You are on page 1of 26

1. Leveque, C. and Paugy, D. 2006.

Les poissons des eauxcontinentales


africaines. Diversit, cologie et utilisationpar lhomme. IRD Editions,
Paris.
2. Leveque, C. 2001. African Freshwater Fish and Fisheries: a Biological
and Cultural Heritage: 11-27. In: P.H. Skelton and G.G. Teugels (eds.),
African Fish and Fisheries:Diversity and Utilisation, MRAC, Annales
Sciences Zoologiques, 288.
3. WorldFish Center. 2005. Fish and Food Security in Africa. The WorldFish
Center, Penang, Malaysia.
4. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2002.
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2002. FAO Fisheries
Department, Rome, Italy.
5. Dugan, P., Delaporte, A., Andrew, N., OKeefe, M. and Welcomme, R.
2010. Blue Harvest: Inland Fisheries as an Ecosystem Service. Penang,
Malaysia.
6. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2006.
The state of the worlds fi sheries and aquaculture. FAO 2006, Rome,
Italy.
7. WorldFish Center. 2008. Tropical river fi sheries valuation: Establishing
economic value to guide policy. The WorldFish Center, Penang,
Malaysia.
8. Delgado, C.L., Wada, N., Rosegrant, M.W., Meijer, S. and Ahmed, M.
2003. Fish to 2020: Supply and demand in changing global markets.
International Food Policy Research Institute and WorldFish Center.
9. Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, M.O., Kawabata, Z.-I., Knowler,
D.J., Lvque, C., Naiman, R.J., Prieur-Richard, A.-H., Soto, D., Stiassny,
M.L.J., Sullivan, C.A., 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: importance,
threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol. Rev. 81, 163182.

10.
Laleye, P. and Entsua-Mensah, M. 2009. Freshwater fi shes of
western Africa. In: K.G. Smith, M.D. Diop, M. Niana and W.R.T. Darwall
(eds.), The Status and Distribution of freshwater biodiversity in
Western Africa, pp.2032.
11.
WWF, 2010. Living Planet Report 2010: Biodiversity, Biocapacity
and Development.
WWF in Association with Zoological Society of London & Global
Footprint Network.
12.
Reaka-Kudla, M. L. 1997. The global biodiversity of coral reefs: A
comparison with rain forests. In: M. L.
13.
Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2004. FishBase. World Wide Web
electronic publication version (10/2004). Available at:
http://www.fishbase.org [Accessed 30 November 2004].
14.
Ryanzhin, S.V. (2004). Global statistics for surface area and water
storage of natural world lakes. Verh. Internet. Verein. Limnol., vol. 29
(to be published). Lehner, B. and Dll, P. (2004). Development and
validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands, J.
Hydrology, 296 (1-4).
15.
Anon (1978). World Water Balance and Water Resources of the
Earth. UNESCO Press, Paris, France, 663p. USSR Committee for the
International Hydrological Decade.
16.
Leveque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiassny, M.L.J. and
Tedesco, P.A. 2008. Global diversity of fi sh (Pisces) in freshwater In:
E.V. Balian, C. Leveque, H. Segers and K. Martens (eds.), The
freshwater animal diversity assessment. Hydrobiologia 595:545567.
17.
Petr, Tomi (2005). Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture
Service. Available at
http://www.oceansatlas.com/world_fisheries_and_aquaculture/html/eco
sys/inland/nateco/lakes.htm.
18.
AQUASTAT (2003).Aquastat 10-02-03.Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/aquastat/
aquastat2003.xls

