Matthew Arnold as a Literary Critic

by S. N. Radhika Lakshmi
Introduction: Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), the Victorian poet and critic, was 'the first modern critic' [1], and
could be called 'the critic's critic', being a champion not only of great poetry, but of literary criticism itself. The
purpose of literary criticism, in his view, was 'to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in
its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas', and he has influenced a whole school of
critics including new critics such as T. S. Eliot, F. R. Leavis, and Allen Tate. He was the founder of the
sociological school of criticism, and through his touchstone method introduced scientific objectivity to critical
evaluation by providing comparison and analysis as the two primary tools of criticism.
Arnold's evaluations of the Romantic poets such as Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, and Keats are landmarks in
descriptive criticism, and as a poet-critic he occupies an eminent position in the rich galaxy of poet-critics of
English literature.
T. S. Eliot praised Arnold's objective approach to critical evaluation, particularly his tools of comparison and
analysis, and Allen Tate in his essay Tension in Poetry imitates Arnold's touchstone method to discover
'tension', or the proper balance between connotation and denotation, in poetry. These new critics have come a
long way from the Romantic approach to poetry, and this change in attitude could be attributed to Arnold, who
comes midway between the two schools.
The social role of poetry and criticism
To Arnold a critic is a social benefactor. In his view the creative artist, no matter how much of a genius, would
cut a sorry figure without the critic to come to his aid. Before Arnold a literary critic cared only for the beauties
and defects of works of art, but Arnold the critic chose to be the educator and guardian of public opinion and
propagator
of
the
best
ideas.
Cultural and critical values seem to be synonymous for Arnold. Scott James, comparing him to Aristotle, says
that where Aristotle analyses the work of art, Arnold analyses the role of the critic. The one gives us the
principles which govern the making of a poem, the other the principles by which the best poems should be
selected and made known. Aristotle's critic owes allegiance to the artist, but Arnold's critic has a duty to
society.
To Arnold poetry itself was the criticism of life: 'The criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such criticism
by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty', and in his seminal essay The Study of Poetry' 1888) he says that
poetry alone can be our sustenance and stay in an era where religious beliefs are fast losing their hold. He
claims that poetry is superior to philosophy, science, and religion. Religion attaches its emotion to supposed
facts, and the supposed facts are failing it, but poetry attaches its emotion to ideas and ideas are infallible. And
science, in his view is incomplete without poetry. He endorses Wordsworth's view that 'poetry is the
impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all Science', adding 'What is a countenance without its
expression?' and calls poetry 'the breath and finer spirit of knowledge'.
A moralist
As a critic Arnold is essentially a moralist, and has very definite ideas about what poetry should and should not
be. A poetry of revolt against moral ideas, he says, is a poetry of revolt against life, and a poetry of indifference
to
moral
ideas
is
a
poetry
of
indifference
to
life.
Arnold even censored his own collection on moral grounds. He omitted the poem Empedocles on Etna from his
volume of 1853, whereas he had included it in his collection of 1852. The reason he advances, in the Preface
to his Poems of 1853 is not that the poem is too subjective, with its Hamlet-like introspection, or that it was a
deviation from his classical ideals, but that the poem is too depressing in its subject matter, and would leave
the reader hopeless and crushed. There is nothing in it in the way of hope or optimism, and such a poem could
prove
to
be
neither
instructive
nor
of
any
delight
to
the
reader.
Aristotle says that poetry is superior to History since it bears the stamp of high seriousness and truth. If truth
and seriousness are wanting in the subject matter of a poem, so will the true poetic stamp of diction and

movement be found wanting in its style and manner. Hence the two, the nobility of subject matter, and the
superiority
of
style
and
manner,
are
proportional
and
cannot
occur
independently.
Arnold took up Aristotle's view, asserting that true greatness in poetry is given by the truth and seriousness of
its subject matter, and by the high diction and movement in its style and manner, and although indebted to
Joshua Reynolds for the expression 'grand style', Arnold gave it a new meaning when he used it in his
lecture On Translating Homer (1861):

I think it will be found that that the grand style arises in poetry when a noble
nature, poetically gifted, treats with simplicity or with a severity a serious
subject.
According to Arnold, Homer is the best model of a simple grand style, while Milton is the best model of severe
grand
style.
Dante,
however,
is
an
example
of
both.
Even Chaucer, in Arnold's view, in spite of his virtues such as benignity, largeness, and spontaneity, lacks
seriousness. Burns too lacks sufficient seriousness, because he was hypocritical in that while he adopted a
moral stance in some of his poems, in his private life he flouted morality.
Return to Classical values
Arnold believed that a modern writer should be aware that contemporary literature is built on the foundations of
the past, and should contribute to the future by continuing a firm tradition. Quoting Goethe and Niebuhr in
support of his view, he asserts that his age suffers from spiritual weakness because it thrives on self-interest
and scientific materialism, and therefore cannot provide noble characters such as those found in Classical
literature.
He urged modern poets to look to the ancients and their great characters and themes for guidance and
inspiration. Classical literature, in his view, possess pathos, moral profundity and noble simplicity, while
modern themes, arising from an age of spiritual weakness, are suitable for only comic and lighter kinds of
poetry,
and
don't
possess
the
loftiness
to
support
epic
or
heroic
poetry.
Arnold turns his back on the prevailing Romantic view of poetry and seeks to revive the Classical values of
objectivity, urbanity, and architectonics. He denounces the Romantics for ignoring the Classical writers for the
sake of novelty, and for their allusive (Arnold uses the word 'suggestive') writing which defies easy
comprehension.
Preface to Poems of 1853
In the preface to his Poems (1853) Arnold asserts the importance of architectonics; ('that power of execution,
which creates, forms, and constitutes') in poetry - the necessity of achieving unity by subordinating the parts to
the whole, and the expression of ideas to the depiction of human action, and condemns poems which exist for
the sake of single lines or passages, stray metaphors, images, and fancy expressions. Scattered images and
happy turns of phrase, in his view, can only provide partial effects, and not contribute to unity. He also,
continuing his anti-Romantic theme, urges, modern poets to shun allusiveness and not fall into the temptation
of
subjectivity.
He says that even the imitation of Shakespeare is risky for a young writer, who should imitate only his
excellences, and avoid his attractive accessories, tricks of style, such as quibble, conceit, circumlocution and
allusiveness,
which
will
lead
him
astray.
Arnold commends Shakespeare's use of great plots from the past. He had what Goethe called the
architectonic quality, that is his expression was matched to the action (or the subject). But at the same time
Arnold quotes Hallam to show that Shakespeare's style was complex even where the press of action
demanded simplicity and directness, and hence his style could not be taken as a model by young writers.
Elsewhere he says that Shakespeare's 'expression tends to become a little sensuous and simple, too much
intellectualised'.
Shakespeare's excellences are 1)The architectonic quality of his style; the harmony between action and
expression. 2) His reliance on the ancients for his themes. 3) Accurate construction of action. 4) His strong
conception of action and accurate portrayal of his subject matter. 5) His intense feeling for the subjects he
dramatises.

