For example, in the previous problem ay = -g etc.

In 2 or 3 dimensions, we need more than a sign to specify the

direction of something:

We can also just use the equation directly:

Alice:

v 2 - v 02 = 2 ( - g )(0 - H )

Bill: v

- v 02 = 2 ( - g )(0 - H )

same !!
l

Alice

v0

To illustrate this, consider the position vector r in 2 dimensions.

Example Where is Chicago?
Example:
Choose origin at Urbana
Choose coordinates of
distance (miles), and
direction (N,S,E,W)
In this case r is a vector that
points 120 miles north.

Bill

v0

Chicago
r
Urbana

y=0
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 11

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 12

10/23/2012

Vectors...
l

Vectors...

There are two common ways of indicating that something is

a vector quantity:
Boldface notation: A

The components of r are its (x,y,z) coordinates

r = (rx ,ry ,rz ) = (x,y,z)

Consider this in 2-D (since its easier to draw):

rx = x = r cos q
where r = |rr |
ry = y = r sin q

r
A= A
r
Arrow notation: A

(x,y)

q =arctan( y / x )

r
q
x

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 13

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 14

Vectors...
l

Unit Vectors:
l

The magnitude (length) of r is found using the Pythagorean

theorem:
r
y
2
2

r =r = x +y

x
l

A Unit Vector is a vector having length 1

and no units
It is used to specify a direction
Unit vector u points in the direction of U
Often denoted with a hat: u =

The length of a vector clearly does not depend on its direction.

y
l

Useful examples are the Cartesian

unit vectors [ i, j, k ]
point in the direction of the
x, y and z axes

j
k

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 15

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 16

Vector addition:
l

Vector addition using components:

Consider the vectors A and B. Find A + B.

Consider C = A + B.
(a)
(b)

C=A+B
B

We can arrange the vectors as we want, as long as we

maintain their length and direction!!

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 17

C = (Ax i + Ay j) + (Bx i + By j) = (Ax + Bx)ii + (Ay + By)jj

C = (Cx i + Cy j)

Comparing components of (a) and (b):

Cx = Ax + Bx
Cy = Ay + By

By

A Ay Bx
Ax

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 18

10/23/2012

Lecture 2, Act 2
Vectors
l
l
l

Lecture 2, Act 2
Solution

Vector A = (0,2,1)
Vector B = (3,0,2)
Vector C = (1,-4,2)

D = (AXi + AYj + AZk) + (BXi + BYj + BZk) + (CXi + CYj + CZk)

= (AX + BX + CX)i + (AY + BY+ CY)j + (AZ + BZ + CZ)k

What is the resultant vector, D, from

adding A+B+C?

= (0 + 3 + 1)i + (2 + 0 - 4)j + (1 + 2 + 2)k

= {4,-2,5}

(a) (3,5,
(3,5,--1)

(b) (4,
(4,--2,5)

(c) (5,
(5,--2,4)

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 19

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 20

3-D Kinematics
l

3-D Kinematics

The position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle in 3

dimensions can be expressed as:

For 3-D, we simply apply the 1-D equations to each of the

component equations.

x = x(t )
r= xi+yj+zk
v = vx i + vy j + vz k
a = ax i + ay j + az k

(ii , j , k unit vectors )

dy
vy =
dt

ax =
l

We have already seen the 1-D kinematics equations:

l

x = x(t )

v=

dx
dt

a=

dv d 2 x
=
dt dt 2

y = y( t )

dx
vx =
dt

d x
dt 2

ay =

d y
dt 2

z = z( t )

vz =

az =

r = r(t)

v = drr / dt

a = d2r / dt2

2-D Kinematics

lost marbles

Most 3-D problems can be reduced to 2-D problems when

acceleration is constant:
Choose y axis to be along direction of acceleration
Choose x axis to be along the other direction of
motion

Example: Throwing a baseball (neglecting air resistance)

Example

a = const
v = v0 + a t
r = r0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t2
(where a, v, v0, r, r0, are all vectors)

dt 2

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 22

3-D Kinematics
So for constant acceleration we can integrate to get:

d2z

Which can be combined into the vector equations:

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 21

dz
dt

Acceleration is constant (gravity)

Choose y axis up: ay = -g
Choose x axis along the ground in the direction of the
throw

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 23

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 24

10/23/2012

x and y components of motion are

independent.

Problem:

Cart
l

A man on a train tosses a ball straight up in the air.

View this from two reference frames:

Reference frame
on the moving train.

Mark McGwire clobbers a fastball toward center-field. The

ball is hit 1 m (yo ) above the plate, and its initial velocity is
36.5 m/s (v ) at an angle of 30o (q) above horizontal. The
center-field wall is 113 m (D) from the plate and is 3 m (h)
high.
What time does the ball reach the fence?
Does Mark get a home run?

Reference frame
on the ground.

y0

q
D

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 25

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 26

Problem...
l
l
l
l

Problem...

Choose y axis up.

Choose x axis along the ground in the direction of the hit.
Choose the origin (0,0) to be at the plate.
Say that the ball is hit at t = 0, x = x0 = 0

Use geometry to figure out v0x and v0y :

Equations of motion are:

vx = v0x
x = vxt

Find
and

y
v
y0

vy = v0y - gt
y = y0 + v0y t - 1/ 2 gt2

q
v0x

v0x = |v| cos q.

v0y = |v| sin q.

v0y

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 27

Lecture 2, Act 3
Solution

Lecture 2, Act 3
Motion in 2D
l

Two footballs are thrown from the same point on a flat field.
Both are thrown at an angle of 30o above the horizontal.
Ball 2 has twice the initial speed of ball 1. If ball 1 is caught
a distance D1 from the thrower, how far away from the
thrower D2 will the receiver of ball 2 be when he catches it?
(a) D2 = 2D1

(b) D2 = 4D1

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 28

(c) D2 = 8D1

The distance a ball will go is simply

x = (horizontal speed) x (time in air) = v0x t

To figure out time in air, consider the

equation for the height of the ball:

1
y = y0 + v0 y t - g t 2
2

When the ball is caught, y = y0

1
v0y t - g t 2 = 0
2

t =2

t v0 y - g t = 0
2

two
solutions
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 29

v0y

t =0

(time of catch)
(time of throw)

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 30

10/23/2012

Lecture 2, Act 3
Solution

x = v0x t

Shooting the Monkey

(tranquilizer gun)

So the time spent in the air is proportional to v0y :

Since the angles are the same, both v0y and v0x for ball 2
are twice those of ball 1.
v0,2
v0,1
ball 1

v0y
g

Where does the zookeeper

aim if he wants to hit the monkey?
( He knows the monkey will
let go as soon as he shoots ! )

v0y ,2

ball 2

v0y ,1

v0x ,1
l

t =2

v0x ,2

Ball 2 is in the air twice as long as ball 1, but it also has twice
the horizontal speed, so it will go 4 times as far!!
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 31

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 32

Shooting the Monkey...

l

If there were no gravity, simply aim

at the monkey

Shooting the Monkey...

r = r0

With gravity, still aim at the monkey!

r = v0 t - 1/2 g t2

r = r0 - 1/2 g t2

Dart hits the

monkey!

r =v0t
Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 33

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 34

Recap:
Shooting the monkey...

x = v0 t
y = -1 / 2 g t 2

This may be easier to think about.

Its exactly the same idea!!

x = x0
y = -1 / 2 g t 2

Physics 111: Lecture 2, Pg 35