19.
REID, G. MCG., ANDREWS, C., BOYLE, P., HEMDAL, J., MCGILVRAY,
F. & DOWD, S. (2013): Opportunities for public aquariums to increase
the sustainability of the aquatic animal trade. Zoo Biology 32: 112.
20.
REID, G. MCG., CONTRERAS MACBEATH, T. & CSATDI, K. (2013):
Global challenges in freshwater-fish conservation related to public
aquariums and the aquarium industry. International Zoo Yearbook 47:
645.
21.
REIS, R. E. (2013): Conserving the freshwater fishes of South
America. International Zoo Yearbook 47: 6570.
22.
ROUTH, A. (2013): Managing mycobacteriosis and associated
biosecurity in the care and breeding of threatened freshwater fishes in
public aquariums: an overview.
23.
International Zoo Yearbook 47: 102111.
24.
BARNOSKY, A. D., HADLY, E. A., BASCOMPTE, J., BERLOW, E. L.,
BROWN, J. H., FORTELIUS, M., GETZ, W. M., HARTE, J., HASTINGS, A.,
MARQUET, P. A., MARTINEZ, N. D., MOOERS, A., ROOPANARINE, P.,
VERMEIJ, G., WILLIAMS, J. W., GILLESPIE, R., KITZES, J., MARSHALL, C.,
MATZKE, N., MINDELL, D. P., RIVELLA, E. & SMITH, A. B. (2012):
Approaching a state shift in Earths biosphere. Nature 486: 5258.
Available at
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7401/abs/nature11018.ht
ml
25.
Johnson, T.C., C.A. Scholz, M.R. Talbot, K. Kalts, R.D. Rickets, G.
Ngobi, K. Benning, I. Ssemanda, and J.W. McGill. (1996). Late
Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and
26.
rapid evolution of cichlid fishes. Science 273: 1091-1093.
27.
ILEC, (2003). International Lake Environment Committee; the
United Nations Environment Program and Environment Agency. World
Lakes Database 2003.
28.
Deelstra, H.A., H. Nuliens and F. Adams. (1994). Nutritive value of
fishes of Lake
29.
Tanganyika. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 5 (i) 1-7.
30.
Snoeks, J. (2000). How well known is the ichthyodiversity of the
large East African Lakes? In: Rossiter, A. and Kawanabe, H. (eds),

Ancient Lakes: Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. Advances in


Ecological Research, 31:17-38.

31.
Ribbink, A.J. (2001). Lake Malawi/Niassa/Nyasa Ecoregion:
Biophysical Reconnaissance. WWF Southern African Regional
Programme Office (WWF SARPO), Harare, Zimbabwe.
32.
Boulenger, G.A. (1911). Fresh water Fishes of Africa. Vol. II, pp.1512. London: British
33.
Museum (Natural History).
34.
Poll, M. 1973. Nombre et distribution gographique des poissons
deau douce africains. Bulletin du Musum dHistoire naturelle, 3e
srie 150: 113-128.
35.
FAO 2008. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO,
Rome.
36.
Brainerd, T.R. 1995. Socioeconomic Research Needs for Fisheries
and Aquaculture in Africa. In: J.H. Arnala (ed.), Fisheries and
Aquaculture Research Planning Needs for Africa and West Asia, pp.59
60. International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management.
37.
BELL-CROSS G., 1976 - Thejshes of Rhodesia. National Museums
& Monuments of Rhodesia,Salisbury. 262 pp.
38.
BRUTON M.N. & KOK H-M., 1980 - The freshwater fishes of
Maputaland. In Studies on the ecology of Maputaland. (Eds. M.N.
Bruton & K.H. Cooper) : 210-244. Rhodes University,Grahamstown, &
Natal Branch of Wildlife Soc. of Southem Afiica, Durban.
39.
SKELTON P-H., 1983 - Diversity and distribution of freshwater
fishes of the Eastem Cape :Paper presented at a symposium entitled
Towards an Environmental Plan for the Eastem Cape . Rhodes
University, Grahamstown.
40.
BAILEY R.G., 1969 - The non-cichlid fishes of the eastward flowing
rivers of Tanzania, East Afiica. Rev. ZOO~. Bot. afr., 80 (l-2) : 170-l 99.
41.
BELL-CROSS G., 1965-6 - The distribution of fishes in Central
Africa. Fish. Res. Bull. Zambia 4 : 3-20.