His attractive accessories (or tricks of style) which a young writer should handle carefully are 1) His fondness
for quibble, fancy, conceit. 2) His excessive use of imagery. 3) Circumlocution, even where the press of action
demands directness. 4) His lack of simplicity (according to Hallam and Guizot). 5) His allusiveness.
As an example of the danger of imitating Shakespeare he gives Keats's imitation of Shakespeare in
his Isabella or the Pot of Basil. Keats uses felicitous phrases and single happy turns of phrase, yet the action is
handled vaguely and so the poem does not have unity. By way of contrast, he says the Italian writer Boccaccio
handled the same theme successfully in his Decameron, because he rightly subordinated expression to action.
Hence
Boccaccio's
poem
is
a
poetic
success
where
Keats's
is
a
failure.
Arnold also wants the modern writer to take models from the past because they depict human actions which
touch on 'the great primary human affections: to those elementary feelings which subsist permanently in the
race, and which are independent of time'. Characters such as Agamemnon, Dido, Aeneas, Orestes, Merope,
Alcmeon, and Clytemnestra, leave a permanent impression on our minds. Compare 'The Iliad' or 'The Aeneid'
with
'The
Childe
Harold'
or
'The
Excursion'
and
you
see
the
difference.
A modern writer might complain that ancient subjects pose problems with regard to ancient culture, customs,
manners, dress and so on which are not familiar to contemporary readers. But Arnold is of the view that a
writer should not concern himself with the externals, but with the 'inward man'. The inward man is the same
irrespective of clime or time.
The Function of Criticism
It is in his The Function of Criticism at the Present Time (1864) that Arnold says that criticism should be a
'dissemination of ideas, a disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in
the world'. He says that when evaluating a work the aim is 'to see the object as in itself it really is'.
Psychological, historical and sociological background are irrelevant, and to dwell on such aspects is mere
dilettantism.
This
stance
was
very
influential
with
later
critics.
Arnold also believed that in his quest for the best a critic should not confine himself to the literature of his own
country, but should draw substantially on foreign literature and ideas, because the propagation of ideas should
be an objective endeavour.
The Study of Poetry
In The Study of Poetry, (1888) which opens his Essays in Criticism: Second series, in support of his plea for
nobility in poetry, Arnold recalls Sainte-Beuve's reply to Napoleon, when latter said that charlatanism is found
in everything. Sainte-Beuve replied that charlatanism might be found everywhere else, but not in the field of
poetry, because in poetry the distinction between sound and unsound, or only half-sound, truth and untruth, or
only half-truth, between the excellent and the inferior, is of paramount importance.
For Arnold there is no place for charlatanism in poetry. To him poetry is the criticism of life, governed by the
laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty. It is in the criticism of life that the spirit of our race will find its stay and
consolation. The extent to which the spirit of mankind finds its stay and consolation is proportional to the power
of a poem's criticism of life, and the power of the criticism of life is in direct proportion to the extent to which the
poem
is
genuine
and
free
from
charlatanism.
In The Study of Poetry he also cautions the critic that in forming a genuine and disinterested estimate of the
poet under consideration he should not be influenced by historical or personal judgements, historical
judgements being fallacious because we regard ancient poets with excessive veneration, and personal
judgements being fallacious when we are biased towards a contemporary poet. If a poet is a 'dubious classic,
let us sift him; if he is a false classic, let us explode him. But if he is a real classic, if his work belongs to the
class
of
the
very
best
.
.
.
enjoy
his
work'.
As examples of erroneous judgements he says that the 17th century court tragedies of the French were
spoken of with exaggerated praise, until Pellisson reproached them for want of the true poetic stamp, and
another critic, Charles d' Hricault, said that 17th century French poetry had received undue and undeserving
veneration. Arnold says the critics seem to substitute 'a halo for physiognomy and a statue in the place where
there was once a man. They give us a human personage no larger than God seated amidst his perfect work,
like
Jupiter
on
Olympus.'
He also condemns the French critic Vitet, who had eloquent words of praise for the epic poemChanson de

Roland by Turoldus, (which was sung by a jester, Taillefer, in William the Conqueror's army), saying that it was
superior to Homer's Iliad. Arnold's view is that this poem can never be compared to Homer's work, and that we
only have to compare the description of dying Roland to Helen's words about her wounded brothers Pollux and
Castor and its inferiority will be clearly revealed.
The Study of Poetry: a shift in position - the touchstone method
Arnold's criticism of Vitet above illustrates his 'touchstone method'; his theory that in order to judge a poet's
work properly, a critic should compare it to passages taken from works of great masters of poetry, and that
these passages should be applied as touchstones to other poetry. Even a single line or selected quotation will
serve
the
purpose.
From this we see that he has shifted his position from that expressed in the preface to hisPoems of 1853.
In The Study of Poetry he no longer uses the acid test of action and architectonics. He became an advocate of
'touchstones'. 'Short passages even single lines,' he said, 'will serve our turn quite sufficiently'.
Some of Arnold's touchstone passages are: Helen's words about her wounded brother, Zeus addressing the
horses of Peleus, suppliant Achilles' words to Priam, and from Dante; Ugolino's brave words, and Beatrice's
loving
words
to
Virgil.
From non-Classical writers he selects from Henry IV Part II (III, i), Henry's expostulation with sleep - 'Wilt thou
upon the high and giddy mast . . . '. From Hamlet (V, ii) 'Absent thee from felicity awhile . . . '. From
Milton's Paradise Lost Book 1, 'Care sat on his faded cheek . . .', and 'What is else not to be overcome . . . '
The Study of Poetry: on Chaucer
The French Romance poetry of the 13th century langue d'oc and langue d'oil was extremely popular in Europe
and Italy, but soon lost its popularity and now it is important only in terms of historical study. But Chaucer, who
was nourished by the romance poetry of the French, and influenced by the Italian Royal rhyme stanza, still
holds enduring fascination. There is an excellence of style and subject in his poetry, which is the quality the
French poetry lacks. Dryden says of Chaucer's Prologue 'Here is God's plenty!' and that 'he is a perpetual
fountain of good sense'. There is largeness, benignity, freedom and spontaneity in Chaucer's writings. 'He is
the well of English undefiled'. He has divine fluidity of movement, divine liquidness of diction. He has created
an
epoch
and
founded
a
tradition.
Some say that the fluidity of Chaucer's verse is due to licence in the use of the language, a liberty which Burns
enjoyed much later. But Arnold says that the excellence of Chaucer's poetry is due to his sheer poetic talent.
This liberty in the use of language was enjoyed by many poets, but we do not find the same kind of fluidity in
others. Only in Shakespeare and Keats do we find the same kind of fluidity, though they wrote without the
same
liberty
in
the
use
of
language.
Arnold praises Chaucer's excellent style and manner, but says that Chaucer cannot be called a classic since,
unlike Homer, Virgil and Shakespeare, his poetry does not have the high poetic seriousness which Aristotle
regards as a mark of its superiority over the other arts.
The Study of Poetry: on the age of Dryden and Pope
The age of Dryden is regarded as superior to that of the others for 'sweetness of poetry'. Arnold asks whether
Dryden and Pope, poets of great merit, are truly the poetical classics of the 18th century. He says Dryden's
post-script to the readers in his translation of The Aeneid reveals the fact that in prose writing he is even better
than
Milton
and
Chapman.
Just as the laxity in religious matters during the Restoration period was a direct outcome of the strict discipline
of the Puritans, in the same way in order to control the dangerous sway of imagination found in the poetry of
the Metaphysicals, to counteract 'the dangerous prevalence of imagination', the poets of the 18th century
introduced certain regulations. The restrictions that were imposed on the poets were uniformity, regularity,
precision, and balance. These restrictions curbed the growth of poetry, and encouraged the growth of prose.
Hence we can regard Dryden as the glorious founder, and Pope as the splendid high priest, of the age of
prose and reason, our indispensable 18th century. Their poetry was that of the builders of an age of prose and
reason. Arnold says that Pope and Dryden are not poet classics, but the 'prose classics' of the 18th century.
As for poetry, he considers Gray to be the only classic of the 18th century. Gray constantly studied and

