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1. INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow and the effects of the magnetic field is one of the important scientific
applications which is known as the Magnetohy-drodynamics (MHD). Its concept is
that magnetic fields can stimulate currents in a conductive liquid which creates a force
that will be affective in flow and also can lead to change in the magnetic field itself.
The grow interest in this field as a result of its association with the science of physics
and chemistry, as well as its relationship with many industrial, agricultural, medical
and their applications.
A basic understanding of the MHD phenomenon is essential where many
researchers were highlighted in this field due to its wide potentials:
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
graphically to bring out the effects of various parameters entered in the governing
equation.
Xie, 2010 studied flows liquid metal in strong magnetic fields by using analytical tool
to investigate the effect of applied magnetic and electric fields on the flow
phenomena of an electrically conducting fluid.
Gedik et al., 2011 studied the effects of uniform transverse magnetic field on the two
phases (solid/liquid) steady flow for laminar, incompressible and electrically
conducting fluid in the cylindrical non-magnetizable pipes was examined
theoretically.
Since the effect of the magnetic on flow patterns may be quite important, it is
worthwhile to study the effect of them on separated flows. The goal in this section is
to investigate the effects of the applied magnetic on the flow by developing numerical
and analytical different models.
Through integration of equation (1); obtaining the differential form in equation (2).
2
The momentum equation was obtained by using equation (4-3) and taking
=
M
(momentum in the volume V),
(momentum density),
(momentum flux) and s= force density (volume and surface forces) .The result was
equation (4-4).
4
This equation being also known as Navier Stokes equations which describe the
behavior of fluids in terms of continuous functions of space and time. They state that
changes of momentum in the fluid are based on the product of the change in pressure
and internal viscous dissipation forces acting internally. In this case the F term is a
volume force (Fx, Fy) that is constituted by a magnetic force.
The basis of two fundamental effects (fluid flow and magnetic field ) can be
understood: the induction of electric current due to the movement of conducting
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material in a magnetic field, and the effect of Lorentz force, is the combination of
electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields, is the
result of electric current and magnetic field interaction while the Lorentz equation (5)
used fluid with an externally applied magnetic field either an electromagnet or
permanent magnet.
FMHD = J x B
5
3
Where: FMHD (N/m ) designated the MHD force is the vector force acting on the
charge-carrying ions, J (C/sec cm2) is the vector flux of ions and B (T) is the
externally applied magnetic field vector.
The constitutive equations describing the relation between B and H in the different
parts of the modeling domain read:
J E V B
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B A
A 0
10
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
viscosity of the water, 1 is the elastico-viscosity coefficient of the water and is the
electric conductivity of the water.
Under the above assumptions the equation of motion is
u
2u 1 u
Ao A1 cos(pt ) 1 2
t
t r r r
ao cos(bt ) 1
k
t
2
u BO u
5. NUMERICAL MODEL
A finite element model using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4a was used to understand the
interactions between magnetic fluids and an applied magnetic field. The NavierStokes relations were used to solve the velocity profile of the magnetic fluid.
Maxwells equations, along with Gauss and Amperes Laws were used to determine
the magnetic field from the permanent magnet. The model described below is a
derivation of a previously established model by COMSOL Multiphysics to describe
the interactions between a magnetic fluid and a permanent magnet to be used for drug
targeting studies. The finite element model setup, boundary conditions, the
simulations performed and the observed results are discussed in this chapter.
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was assumed that the magnetic field between the two parallel magnets be more
uniform, thus having a great effect with the alignment of the magnetic moments of the
magnetic fluid.
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
No Slip: u = 0; refers to the non-slip condition between the fluid and rigid walls.
Boundary condition selected for the top and bottom boundary of the fluid.
Inlet: u = C; Velocity at the inlet is equal to a constant C.
Boundary condition selected for the inlet of the fluid.
Outlet: P = 0; pressure at outlet is equal to zero, signifies an open boundary.
Boundary condition selected for the outlet of the fluid.
5.5. Mesh
For the multi-physics Model, the mesh element sizes and concentration are important
for the channel, inlet, and permanent magnet where the solution of the magnetic field
has its greatest impact. To accomplish this, a maximum element size of 5.5e-3 m was
defined for the channel and inlet in the Free Mesh Parameters. The resulting mesh can
be seen in Figure (2).
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
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Figure 6 Local flow velocities (V=0.2 m/sec, Duct height =0.01 m).
Figure 7 Local flow velocities (V=0.2 m/sec, Duct height =0.0075 m).
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
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0.20000
0.19990
Velocity (m/sec)
0.19980
0.19970
0.19960
0.19950
PW
0.19940
CW
0.19930
0.19920
0.19910
0.19900
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0.13
Velocity (m/sec)
0.1299
0.1298
0.1297
PW
CW
0.1296
0.1295
0.1294
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
6. CONCLUSIONS
Numerical results show increase in magnetic field led to an increase in water
treatment and that appeared clearly when magnetic intensity increased and resulting in
a decrease in the axial velocity along the height of the duct and a decrease in the local
flow velocity. The result also showed that the water with electrical conductivity more
affected than pure water.
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The Effects of Uniform Transverse Magnetic Field on Local Flow and Velocity Profile
REFERENCES
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[2]
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[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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