42.
SKELTON P.H., BRUTON M.N, MERRON G.S. & VAN DER WAAL
B.C.W., 1985 The fishes of the Okavango drainage system in Angola,
South West Afiica and Botswana : Taxonomy and distribution. Ichthyol.
Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. of Ichthyol., 50 : 1-21.
43.
DAGET J. & DURAND J.R., 1981 - Poissons. In Flore et Faune
aquatiques de lAfrique Sahlosoudanienne.(Ed. J.R. Durand & C.
Lvque). ORSTOM, Collection Initiations, Documentations Techniques
(45) : 687-771.
44.
POLL M., 1967b - Rvision des Characidae nains afticains. Ann.
Mus. r. Afr. cent., in-8 ZOO~.,162 : I-158.
45.
BRUTON M.N. & KOK H-M., 1980 - The freshwater fishes of
Maputaland. In Studies on the ecology of Maputaland. (Eds. M.N.
Bruton & K.H. Cooper) : 210-244. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, &
Natal Branch of Wildlife Soc. of Southem Afiica, Durban.
46.
BELL-CROSS G., 1976 - Thejshes of Rhodesia. National Museums
& Monuments of Rhodesia,Salisbury. 262 pp.
47.

JUBB R.A., 1981 - Nothobranchius. TFH Publications, Hong-Kong.

48.
TREWAVAS E., 1981a - Nomenclature of the tilapias of southem
Afiica. J. Limnol. Soc. sth.Afr., 7 (1) : 42.
49.
FURSE M.T., KIRK R.C., MORGAN P.R. & TWEDDLE D., 1979.Fishes : distribution and biology in relation to changes. In Lake Chilwa.
(Ed. M. Kalk, A.J. Mclachlan & C. Howard-Williams) : 175-208.
Monographiae Biologicae, 35, Junk, The Hague.
50.
BOULENGER G.A., 1907 - The fishes of the Nile. In Zoology of
Egypt, 2 volumes,
51.
H. Rees, London.
52.
ROBERTS T.R., 1975 - Geographical distribution of Afiican
freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn.soc., 57 : 249-319.
53.
JUBB R.A., 1967 - Freshwater fishes of Southern Africa. A.A.
Balkema, Cape Town.

54.
SKELTON PH? 1984 - A systematic revision of species of the
catfsh genus Amphilius (Siluroidei; Amphthrdae) from east and
southem Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.)16(3) : 41-71.
55.
PELLEGRIN J., 1921 - Les poissons des eaux douces de lAftique
du Nord franaise (Maroc, Algrie, Tunisie, Sahara). Mm. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Maroc, 1 (2) : 1-216.
56.
DAGET J. & DURAND J.R., 1981 - Poissons. In Flore et Faune
aquatiques de lAfrique Sahlosoudanienne.(Ed. J.R. Durand & C.
Lvque). ORSTOM, Collection Initiations, DocumentationsTechniques
(45) : 687-771.
57.
GREENWOOD P-H., 1976b - Fish fauna of the Nile. In The Nile,
BioZogy of an Ancient River.(Ed J. Rzoska) :127-141. Monographiae
BioZogicae, 29. Junk, The Hague.
58.
ABDEL LATIF A.F., 1974 - Fisheries of Lake Nasser. Aswan
Regional Planning, Lake Nasser Development Centre. 235 pp.
59.
GREENWOOD P-H., 1966 - The fishes of Uganda. 2nd rev. edn,
Uganda Society, Kampala.
60.
GREENWOOD P.H., 1976a - A review of the family Centropomidae
(Pisces, Perciformes). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (ZOO~.)2, 9 (1) : 1-81.
61.
ABU GIDEIRI Y-B., 1967 - Fishes of the Blue Nile between
Khartoum and Roseires. Rev. ZOO~.Bot. afr., 76 (3-4) : 345-348.
62.
BOULENGER G.A., 1907 - The fishes of the Nile. In Zoology of
Egypt, 2 volumes,
63.
H. Rees, London.
64.
ROBERTS T.R., 1975 - Geographical distribution of Afiican
freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn.soc., 57 : 249-319.
65.
ERCOLINI A., BERTI R., CHELAZZI L. & MESSANA G., 1982 Researches on the phraetobic fshes of Somalia : achievements and
prospects. Monitore zooZogica ItaZiano, 9 : 219-241.