enjoyed Greek poetry and thus inherited their poetic point of view and their application of poetry to life. But he
is the 'scantiest, frailest classic' since his output was small.
The Study of Poetry: on Burns
Although Burns lived close to the 19th century his poetry breathes the spirit of 18th Century life. Burns is most
at home in his native language. His poems deal with Scottish dress, Scottish manner, and Scottish religion.
This Scottish world is not a beautiful one, and it is an advantage if a poet deals with a beautiful world. But
Burns shines whenever he triumphs over his sordid, repulsive and dull world with his poetry.
Perhaps we find the true Burns only in his bacchanalian poetry, though occasionally his bacchanalian attitude
was affected. For example in his Holy Fair, the lines 'Leeze me on drink! it gies us mair/ Than either school or
college', may represent the bacchanalian attitude, but they are not truly bacchanalian in spirit. There is
something
insincere
about
it,
smacking
of
bravado.
When Burns moralises in some of his poems it also sounds insincere, coming from a man who disregarded
morality in actual life. And sometimes his pathos is intolerable, as in Auld Lang Syne.
We see the real Burns (wherein he is unsurpassable) in lines such as, 'To make a happy fire-side clime/ to
weans and wife/ That's the true pathos and sublime/ Of human life' (Ae Fond Kiss). Here we see the genius of
Burns.
But, like Chaucer, Burns lacks high poetic seriousness, though his poems have poetic truth in diction and
movement. Sometimes his poems are profound and heart-rending, such as in the lines, 'Had we never loved
sae kindly/ had we never loved sae blindly/ never met or never parted/ we had ne'er been broken-hearted'.
Also like Chaucer, Burns possesses largeness, benignity, freedom and spontaneity. But instead of Chaucer's
fluidity, we find in Burns a springing bounding energy. Chaucer's benignity deepens in Burns into a sense of
sympathy for both human as well as non-human things, but Chaucer's world is richer and fairer than that of
Burns.
Sometimes Burns's poetic genius is unmatched by anyone. He is even better than Goethe at times and he is
unrivalled by anyone except Shakespeare. He has written excellent poems such as Tam O'Shanter, Whistle
and
I'll
come
to
you
my
Lad, and Auld
Lang
Syne.
When we compare Shelley's 'Pinnacled dim in the of intense inane' (Prometheus Unbound III, iv) with Burns's,
'They flatter, she says, to deceive me' (Tam Glen), the latter is salutary.
Arnold on Shakespeare
Praising Shakespeare, Arnold says 'In England there needs a miracle of genius like Shakespeare's to produce
a balance of mind'. This is not bardolatory, but praise tempered by a critical sense. In a letter he writes. 'I keep
saying
Shakespeare,
you
are
as
obscure
as
life
is'.
In his sonnet On Shakespeare he says; 'Others abide our question. Thou are free./ We ask and ask - Thou
smilest and art still,/ Out-topping knowledge'.
Arnold's limitations
For all his championing of disinterestedness, Arnold was unable to practise disinterestedness in all his essays.
In his essay on Shelley particularly he displayed a lamentable lack of disinterestedness. Shelley's moral views
were too much for the Victorian Arnold. In his essay on Keats too Arnold failed to be disinterested. The
sentimental
letters
of
Keats
to
Fanny
Brawne
were
too
much
for
him.
Arnold sometimes became a satirist, and as a satirical critic saw things too quickly, too summarily. In spite of
their charm, the essays are characterised by egotism and, as Tilotson says, 'the attention is directed, not on
his
object
but
on
himself
and
his
objects
together'.
Arnold makes clear his disapproval of the vagaries of some of the Romantic poets. Perhaps he would have
agreed with Goethe, who saw Romanticism as disease and Classicism as health. But Arnold occasionally
looked at things with jaundiced eyes, and he overlooked the positive features of Romanticism which posterity
will not willingly let die, such as its humanitarianism, love of nature, love of childhood, a sense of mysticism,
faith
in
man
with
all
his
imperfections,
and
faith
in
man's
unconquerable
mind.

Arnold's inordinate love of classicism made him blind to the beauty of lyricism. He ignored the importance of
lyrical poems, which are subjective and which express the sentiments and the personality of the poet. Judged
by Arnold's standards, a large number of poets both ancient and modern are dismissed because they sang
with
'Profuse
strains
of
unpremeditated
art'.
It was also unfair of Arnold to compare the classical works in which figure the classical quartet, namely
Achilles, Prometheus, Clytemnestra and Dido with Heamann and Dorothea, Childe Harold, Jocelyn, and 'The
Excursion'. Even the strongest advocates of Arnold would agree that it is not always profitable for poets to
draw upon the past. Literature expresses the zeitgeist, the spirit of the contemporary age. Writers must choose
subjects from the world of their own experience. What is ancient Greece to many of us? Historians and
archaeologists are familiar with it, but the common readers delight justifiably in modern themes. To be in the
company of Achilles, Prometheus, Clytemnestra and Dido is not always a pleasant experience. What a reader
wants is variety, which classical mythology with all its tradition and richness cannot provide. An excessive
fondness for Greek and Latin classics produces a literary diet without variety, while modern poetry and drama
have
branched
out
in
innumerable
directions.
As we have seen, as a classicist Arnold upheld the supreme importance of the architectonic faculty, then later
shifted his ground. In the lectures On Translating Homer, On the Study of Celtic Literature, and The Study of
Poetry, he himself tested the greatness of poetry by single lines. Arnold the classicist presumably realised
towards the end of his life that classicism was not the last word in literature.
Arnold's lack of historic sense was another major failing. While he spoke authoritatively on his own century, he
was sometimes groping in the dark in his assessment of earlier centuries. He used to speak at times as if ex
cathedra,
and
this
pontifical
solemnity
vitiated
his
criticism.
As we have seen, later critics praise Arnold, but it is only a qualified praise. Oliver Elton calls him a 'bad great
critic'. T. S. Eliot said that Arnold is a 'Propagandist and not a creator of ideas'. According to Walter Raleigh,
Arnold's method is like that of a man who took a brick to the market to give the buyers an impression of the
building.
Arnold's legacy
In spite of his faults, Arnold's position as an eminent critic is secure. Douglas Bush says that the breadth and
depth of Arnold's influence cannot be measured or even guessed at because, from his own time onward, so
much of his thought and outlook became part of the general educated consciousness. He was one of those
critics who, as Eliot said, arrive from time to time to set the literary house in order. Eliot named Dryden,
Johnson
and
Arnold
as
some
of
the
greatest
critics
of
the
English
language.
Arnold united active independent insight with the authority of the humanistic tradition. He carried on, in his
more sophisticated way, the Renaissance humanistic faith in good letters as the teachers of wisdom, and in the
virtue of great literature, and above all, great poetry. He saw poetry as a supremely illuminating, animating, and
fortifying
aid
in
the
difficult
endeavour
to
become
or
remain
fully
human.
Arnold's method of criticism is comparative. Steeped in classical poetry, and thoroughly acquainted with
continental literature, he compares English literature to French and German literature, adopting the
disinterested
approach
he
had
learned
from
Sainte-Beuve.
Arnold's objective approach to criticism and his view that historical and biographical study are unnecessary
was very influential on the new criticism. His emphasis on the importance of tradition also influenced F. R.
Leavis,
and
T.
S.
Eliot.
Eliot is also indebted to Arnold for his classicism, and for his objective approach which paved the way for Eliot
to say that poetry is not an expression of personality but an escape from personality, because it is not an
expression
of
emotions
but
an
escape
from
emotions.
Although Arnold disapproved of the Romantics' approach to poetry, their propensity for allusiveness and
symbolism, he also shows his appreciation the Romantics in his Essays in Criticism. He praises Wordsworth
thus: 'Nature herself took the pen out of his hand and wrote with a bare, sheer penetrating power'. Arnold also
valued poetry for its strong ideas, which he found to be the chief merit of Wordsworth's poetry. About Shelley
he says that Shelley is 'A beautiful but ineffectual angel beating in a void his luminous wings in vain'.

In an age when cheap literature caters to the taste of the common man, one might fear that the classics will
fade into insignificance. But Arnold is sure that the currency and the supremacy of the classics will be
preserved in the modern age, not because of conscious effort on the part of the readers, but because of the
human
instinct
of
self-preservation.
In the present day with the literary tradition over-burdened with imagery, myth, symbol and abstract jargon, it is
refreshing to come back to Arnold and his like to encounter central questions about literature and life as they
are perceived by a mature and civilised mind.
(Original material by S. N. Radhika Lakshmi edited and revised by Ian Mackean)
Bibliography
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Annan,

Arnold,

Noel,

Matthew.

in

Essays

Matthew
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Criticism.

Arnold:
Ed.

Selected
S.

R.

Essays.

Littlewood.

London:
London:

OUP

Macmillan.

