Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solid
Light Energy
Energy
states
Liquid
Heat Energy
Wave Energy
forms
Electrical Energy
Gas
Nuclear Energy
Chemical Energy
Properties of
Matter
Relationship
with
matter
Relationship
with
energy
Properties of
Energy
in the fields of
Mechanics
Properties
of matter
Electronics
Wave
Heat
Light
Electricity &
Electromagnetism
Atomic Physics
& Nuclear
Mechanical
Energy
Symbol
S.I. Unit
Length
Mass
Time
Current
Temperature
5. Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are:
i) ..unit .. ii) . unit ..
Standard Form
1
Standard form = A x 10n ,
2
3
Prefixes
Sub-multiple
1012
109
106
103
102
101
Prefix
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
Symbol
T
G
M
k
h
da
Sub-multiple
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
Conversion of unit
Example
1. Convert every measurement to base unit metre, m:
a) 2.15 x 10-2 cm = 2.15 x 10-2 x 10-2 m
= 2.15 x 10-4 m
b) 2.15 x 1010 m =
=
2
Prefix
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
Symbol
d
c
m
n
p
c) 2.15 x 10 3 km =
=
d) 2.15 x 10 8 nm =
=
2. Express the following measurement in the units specified.
a) 3.86 ms = __________ ns
= 3.86 x 10-3 s (1st step, change to the based unit s)
= 3.86 x 10-3 x (10 9 x 10 9) s (2nd step, add the prefix required nano,n by multiply it opposite
value so it become 1)
= 3.86 x 10-3 x 10 9 ns
= 3.86 x 10 6 ns
b) 3.86 Ms = __________ ds
= 3.86 x 10 6 x (10 1 x 10 1) s
= 3.86 x 10 6 x 10 1 ds
= 3.86 x 10 7 ds
c) 6.37 Gm = ___________ km
3. Solve the following problems and express the answer in standard form.
a)
40 cm2 = _________ m2
4. Convert
a) 3 km h-1 = _______________________ m s-1 b) 600 g cm-3 = ______________________kg m-3
c) 2.89 x 1011 kg =
d) 7.72 x 10-5 Tg =
b) 6.54 x 104 g =
e) 45.1 x 10-2 dg =
3
f) 378 x 106 Mg =
b) 9.8 TA = _____________ dA
e) 572 x 10-10 ms =___________ds
c) 5.91 s = _____________ Ms
3. Solve the following problems and express the answer in standard form
a) 0.02 m2 = ______________ Gm2
c) 45 km3 = ________________m3
b)
4. Convert
a) 120 m s-1 = _______________________ km h-1
Derived quantities
1
A derived quantity is .
Formula
Derived unit
area
m x m = m2
volume
m x m x m = m3
density
velocity
Acceleration
Force
pressure
work
power
kinetic energy
potential
energy
mass
volume
displacement
time
density
velocity
acceleration
change in velocity
time
pressure
K.E
kg m s-2
Newton (N)
force
area
work
time
1
mass velocity 2
2
Nm
kg m-1 s-2
(Nm-2) @ Pa
Joule (J)
J s -1
Watt (W)
kg m2s-2
Joule (J)
kg m2s-2
Joule (J)
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius
and diameter are equivalent to length.
Vector Quantities
3. Example :
Distance(s)
Total . of
the.
.. quantity
Displacement(s)
Distance between ..
measured along a specific direction
.. quantity
Speed
Rate of of .
Velocity
Rate of of ..
Speed =
Velocity =
quantity
. quantity
4. Annie the ant is traveling down the road to buy an umbrella for these rainy days. She walks from her
nest, A to B, B to C in 10 minutes time as shown in the picture below:
(a) What is the distance she traveled?
Annie the ant
U
A
(b) What is her displacement from A?
4m
(c) What is her speed?
1.4
Understanding Measurements
3m
Figure 1
Table 1
5. Error is . caused by measuring or the .. or the .
. of the surroundings.
6. Two main types of errors : . . and .
Systematic Error
Caused by:
i.
Error in instruments
ii.
Error in calibration
Example
i.
.
.. be reduced or overcome
Way of correction
i.
Take the error into account
Table 2
Parallax errors
Definition:
Random Error
Caused by:
i.
Surroundings factors, such as
temperature and wind
ii.
Carelessness of the observer
Example
i.
..
ii.
Error in .
. be reduced
Ways of correction
i.
Take several readings and
calculate the average value.
A parallax error is an in reading an instrument because the observers eyes and pointer are not
.. to the plane of the scale.
Concept & Explanation:
1. Figure 2, 3 and 4 show the correct positioning of the observers eyes to avoid parallax errors.
2.
Measuring Instruments
Length
Current
Mass
Temperature
Time
Voltage
Table 3
Vernier Calipers
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.2
Diagram 1.2 shows the reading of a vernier caliper to measure the diameter of a ping pong ball
main scale reading + vernier scale reading
=
=
Positive zero error
Figure 10
Negative zero error = ..cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting which
is adding 0.08 cm to the readings
Figure 9
Positive zero error = .. cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting ..
from the readings.
Example
Before
Before
(i)
after
Figure 11
Zero error = . cm
Vernier caliper reading =
=
Corrected reading
after
(ii)
Example
(i)
Figure 12
Zero error = . cm
Vernier caliper reading =
=
Corrected reading
(ii)
Exercise:
1 Write down the readings shown by the following
(a)
Answer: ..
(b)
Answer: ..
(c)
(d)
Answer: ..
10
5
1
Answer: ..
0
10
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
1
10
Zero error =
(b)
The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces
of cardboard between the jaws.
5
10
Reading shown
=
Corrected reading = =
Figure 13
Figure 13 shows the use of a micrometer screw gauge to measure the size of a spherical object.
Main scale reading = ____________ mm
Thimble scale reading = ____________
= _____________ mm
Final reading = ______________
= _________________ mm
2. Positive zero error and negative zero error
Positive zero error
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 17
Figure 16
Zero error = . mm
micrometer screw gauge reading
=
Zero error = mm
micrometer screw gauge reading
=
Corrected reading
= micrometer screw gauge reading zero error
=
Corrected reading
= micrometer screw gauge reading zero error
=
Exercise:
1. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a)
(b)
0
30
10
45
15
40
25
Answer: .
(c)
Answer:..
(d)
10
30
Answer:
Answer:.
0
45
Zero error = .. mm
35
5
0
20
0
15
Zero error =
Reading shown = ..
=
Corrected reading =..
= .
Paper 3
Section A
1. A student carries out an experiment
to study
the relationship between the diameter
of a
circular disc made of a certain material and its mass. He used several discs, made of the same material, with
the same uniform thickness but different diameters. The masses of the discs were chosen to have certain
specific values. Diagram 1.1 shows how he measured the diameter of the discs with the vernier callipers.
The actual reading of the vernier callipers while measuring the diameters of the various discs are shown in
Diagram 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7.
(a)
(b)
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Determine the readings of the vernier callipers in Diagram 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7. Tabulate your
results for the mass of the disc, m, diameter, d and d 2.
[4 marks]
2
(c)
(d)
[5 marks]
[1 mark]
(e)
State one precaution to be taken when using the vernier callipers in order to obtain accurate readings.
.
.
[1 mark]
(b) Hypothesis :
(c)(i) Aim :
(ii) Variables :
(v) Procedure :
...
....
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
(vi)
Tabulation of data :
(vii)
Analysis of data :