66.
COPLEY H., 1958 - Common freshwaterfishes of East Africa. H.F. &
G. Witherby Ltd, London.
67.
WHITEHEAD P.J.P., 1959 - Notes on a collection of fishes from the
Tana River below Garissa Kenya. J.E. Afi. nat. Hist. Soc., 23 (4) : 167171.
68.
DUMONT H.J., 1982 - Relict distribution pattems of aquatic
animals : another tool in evaluating late Pleistocene climate changes in
the Sahara and Sahel. Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding
islands, 14 : l-24.
69.
BAILEY R.G., 1969 - The non-cichlid fishes of the eastward flowing
rivers of Tanzania, East Afiica. Rev. ZOO~. Bot. afr., 80 (l-2) : 170-l 99.
70.
GREENWOOD P-H., 1966 - The fishes of Uganda. 2nd rev. edn,
Uganda Society, Kampala.
71.
BOULENGER G.A., 1907 - The fishes of the Nile. In Zoology of
Egypt, 2 volumes,
72.
H. Rees, London.
73.
Holland, R.A. and Darwall, W.R.T., 2011: Identifying Priority Sites,
Threats and Conservation Strategies for Key Biodiversity Areas and
Ecosystem Services in the Great Lakes Region in Africa - The
Freshwater Key Biodiversity Approach. GLR Consultancy Document.
74.
CEPF, 2012: Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity
Hotspot. Washington D.C.. Pp 268.
http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Eastern_Afromontane_Ecosystem_Profil
e_FINAL.pdf.
75.
Darwall, W, Smith, K, Lowe, T, & Vi, J-C. 2005. The Status and
Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Eastern Africa. IUCN SSC
Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment Programme. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Viii+36pp.
76.
Darwall, W.R.T., Smith, K.G., Allen, D.J., Holland, R.A, Harrison, I.J.,
& Brooks, E.G.E., (editors) 2011a. The Diversity of Life in African

Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An analysis of the status and


distribution of freshwater species throughout mainland Africa. IUCN,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and Gland, Switzerland. Xiii+347pp.+4pp
cover.
77.
Kalkman, V.J., Clausnitzer, V., Dijkstra, K.-D.B., Orr, A.G., Paulson,
D.R. & van Tol, J., 2008: Global diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in
freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 351-363.
78.
Strong, E.E., Gargominy, O., Ponder, W., & Bouchet, P., 2008:
Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater.
Hydrobiologia, 595,149166.
79.
Thieme, M.L., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehner, B.,
Teugels, G.G., Dinerstein, E., Toham, A.K., Burgess, N., & Olson, D.
2005. Freshwater EcoRegions of Africa and Madagascar: a
conservation assessment. Washington: Island Press.
80.
Fryer, G., 1991: Comparative aspects of adaptive radiation and
speciation in Lake Baikal and the great rift lakes of Africa.
Hydrobiologia 211, 137-146.
81.
Cohen, A., Bills, R., Cocquyt, C.Z., & Caljon, A.G. , 1993. The
impact of sediment pollution on biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika.
Conservation Biology, 7: 667-677
82.
Stiassny, M.L.J., Revenga, C. & Comer, P., 2010: Aquatic
ecosystems: diversity and dynamism. In: Fresh water: the essence of
life (Mittermeier, R.A., Farrell, T.A., Harrison, I.J., Upgren, A.J., and
Brooks, T.M., editors), pp. 93-116. CEMEX & ILCP, Arlington, Virginia,
USA.
83.
Darwall, W.R.T., Smith, K.G., Allen, D.J., Holland, R.A, Harrison, I.J.,
& Brooks, E.G.E., (editors) 2011a. The Diversity of Life in African
Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An analysis of the status and
distribution of freshwater species throughout mainland Africa. IUCN,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and Gland, Switzerland. Xiii+347pp.+4pp
cover.