1964
1958

Arnold, Matthew. 'Preface to the First Edition of poems: 1853'. The Poems of Matthew Arnold. Ed. Miriam Allot,
London,
1979.
654-671
Arnold, Matthew. Selected Poems and Prose. Ed. Denys Thompson. London: Heinemann, 1971.
Mathew Arnold on study of Poetry

Introduction:
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), the greatest name among the Victorian critics, was a poet turned critic. He started his literary career
by writing poetry. It was only at the age of thirty-one that he published his first piece of criticism, Preface to the Poems, and then
for
the
rest
of
his
life,
for
full
thirty-five
years,
he
hardly
wrote
anything
but
criticism.
His
literary
criticism
may
itself
be
divided
into
two
categories:
(a)
Theoretical
criticism
or
literary
aesthetics
(b)
Practical
criticism
His theoretical criticism is contained largely in his Preface to the Poems and The Function of Criticism at the Present Time, standing
at the head of the first series of his Essays in Criticism, and The Study of Poetry with which opens the second series of his Essays in
Criticism. His practical criticism largely consists of his estimates of English and Continental poets contained in both the series of
Essays
in
Criticism.
A number of influences operated upon Arnold from the earliest days and determined his views and attitudes.
First, Arnold owes much of his knowledge of Greek and Latin masters to his great father. His classicism was inspired by him, and it
is to this fact that George Watson attributes the quality in his writing, the incongruity between the head and the heart.
The second powerful influence on him was that of the age in which he lived and created. Disgusted with the degenerate and
decadent romanticism of the day, its mammon worship and false money-values, its cultural anarchy, its historicism, its
provincialism, and its philistinism, he was critical of it and sought to bring about a cultural revolution.
Thirdly, Arnold was a man who read avidly, both the ancient and the moderns, and quite naturally, his reading influenced him
profoundly. Love for the classics of ancient Greece and Rome was inculcated in him by his father, and he drank deep at the
foundation of Homer, Sophocles, Virgil, Aristotle and many others. This passion of reading the Greek and Roman literature is
reflected
in
all
his
works.
Fourthly, it was the critical method of Sainte-Beuve which appealed to him and which in the main, he made his own.
And
lastly,
professorship
of
poetry
at
Oxford
gave
him
power
to
present
his
ideas.
All these factors mixed up and he formed his criticism in which the most important work is The Study of Poetry.
The purpose of this paper is to delineate the several myriad arguments of Arnolds critique. From Chaucer to Burns, this paper
attempts to explain Arnolds views on many famous classics of English literature. Not only does Arnold present a commentary on
different poets, but in doing so presents a way of critique and criticism which, according to him, is the most appropriate and
effective one. The touchstone method, for Arnold, was the only way of valorization and evaluation that is free from all fallacies
and subjective prejudices. After presenting his conception of the best kind of poetry, he presents his case on how one can recognize
this best kind of poetry and then goes on to give practical examples of such a system of criticism. All of this makes Arnolds work
complete, comprehensive and exemplary, such that could be read from time to time as an instruction manual on recognizing great
poetry
and
distinguishing
it
from
the
mediocre
kind.
The
Study
of
Poetry:
He starts with asserting that the future of poetry is immense. All our creed and religion have been shaken. They have grown too
much tied down to facts. But for poetry the idea is everything. The strongest part of our religion today is its unconscious poetry. We
should study poetry more and more, for poetry is capable of higher uses. We have to turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to
console us, and to sustain us. Without poetry science will remain incomplete and much that passes with us for religion and
philosophy
will
be
replaced
by
poetry.
Poetry can fulfill its high function only if we keep a high standard for it. No charlatanism should be allowed to enter poetry. Arnold
then
defines
poetry
as:
A criticism of life under the conditions fixed for that criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty.
Only the best poetry is capable of performing this task. Only that poetry which is the criticism of life can be our support and stay,
when other helps fail us. So, it is important that readers should learn to choose the best. In choosing the best, the readers are

warned
against
two
kinds
of
fallacious
judgments:
The
historic
estimate
and
the
personal
estimate.
The readers should learn to value poetry as it really is in itself. The historic estimate is likely to affect our judgment when we are
dealing with ancient poets, the personal estimate when we are dealing with our contemporary poets. Readers should insist on the
real estimate, which means a recognition and discovery of the highest qualities which produce the best poetry. It should be a real
classic and not a false classic. A true classic is one which belongs to the class of the very best and such poetry we must feel and
enjoy
as
deeply
as
we
can.
It is not necessary to lay down what in the abstract constitute the features of high quality of poetry. It is much better to study
concrete examples, to take specimens of poetry of the high, the very highest qualities, and to say, the features of highest poetry
are what we find here. Short passages and single lines from Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton and others may be memorized and
applied as touchstones to test the worth of the poems we want to read. This other poetry must not be required to resemble them;
but if the touchstone-quotations are used with tact, they will enable the reader to detect the presence or absence of the highest
poetic
quality.
However, in order to satisfy those who insist that some criteria of excellence should be laid down, Arnold points out that excellence
of poetry lies both in its matter or its substance and in its manner or style. But matter and style must have the accent of high
beauty, worth and power. But Arnold does not define what this mark or accent is. He says we would ourselves feel it, for it is the
mark or accent of all high poetry. If the matter of a poet has truth and high seriousness, the manner and diction would also acquire
the
accent
of
superiority.
The
two
are
vitally
connected
together.
Arnold then undertakes a brief review of English poetry from Chaucer to Burns in order to apply practically the general princ iples
laid down above and so to demonstrate their truth. The substance of Chaucers poetry--his view of things and his criticism of life-has largeness, freedom, shrewdness, benignity. He surveys the world from a truly human point of view. But his poetry is wanting
in high seriousness. His language, no doubt, causes difficulty, but this difficulty can be easily overcome. Chaucer will be read
more and more with the passing of time. But he is not a classic; his poetry lacks the accent of a real classic. This can be easily
verified through a comparison of a passage from Chaucer with one from Dante, the first poetic classic of Christendom. This is so
because
he
has
the
truth
of
substance
but
not
high
seriousness.
Shakespeare and Milton are our great poetical classics, but Dryden and Pope are not poetical classics.
Dryden was the puissant and glorious founder; Pope was the splendid high priest of the age of reason and prose, of our excellent
and
indispensable
18th
century.
But theirs is not the verse of men whose criticism of life has a serious seriousness, has poetic largeness, freedom, insight,
benignity. Their application of ideas to life is not poetic application, they are not classics of English poetry; they are classics of
English
prose.
The most singular and unique poet of the age of Pope and Dryden is Gray. Gray is a poetic classic, but lie is the scantiest of
classics. He lived in the company of great classics of Greece, and he caught their manners, and their views of life. His work is
slighter and less perfect than it would have been, had he lived in a congenial age. Elsewhere, Arnold tells us that the difference
between genuine poetry and the poetry of Pope, Dryden, and other poets of their school, is briefly this:
Their poetry is conceived and composed in their wits; genuine poetry is conceived and composed in the soul.
Grays
poetry
was
so
composed.
Next coming to Burns, Arnold points out that his real merit is to be found in his Scottish poems. In his poetry, we do find the
application of ideas to life, and also that his application is a powerful one, made by a man of vigorous understanding and master of
language. He also has truth of substance. Burns is by far the greater force than Chaucer, though he has less charm. But we do not
find in Burns that accent of high seriousness which is born out of absolute sincerity, and which characterizes the poetry of the great
classics. The poetry of Burns has truth of matter and truth of manner, but not the accent of the poetic virtue of the highest
masters. Even in the case of Burns, one is likely to be misguided by the personal estimate. This danger is even greater in the case
of Byron, Shelley and Wordsworth. Estimates of their poetry are likely not only to be personal, but also personal with passion. So
Arnold
does
not
take
them
up
for
consideration.
Having illustrated practically his touchstone method, Arnold expresses the view that good literature will never lose its currency.
There might be some vulgarization and cheapening of literary values, as a result of the increase in numbers of the common sort of
readers, but the currency of good literature is ensured by the instinct of self-preservation in humanity.
So strong is Arnolds faith in the value of poetry of the highest kind. Hence, he believes that only in the spirit of poetry our race will
find
its
last
source
of
consolation
and
stay.
Poetry
as
Superior
to
All
Knowledge:
The Study of Poetry is Arnolds most famous work of literary criticism as it is fundamentally concerned with poetrys high destiny.
He is of the view that poetry can be our sustenance and stay in an era where religious beliefs are fast losing their hold. As
discussed above, Arnold lived in a materialistic world where advancement of science had led society in a strange darkness.
Importance of religion was submerged. People were becoming fact seekers. A gap was being developed and he believed that poetry
could fill that gap by noble and profound application of ideas to life which should be of moral nature. Therefore, he believe s that
with the passing of time mankind will discover that they have to turn to poetry in order to interpret life and to console and sustain
themselves as science and philosophy will eventually prove flimsy and unstable. He demanded that poetry should serve a greate r
purpose instead of becoming a mere medium of gaining pleasure and appreciating beauty. He claims that poetry is superior to
philosophy, science and religion because religion attaches its emotions to ideas and ideas are infallible and science in his view is
incomplete
without
poetry.
One of the characteristic qualities of poetry mentioned by Arnold in this essay is a sound representation of life and ideas without
any attempt to falsify the facts. He further points out that another characteristic of great poetry is the application of ideas to
criticism of life. He endorses Wordsworths view that poetry is the impassioned expression which is the countenance of all science
and calls poetry the breath and finer spirit of knowledge. According to Arnold, the greatness of Wordsworth lies in his powerful
application of the subject of ideas to man, nature and human life. Another quality attributed to great poetry by him is that of high
seriousness. Aristotle was of the view that poetry was superior to history due to the formers qualities of higher truth and higher
seriousness. What we judge from Arnolds essay is that high seriousness is concerned with sad reality and this quality is
possessed by the poetry which deals with the tragic aspects of life. Arnold further illustrates this view by giving examples of Dante,
Shakespeare
and
Miltons
poetry.
Therefore we must know how to distinguish the best poetry from the inferior, the genuine from the counterfeit and to do this we
must
steep
ourselves
in
the
work
of
the
acknowledged
masters.
Charlatanism
and
the
Fallacies:
Arnold, after apotheosizing poetry in his essay, suggests that poetry must be of high order of excellence to fulfill its high destinies.
The Study of Poetry clearly enunciates that the people must accustom themselves with high standards and strict judgments, in
order to avoid fallacies of highly regarding certain poems and poet. Poetry should not be valued on basis of the value of certain

poets in history. It must not be evaluated on the basis of personal affinities or likings. It presents methods for discerning only the
classical
and
the
best
poets
and
poetry.
Arnold analyses the role of the critic while judging any poetry. Before Mathew Arnold, the critics valued poetry based on the
beauties and defects in it. While Mathew Arnold sees the critic as the social benefactor who strictly judges the poetry of higher
order of excellence. Aristotle analyzes the work of art, but Mathew Arnold in study of poetry analyzes the role of critic. Ar istotle
gives us the principles which govern the making of the poem, the other gives principles by which poems should be selected as
superior or inferior and made known to the world. Aristotles critics own allegiance to the artist but Arnolds critic own allegiance to
the art (poetry) and the society. Art should be given value which it possesses in itself. Arnold views poetry as the criticism of life.
According to Arnold, there is no place for charlatanism in poetry. A charlatan is defined as the flamboyant deceiver who attracts
others with tricks or jokes. Charlatanism in poetry confuses or removes the distinction between excellent and inferior, sound and
unsound, true and untrue or only half true. In this essay, Arnold clearly rejects charlatanism in poetry in following words:
In poetry, which is thought and art in one, it is the glory, the eternal honor that charlatanism finds no entrance that this noble
sphere
be
kept
inviolate
and
inviolable.
Arnold supports his idea for the nobility in poetry by recalling the Saint Beuves reply to napoleon, Arnold states the Saint Beuves
reply to Napoleon when he said him that charlatanism is found in everything. Saint Beuve replied to this that charlatanism might be
found in everything except poetry, because in poetry the distinction between the superior and inferior and noble and ignoble is of
paramount importance. Arnold regards poetry as criticism of life in true sense. Poetry can reflect the true spirits of life when it will
be free of any kind of corruption or ignobility. He regards poetry as the criticism of life governed by poetic truth and poetic
beauty. According to him the spirits of our age will find stay and consolation by this true criticism of life. The extent to which the
consolation, comfort, solace in poetry is obtained is proportional to the power of poems criticism of life. It means that the measure
to
which
a
poem
is
genuine
and
noble,
and
free
from
charlatanism.
Arnold than defines the true canons for the best poetry. The best poetry is that which is according to the readers desire or wish.
Arnold
illustrates
this
in
following
words:
The best poetry is what we want, the best poetry will be found to have power of forming, sustaining and delighting us and nothing
else
can.
Arnold states three different kinds of estimates that govern the readers mind while evaluating any piece of literature, especially
poetry.
These
are:
Real
estimate
Historical
estimate
Personal
estimate
According to him the most precious benefit to be collected from best poetry is clearer and deeper sense of best and the strength
and joy to be drawn from it. This sense must be present in every readers mind while searching for the best in poetry, and to enjoy
it. This sense should govern our estimate that what should we read. This estimate is called the real estimate of poetry.
Arnold contrasts the real estimate to two other kinds of estimate, the historic estimate and the personal estimate. The rea l
estimate of the poetry can be superseded by these two fallacious estimates. He says that these two estimates should be
discarded while evaluating poetry; he cautions the critic that in forming a genuine and disinterested estimate of the poet under
consideration,
he
should
not
be
influenced
by
historical
or
personal
judgments.
Historical estimate is regarded fallacious, because we regard ancient poet excessive veneration. It calculates the poets merit on
historical grounds, that is, by regarding a poets work as a stage in the course of development of nations language, thought and
poetry. The historical estimate is likely to affect our judgments and language when we are analyzing ancient poets. Arnold states
this
in
essay,
in
following
words:
The course of development of nations language, thought and poetry, is profoundly interesting, and by regarding a poets work as
a stage in this course of development, we may easily bring to ourselves to make it of more importance as poetry than in itself it
really is, we may come to use a language of quite exaggerated praise in criticizing it; in short, to over rate it.
Personal estimate is another fallacy while criticizing poetry. It calculates a poets merit on the basis of personal affinities, liking or
circumstances, which may make us over-rate the object of personal interest because the work in question is, or has been of high
importance to us personally. We may over-rate the object of our interest, and can praise it in quite exaggerated language and
grant it more value or importance than it really possess. Personal estimate is regarded fallacious, because it makes people b iased
towards
their
contemporary
poets.
As example of erroneous judgments, he says that the 17th century French court tragedies were spoken with exaggerated praise,
until Pellison reproached them for want of free poetic stamp, and another critic Charles d Hericault, said that the 17th century
French poetry had received excessive veneration. Arnold says that the critic seems to substitute, a halo for physiognomy, and a
statue
in
place,
where
there
was
once
a
man.
Many people, Arnold argues, skip in obedience to mere tradition and habit , from one famous name or work in its national poetry to
another, ignorant of what it misses, and of the reason for keeping what it keeps, and of the whole process of growth in poetry. All
this misses, however the indispensability of recognizing the reality of poets classical character that is the test whether it belongs
to the class of very best and that appreciation of the wide difference between it and all the works which has not the same
character. Arnold points out that tracing historical origins in works of poetry is not totally unimportant and that to some degrees
personal choice enters into any attempt to anthologize the works. However, the real estimate, from which derives the benefit of
clearly feeling and deeply enjoying the very best, the true classic in poetry ought to be the literary historians objective.
Poetry
as
the
Criticism
of
Life
In his essay, The Study of Poetry Matthew Arnold has presented poetry as a criticism of life. In the beginning of his essay he
states: In poetry as criticism of life, under conditions fixed for such criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty, the
spirit of our race will find, as time goes by and as other helps fail, its consolation and stay. Thus, according to him poetry is
governed
by
the
laws
of
poetic
truth
and
poetic
beauty.
Poetic truth is a characteristic quality of the matter and substance of poetry. It means a sound representation of life. In other
words, it is a true depiction of life without any attempt to falsify the facts. Poetic beauty is contained in the manner and style. It is
marked by excellence of diction and flow of verse. While talking of Chaucer, Arnold mentions fluidity of diction and verse. Poetic
beauty
springs
from
right
words
in
the
right
order.
Poetic truth and poetic beauty are inter-related and cannot be separated from one another. The superior character of truth and
seriousness in the matter and substance of best poetry, is inseparable from the superiority of diction and movement marking its
manner and style, says Arnold. If a poem is lacking in the qualities of poetic truth and high seriousness, it cannot possess the
excellence
of
diction
and
movement,
and
vice-versa
In his estimate of Burns and Wordsworth, Arnold points out that another characteristic of great poetry is application of ideas to
criticism of life. The greatness of Wordsworth lies in his powerful application of the subject of ideas to man, nature and hu man life.
Ideas
according
to
Arnold
are
moral
ideas.