84.
Thieme, M.L., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehner, B.,
Teugels, G.G., Dinerstein, E., Toham, A.K., Burgess, N., & Olson, D.
2005. Freshwater EcoRegions of Africa and Madagascar: a
conservation assessment. Washington: Island Press.
85.
Stiassny, M.L.J. & Meyer, A. 1999. Cichlids of the Rift Lakes.
Scientific American, 280: 64-69.
86.
De Vos, L., Seegers, L., Taverne, L. & Thys van den Audenaerde,
D., 2001: Lichthyofaune du basin de la Malagarasi (systme du lac
Tanganyika): une synthse de la connaissance actuelle. Annales Muse
Royal de lAfrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques 285:117152.
87.
Witte, F., Wanink, J.H. & Kishe-Machumu, M. 2007. Species
Distinction and the Biodiversity Crisis in Lake Victoria. Transactions of
the American Fisheries Society, 136:11461159.
88.
West, K., Michel, E., Todd, J., Brown, D. & Clabaugh, J., 2003: The
gastropods of Lake Tanganyika, Diagnostic key, classification, and
notes on the fauna. Centre for African Wetlands, Ghana.

89.
Stiassny, M.L.J., Revenga, C. & Comer, P., 2010: Aquatic
ecosystems: diversity and dynamism. In: Fresh water: the essence of
life (Mittermeier, R.A., Farrell, T.A., Harrison, I.J., Upgren, A.J., and
Brooks, T.M., editors), pp. 93-116. CEMEX & ILCP, Arlington, Virginia,
USA.
90.
FAO. 2006. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006.
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
91.
FAO, 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014.
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
92.
Asche, F. 2008. Farming the Sea. Marine Resource Economics,
23, pp. 52747.
93.
Parker, R. O. 2011. Aquaculture Science. 3rd edition, Cengage
Learning, New York.

94.
FAO. 2012b. FAO Fisheries Department, Fishery Information and
Statistics Unit. FISHSTAT Plus Version 2.3.2, Database Aquaculture
Production 19502010.
95.
Asche, F., Roll, K. H., Sandvold, H. N., Srvig, A. and Zhang, D.
2013. Salmon Aquaculture: Larger Companies and Increased
Production. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 17 (3), pp. 322
39.
96.
Smith, M. D., Roheim, C. A., Crowder, L. B., Halpern, B. S.,
Turnipseed, M., Anderson, J. L., Asche, F., Bourilln, L., Guttormsen, A.
G., Kahn, A., Liguori, L. A., McNevin, A., OConnor, M., Squires, D.,
Tyedemers, P., Brownstein, C., Carden, K., Klinger, D. H., Sagarin, R.
and Selkoe, K. A. 2010. Sustainability and Global Seafood. Science,
327, pp. 78486.
97.
World Bank. 2013. Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and
Aquaculture. World Bank Report No. 83177-GLB, Washington, DC, Dec.
98.
Asche, F. 2008. Farming the Sea. Marine Resource Economics,
23, pp. 52747.
99.
Tveteras, S., Asche, F., Bellemare, M. F., Smith, M. D.,
Guttormsen, A. G., Lem, A., Lien, K. and Vannucini, S. 2012. Fish is
Food The FAOs Fish Price Index. PLoS ONE, 7 (5), p. e36731.
100.
Tvedten, I., Girvan, L., Masdoorp, M., Pomuti, A., van Rooy, G.
1994. Freshwater
101.
fisheries and fish management in Namibia: a socio-economic
background study. Unpublished report, University of Namibia. 153pp.
102.
LaFranchi, C. (1996) Small-scale fisheries and subsistence use of
natural resources
103.
in Namibian communal areas. The World Wildlife Fund (US) Living
in a Finite Environment ("LIFE") Programme. 81 pp.
104.
Seki & Bonzon (1993). Selected aspects of African fisheries: a
continental overview.
105.
FAO Fisheries Circular No. 810 Revision 1. FAO, Rome.