Another quality attributed to great poetry by Arnold is that of high seriousness. Although he does not fully explain the term, we
gather quite a lot of information from his statement. Aristotle was of the view that poetry is superior to history due to the formers
qualities of higher truth and higher seriousness. What we judge from Arnolds essay is that high-seriousness is concerned with the
sad reality. This quality is possessed by poetry which deals with the tragic aspects of life. Even the examples given by Arnold from
Dante, Shakespeare and Miltons poetry illustrate this view. For instance, dying Hamlets request to Horatio:
If
thou
didst
ever
hold
me
in
thy
heart
Absent
thee
from
felicity
awhile,
And
in
this
harsh
world
draw
thy
breath
in
pain
To
tell
my
story
Regarding the concept of criticism of life, it needs to be understood what Arnold meant by the phrase criticism of life. It does
not mean carping at or unnecessarily finding faults with life. The suggestion itself is unsound that it means a criticism of society and
its follies. Criticism of life means a healthy interpretation of life. It means an evaluation, sympathetic sharing in and feeling for. The
theory of poetry given Arnold has been challenged on many accounts. Arnold does not consider Burns a great poet because in his
poetry Burns presents an ugly life. Arnold was of the view that a poet has the advantage of portraying a beautiful life in his poetry.
Eliot attacked this opinion. He believed that the poet has not the advantage of describing a beautiful life but has rather an
advantage of having the capacity to look beneath both ugliness and beauty. It is the power to look beyond boredom, horror and
glory.
While teaching of the concept of poetic beauty, Arnold mentions excellence of diction but does not explain what it is. As regards the
flow in verse or the fluidity in movement, Arnold probably does not realize that the use of coarseness is sometimes intentional to
create a specific effect. Smoothness need not be the only one; harshness and ruggedness are equally great qualities, when used to
create
special
effects.
Matthew Arnold does not fully explain the term high seriousness. It should also be remembered here that seriousness should not
at
all
be
considered
synonymous
with
solemnity.
The
serious
and
humorous
can
exist
together.
Another view put forward by Arnold that has been under the shadow of criticism is that of ideas. We might very well like to believe
that what Arnold wants to say is that an author, while interpreting life for us, might also use a moral idea to convey a moral lesson.
But what Arnold believes is that there is a pre-conceived idea on which the poet bases his evaluation.
Eliot also criticizes Arnold on the latters occupation with only great poetry. Adhering to this principle, we might end up dealing with
only
a
small
part
of
the
total
poetry.
Matthew Arnold talks of deriving pleasure from poetry. But according to critics he is actually biased towards morality a fact that is
evident from his view that poetry would replace religion. More and more mankind will discover that we have to turn to poetry to
interpret life for us, he writes. Apart from all the negative criticism directed against Arnold we cannot deny that he has very
beautifully related literature to life. As Douglas Bush rightly points out that literature is not an end in itself for Arnold. It only adds
to the beauty of life and answers the question How to live? Arnold is such a person, who does not live to read, but reads t o live.
The
Touchstone
Method:
Poetry
is
interpretative
by
having
natural
magic
in
it,
and
moral
profundity.
Arnolds touchstone method is a comparative method of criticism. According to this method, in order to judge a poet's work
properly, a critic should compare it to passages taken from works of great masters of poetry, and that these passages should be
applied as touchstones to other poetry. Even a single line or selected quotation will serve the purpose. If the other work mo ves us
in the same way as these lines and expressions do, then it is really a great work, otherwise not. This method was recommended by
Arnold to overcome the shortcomings of the personal and historical estimates of a poem. Both historical and personal estimate go
in vain. In personal estimate, we cannot wholly leave out the personal and subjective factors. In historical estimate, historical
importance often makes us rate a work as higher than it really deserves. In order to form a real estimate, one should have the
ability to distinguish a real classic. At this point, Arnold offers his theory of Touchstone Method. A real classic, says Arnold, is a
work, which belongs to the class of the very best. It can be recognized by placing it beside the known classics of the world. Those
known classics can serve as the touchstone by which the merit of contemporary poetic work can be tested.
The best way to know the class, to which a work belongs in terms of the excellence of art, Arnold recommends, is:
to have always in ones mind lines and expression of the great masters, and to apply them as a touchstone to the poetry.
This
is
the
central
idea
of
Arnolds
Touchstone
Method.
Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Method of Criticism was really a comparative system of criticism. Arnold was basically a classicist. He
admired the ancient Greek, Roman and French authors as the models to be followed by the modern English authors. The old English
like Shakespeare, Spenser or Milton were also to be taken as models. Arnold took selected passages from the modern authors and
compared them with selected passages from the ancient authors and thus decided their merits. This method was called Arnold's
Touchstone
Method.
However, this system of judgment has its own limitations. The method of comparing passage with a passage is not a sufficient test
for determining the value of a work as a whole. Arnold himself insisted that we must judge a poem by the 'total impression' and not
by its fragments. But we can further extend this method of comparison from passages to the poems as whole units. The
comparative method is an invaluable aid to appreciation of any kind of art. It is helpful not merely thus to compare the masterpiece
and the lesser work, but the good with the not so good, the sincere with the not quite sincere, and so on.
Those who do not agree with this theory of comparative criticism say that Arnold is too austere, too exacting in comparing a simple
modern poet with the ancient master poet. It is not fair to expect that all hills may be Alps. The mass of current literature is much
better disregarded. By this method we can set apart the alive, the vital, the sincere from the shoddy, the showy and the insincere.
Arnolds view of greatness in poetry and what a literary critic should look for are summed up as follows:
it is important, therefore, to hold fast to this: that poetry is at bottom a criticism of life; that the greatness of a poet lies in his
powerful
and
beautiful
application
of
ideas
to
life,
to
the
question:
how
to
live.
On
Chaucer:
Matthew Arnold is an admirer of Chaucers poetry. He remarks that Chaucers power of fascination is enduring.
He
will
be
read
far
more
generally
than
he
is
read
now.
The only problem that we come across is the difficulty of following his language. Chaucers superiority lies in the fact that we
suddenly feel ourselves to be in another world. His superiority is both in the substance of his poetry and in the style of his poetry.
His view of life [weltanschauung] is large, free, simple, clear and kindly. He has shown the power to survey the world from a
central,
a
human
point
of
view.
The best example is his Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Matthew Arnold quotes here the words of Dryden who remarked about it;
Here is Gods plenty. Arnold continues to remark that Chaucer is a perpetual fountain of good sense. Chaucers poetry has truth of
substance; Chaucer is the father of our splendid English poetry. By the lovely charm of his diction, the lovely charm of his
movement, he makes an epoch and founds a tradition. We follow this tradition in Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton and Keats. In
these
poets
we
feel
the
virtue.
And
the
virtue
is
irresistible.

In spite of all these merits, Arnold says that Chaucer is not one of greatest classics. He has not their accent. To strengthen his
argument Arnold compares Chaucer with the Italian classic Dante. Arnold says that Chaucer lacks not only the accent of Dante but
also
the
high
seriousness.
Homers
criticism
of
life
has
it,
Shakespeares
has
it,
Dantes
has
it.
But
Chaucers
has
not.
Thus in his critical essay The Study of Poetry Matthew Arnold comments not only on the merits of Chaucers poetry, but also on the
short-comings. He glorifies Chaucer with the remark, With him is born our real poetry. According to Matthew Arnold, Chaucers
criticism of life has largeness, freedom, shrewdness and benignity, but it lacks high seriousness. The term high seriousness
which Arnold says marks the works of Homer. Also, Dante and Milton and Wordsworth, apparently employed this high seriousness
which entails a sustained magnificence of artistic conception and execution accompanied by deep morality and spiritual values.
It must be remembered that Arnold laid a great deal of importance on the human actions as the proper subjects of poetry. His
contention of high seriousness is inevitably bound up with this. His concept of poetry being a criticism of life is quite satisfied by
Chaucer. Chaucers poetry is steeped with life, and yet there is basic sanity and order in his vision which Arnold should not have
missed.
The fun and comedy in Chaucers writing often blinds one to his basic greatness. His vision is truly Christian in its broad and
forgiving tolerance. His vision of the earth ranges from one of amused delight to one of grave compassion. His fresh goodwill and
kindly common sense, his sense of joy and warmth are communicated through his poetry especially in The Canterbury Tales. But
behind the fun and tolerance there is a sane moral view. Chaucers tolerance is not born of moral leniency or from a desire t o
excuse or mitigate the worldliness of the characters as he saw them. The Monks travesty of the cloister in the name of gracious
living finds no exoneration from Chaucer, nor is Chaucer appreciative of the wickedness of the Summoner and the Pardoner. His
tolerance is based on deep conviction of human frailty, and his medium of looking at it is irony, not inventive.
When we read the pen portraits of the pilgrims, we can see how clearly Chaucer has suggested the values they live by and what
they look for. In these valuesthe chivalry of the Knight, the Monks love for hunting, the Doctors love of gold, the poor Parsons
holy thought and work, the Clerks love for learning and teachinglies Chaucers subtle moral judgment.
When Arnold quotes a line from Chaucer as truly classic, he chooses a line expressive of stoic resignation. O martir seeded to
virginitee from the Prioresss tale. Indeed, all the lines quoted by Arnold as touchstones have the ring of stoic resignat ion. Thus,
Arnolds
own
view
seems
biased
in
favor
of
the
obviously
solemn
and
didactic.
In fact, Arnolds concept of poetry does not seem to include the genre of comedy. The term high seriousness has been interpreted
to mean seriousness in the more obvious sense. The poets criticism of life is not only to be serious, but also seen to be serious.
Arnold seems to demand solemn rhetoric. If we interpret high seriousness in this light, we can only say that Chaucers poetry
lacks it, for Chaucer was anything but solemn. However, if we consider high seriousness in a broader light, Chaucers
observation of life, his insight into its passions and weaknesses, its virtues and strength is truly great. If we strictly ac cept Matthew
Arnolds contention, then we will have to deny high seriousness to all comic writers, even to Moliere and Cervantes.
On
the
Age
of
Dryden:
The difference between genuine poetry and the poetry of Dryden, Pope, and all their school, is briefly this; their poetry is
conceived and composed in their wits, genuine poetry is conceived and composed in the soul. Matthew Arnold
John Dryden (16311700) was an English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright who was made Poet Laureate in 1668. He is
seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the
Age of Dryden. Walter Scottish called him Glorious John. John Dryden was the greatest English poet of the seventeenth century.
After William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, he was the greatest playwright. And he has no peer as a writer of prose, especially
literary criticism, and as a translator. John Dryden was an English writer who was the dominant literary figure in Restoration
England. Most of his contemporaries based their style of writing on innovations introduced by Dryden in poetry, drama, and literary
criticism.
The age of Dryden is regarded as superior to that of the others for sweetness of poetry. Arnold asks whether Dryden and Pop e,
poets of great merit, are truly the poetical classics of the 18th century. He says Dryden's post-script to the readers in his translation
of The Aeneid reveals the fact that in prose writing he is even better than Milton and Chapman.
Just as the laxity in religious matters during the Restoration period was a direct outcome of the strict discipline of the Puritans, in
the same way in order to control the dangerous sway of imagination found in the poetry of the Metaphysicals, to counteract t he
dangerous prevalence of imagination, the poets of the 18th century introduced certain regulations. The restrictions that were
imposed on the poets were uniformity, regularity, precision, and balance. These restrictions curbed the growth of poetry, and
encouraged
the
growth
of
prose.
Hence we can regard Dryden as the glorious founder, and Pope as the splendid high priest, of the age of prose and reason, our
indispensable 18th century. Their poetry was that of the builders of an age of prose and reason. Arnold says that Pope and D ryden
are
not
poet
classics,
but
the
prose
classics
of
the
18th
century
On
Thomas
Gray:
He is the scantiest and frailest of the classics in our poetry, but he is a classic. Matthew Arnold
Born in eighteenth-century London, Thomas Gray became one of those few names in English literature that despite a considerably
short oeuvre are remembered and celebrated to this date. Often said to have been born in the wrong age and time, Gray led a
highly troubled and dissatisfied life, and suffered from frequent bouts of melancholia and depression. But troubled as he was and
the little which he wrote, he wrote incredibly well. Mostly remembered for his magnum opus, Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard, Gray wrote the kind of poetry where substance and form, thought and structure perfectly corroborate each other.
Often the subject of many critical evaluations, Arnold, in his Study of Poetry and in several other commentaries, argue that Thomas
Gray, often misunderstood and wrongly judged, belonged to the rare species of writers who never spoke out.
"He never spoke out." In these four words is contained the whole history of Gray, both as a man and as a poet. Matthew
Arnold
For Arnold, Gray never spoke out rather words fell naturally and spontaneously from his pen. During his evaluation of the
eighteenth-century, Arnold argues that it was not Dryden and Pope who were the poetical classics representative of their age,
rather Gray who could be called the ultimate poetical classic of his century. In another commentary, Arnold enumerates different
opinions
that
critics
over
time
have
had
about
Gray:
Cowper writes: "I have been reading Gray's works, and think him the only poet since Shakespeare entitled to the character of
sublime. Perhaps you will remember that I once had a different opinion of him. I was prejudiced." Adam Smith says: "Gray joins to
the sublimity of Milton the elegance and harmony of Pope; and nothing is wanting to render him, perhaps, the first poet in the
English language, but to have written a little more." And, to come nearer to our own times, Sir James Mackintosh speaks of Gray
thus: "Of all English poets he was the most finished artist. He attained the highest degree of splendor of which poetical sty le
seemed
to
be
capable."
Another reason for Gray not speaking out or writing enough is often said to be due to his being born in the wrong age.
Eighteenth-century literature was gradually discovering the genre of prose and its possibilities. The greatest writers that the century

produced were prose writers, as Arnold states in his discussion on the age of Dryden. In such an age, Gray, who was a born poet,
could
not
blossom
or
flower
the
way
he
deserved
to.
Thus,
Arnold
writes:
Gray, a born poet, fell upon an age of prose. He fell upon an age whose task was such as to call forth in general men's powers of
understanding, wit and cleverness, rather than their deepest powers of mind and soul. As regards literary production, the tas k of
the eighteenth century in England was not the poetic interpretation of the world; its task was to create a plain, clear,
straightforward,
efficient
prose.
And
so:
Coming when he did and endowed as he was, he was a man born out of date, a man whose full spiritual flowering was impossible.
But despite the fact that Gray did not enjoy a satisfying and long literary career, he managed to leave the coming generations with
a small treasure of some of the finest verse ever written in the English language. For Arnold, Gray remains the most represen tative
poet of the early eighteenth-century before the Romantics. Thomas Gray never spoke out because he never had to and because
he couldnt bring himself to. His poetry flowed from him naturally, expectantly and inevitably. Arnold comments:
Compared, not with the work of the great masters of the golden ages of poetry, but with the poetry of his own contemporaries in
general,
Gray
may
be
said
to
have
reached,
in
his
style,
the
excellence
at
which
he
aimed.
Passed away at the age of 54, Grays Elegy is the poets most loved work, and a poem that could be safely attributed to the poet
and
to
the
man
himself.
The
The
The
And

curfew
lowing
ploughman
leaves

tolls
herd
the

the
wind
homeward
world

to

knell
of
slowly
o'er
plods
his
darkness
and

parting
the
weary
to

day,
lea,
way,
me.

On
Burns:
Robert Burns, as Douglas Bush and R. H. Super observed, gets a surprising amount of attention in Arnold's discussion of poets in
The Study of Poetry. There are three explanations of the prominence of Burns in Arnold's major essay on poetry. Firstly, Arno ld is
returning to the question that had interested him in exchanges with Clough, the connection between emotion and artistic form. In a
letter in which Arnold touched on revolution and the relations between labor and capital, he breaks off abruptly to discuss Burns as
an artist. Apparently in reply to Clough, Arnold says, Burns is certainly an artist implicitly. The fiery, reckless energy of Burns is
noted
in
The
Study
of
Poetry
as
well
as
his
sense
of
the
pathos
of
things.
Arnold's concern with the admirers of Burns, however, suggests a second explanation, that Arnold is responding to the work of his
old friend John Campbell Shairp. Shairp, as the Oxford Professor of Poetry, had given an Oxford lecture on Burns, and in 1879 had
published a monograph on Burns; in both, Shairp praised Burns as the Scottish national poet and the poet who celebrated the
Scottish peasantry. Arnold's discussion of Burns in The Study of Poetry may be seen as a part of an argument connected with a
larger question that had concerned Arnold in all of his criticism: the kind of poetry that was necessary for a democratic age. Shairp
had indeed seen Burns as a poet sympathetic to the people and to the cause of democracy and equality. Arnold seizes the chance
to talk about Burns because he wants to say, as he does at the end of the essay, that only the best poetry is adequate for a
democratic age. Along with the names of Dryden and Pope, Matthew Arnold also mentions the name of Robert Burns. Burns English
poems
are
simple
to
read.
But
the
real
Burns
is
of
course
in
his
Scottish
poems.
By his English poetry Burns in general belongs to the 18th century, and has little importance for us. Evidently this is not the real
Burns, or his name and fame would have disappeared long ago. Nor in Clarindas love-poet, Sylvander, the real Burns either. The
real Burns is of course in his Scottish poems. Let us boldly say that of much of this poetry, a poetry dealing perpetually with
Scottish drink, Scottish religion and Scottish manners; he has a tenderness for it. Many of his admirers will tell us that we have
Burns,
convivial,
genuine,
delightful,
here.
Burns real poems, according to Arnold, are those that deal with Scottish way of life, Scottish drinks, Scottish religion and
Scottish manners. A Scottish man may be familiar with such things, but for an outsider these may sound personal. For supreme
practical success more is required. In the opinion of Arnold, Burns comes short of the high seriousness of the great classics, and
something
remains
wanting
in
his
poetry.
Leeze me on drink! It gies us mair Than either school or college; It kindles wit, it waukens lair, It pangs us fouo knowledge Bet
whisky gill or penny wheep Or any stronger potion, It never fails, on drinking deep, To kittle up our notion
According to Arnold, there is an element of bacchanalianism in Burns poetry. He refers to many of Burns stanzas, and comments:
There is a great deal of that sort of thing in Burns, and it is unsatisfactory, not because it is bacchanalian poetry, but because it
has not that accent of sincerity which bacchanalian poetry, to do it justice, very often has. There is something in it of bravado,
something which makes us feel that we have not the man speaking to us with his real voice; as in the famous song For a that and
a
that:
A prince can make a belted knight, A marquis, duke, and a that; But an honest mans aboon his might, Guid faith he mauna fa
that!
For
a
that,
and
a
that,
Their
dignities
and
a
that,
Are
higher
rank
than
a
that.
To sum up Arnolds views on Burns, Arnold does not see Burns as belonging to the rank of the ultimate classics in English literature,
as, once again, Burns poetry lacks high seriousness. Burns poetry is frivolous, bacchanalian and passionate and is devoid of all
the merits that characterize classic poetry. But despite his flaws, Burns remains one of those poets in whose work intensity of
passion
and
spirit
merge
splendidly
and
whose
work
astounds
as
well
as
please.
Conclusion:
Matthew Arnold, one of foremost critic of 19th century, is often regarded as father of modern English criticism. Arnolds work as a
literary critic started with Preface to Poems in 1853. It is a kind of manifesto of his critical creed. It reflects classicism as well his
views on grand poetic style. His most famous piece of literary criticism is his essay The Study of Poetry. In this work he talks about
poetrys high destiny. He believes mankind will discover that we have to turn poetry to interpret life for us, to console us, to
sustain us. Arnold lived in a materialistic world where advancement of science has had led society in a strange darkness.
Importance of religion was submerged. People were becoming fact seekers. A gap was being developed and Arnold believed poetry
could
fill
that
gap.
In
his
words:
Our religion has materialized itself in the fact, and the fact is now failing it. But for poetry the idea is everything, the rest is world
of
illusion,
of
divine
illusion.
Arnold
wrote:
Without poetry our science will appear incomplete; and most of what now passes with religion and philosophy will be replaced by
poetry.
He had a definite aim in writing poetry. It was the criticism of life. By the criticism of life, he meant noble and prof ound

application of ideas of life. He said poetry should serve a greater purpose instead of becoming a mere medium of gaining pleasure
and appreciating beauty. According to him, the best poetry is criticism of life, abiding laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty. By
poetic truth he meant representation of life in true way. By poetic beauty he meant manner and style of poetry. He said that a poet
should be a man with enormous experience. His intellect should be highly developed by means of enormous reading and deep
critical thinking. Arnold said that poetry is an application of ideas to life. If the application of ideas is powerful the poetry will
become great. He also laid emphasis on the quality of high seriousness. It comes with sincerity which the poet feels for his
subject. Many critics disagreed with Arnold on this point. T.S. Elliot, a great poet himself, disagreed with this view by saying that
Arnolds view is frigid to anyone who has felt the full surprise and elevation of new experience in poetry. Arnolds classic poets
include
Dante,
Milton,
Homer
and
Shakespeare.
He
quotes
the
famous
line
of
Milton:
Nor
thy
life
nor
hate;
but
what
thou
livest
Live
well:
how
long
or
short,
permit
to
heaven
Arnold said poetry should deal with ideas not facts. Ideas should be moral. He said morality should not be taken in narrow sense.
He said poetry of revolt against life; a poetry of indifference towards moral idea is a poetry of indifference towards life .
Using metaphors concerning rivers in what would prove subsequently to be a very influential way; Arnold, furthermore, argued that
the stream of English poetry is only one contributory stream to the world river of poetry. He argued that we should conceive of
poetry worthily, and more highly than it has been the custom, that is, as capable of higher uses, and called to higher destinies,
than those in general which man has assigned to it hitherto. He contends that we must turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to
console us, to sustain us because, as Wordsworth put it, it is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge as a result of which it is
superior to science, philosophy, and religion. To be capable of fulfilling such high destinies, however, poetry must be of a high
order of excellence. In poetry, for this reason, the distinction between excellent and inferior, sound and unsound or only halfsound,
true
and
untrue
or
only
half-true,
is
of
paramount
importance.
It is in poetry that conveys the criticism of life. The criticism of life will be of power in proportion as the poetry con veying it is
excellent, rather than inferior, sound rather than unsound or half-sound, true rather than untrue or half-true. The best poetry is
that which has a power of forming, sustaining, and delighting us, as nothing else can. Its most precious benefit is a clearer,
deeper sense of the best in poetry, and of the strength and joy to be drawn from it. This sense should govern our estimate of
what we read. Arnold contrasts this, what he terms the real estimate, with two other kinds of estimate, the historic esti mate and
the personal estimate, which are both fallacies. The former calculates a poets merit on historical grounds, that is, by regarding a
poets work as a stage in the course and development of a nations language, thought, and poetry. The latter calculates a poets
merit on the basis of our personal affinities, likings and circumstances which may make us overrate the object of our inte rest
because
the
work
in
question
is,
or
has
been,
of
high
importance
to
us
personally.
Arnolds most important achievement in The Study of Poetry would have to be the establishment of his system of literary criticism
the touchstone method. It is a comparative analysis which entails the valorization of modern texts by comparing them to the w orks
of such greats as Shakespeare, Milton etc. Though criticized by many critics for its rigidity, Arnolds theory of proper criticism is one
of
the
most
important
elements
in
his
essay.
After giving an elaborate account of the function and nature of poetry and criticism, Arnold gives a critical account of many of the
classics in English literature. He traverses through great names like that of Chaucer, Gray, Dryden, and Burns. About Chaucer ,
Arnold says that though he is one of the greatest classics of English poetry, he lacks the "high seriousness" that is found in the likes
of Shakespeare and Milton. On Dryden, Arnold says that he is one of the finest prose writers of English language and proper prose
began from him. Arnold complements Gray and Burns for their great poetry, but again he rejects them as classics as like Chaucer;
their poetry lacks the "high seriousness" that must be present in great poetry.