106.
HOOPER, D. U., CHAPIN, F. S., EWEL, J. J., HECTOR, A., INCHAUSTI,
P., LAVOREL, S., LAWTON, J. H., LODGE, D. M., LOREAU, M., NAEEM, S.,
SCHMID, B., SETALA, H., SYSMSTAD, A. J., VANDEMEER, J. & WARDLE,
D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning : a
consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75, 335.
107.
CLARK, R. & KING, J. (2004). The Water Atlas : Mapping the
Worlds Most Critical Resource. Earthscan/James & James, London, U.K.
108.
HOOPER, D. U., CHAPIN, F. S., EWEL, J. J., HECTOR, A., INCHAUSTI,
P., LAVOREL, S., LAWTON, J. H., LODGE, D. M., LOREAU, M., NAEEM, S.,
SCHMID, B., SETALA, H., SYSMSTAD, A. J., VANDEMEER, J. & WARDLE,
D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning : a
consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75, 335.
109.
KINGSFORD, R. T. (2000). Ecological impacts of dams, water
diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia.
Austral Ecology 25, 109127.
110.
SEKERCIOGLU, C., DAILY, G. & EHRLICH, P. (2004). Ecosystem
consequences of bird declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 101, 1804218047.
111.
JONSSON, M., DANGLES, O., MALMQVIST, B. & GUEROLD, F.
(2002). Simulating species loss following perturbation : assessing the
effects on process rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B
269, 10471052.
112.
DANG, C. K., CHAUVET, E. & GESSNER, M. O. (2005). Magnitude
and variability of process rates in fungal diversity-litter decomposition
relationships. Ecology Letters 8, in press.
113.
DANGLES, O. & MALMQVIST, B. (2004). Species richness
decomposition relationships depend on species dominance. Ecology
Letters 7, 395402.
114.
JONSSON, M. &MALMQVIST, B. (2003). Mechanisms behind
positive diversity effects on ecosystem functioning : testing the
facilitation and interference hypotheses. Oecologia 134, 554559.

115.
DANGLES, O. & MALMQVIST, B. (2004). Species richness
decomposition relationships depend on species dominance. Ecology
Letters 7, 395402.
116.
WALLACE, J. B. & WEBSTER, J. R. (1996). The role of macro
invertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annual Review of
Entomology 41, 115139.
117.
COVICH, A. P., EWEL, K. C., HALL, R. O., GILLER, P. E., GOEDKOOP,
W. & MERRITT, D. M. (2004a). Ecosystem services provided by
freshwater benthos. In Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
in Soil and Sediments (ed. D. H. Wall), pp. 4572. Island Press,
Washington D.C., U.S.A.
118.
COVICH, A. P., AUSTEN, M. C., BARLOCHER, F., CHAUVET, E.,
CARDINALE, B. J., BILES, C. L., INCHAUSTI, P., DANGLES, O., SOLAN, M.,
GESSNER, M. O., STATZNER, B. & MOSS, B. R. (2004b). The role of
biodiversity in the functioning of freshwater and marine benthic
ecosystems. Bio Science 54, 767775.
119.
HOOPER, D. U., CHAPIN, F. S., EWEL, J. J., HECTOR, A., INCHAUSTI,
P., LAVOREL, S., LAWTON, J. H., LODGE, D. M., LOREAU, M., NAEEM, S.,
SCHMID, B., SETALA, H., SYSMSTAD, A. J., VANDEMEER, J. & WARDLE,
D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning : a
consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75, 335.
120.
LOREAU, M., NAEEM, S., INCHAUSTI, P., BENGTSSON, J., GRIME, J.
P., HECTOR, A., HOOPER, D. U., HUSTON, M. A., RAFFAELLI, D., SCHMID,
B., TILMAN, D. & WARDLE, D. A. (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning : current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294,
804808.
121.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).
1996. Malawi fishery country profile [online]. Available at:
http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MWI/
122.
profile.htm [Accessed 24 January 2005].
123.
Abila, R.O. 2000. The development of the Lake Victoria Fishery: A
boon or bane for food security? IUCN East Africa Regional Office,
Nairobi, Kenya.

124.
West, K. 2001. Lake Tanganyika: Results and experiences of the
UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/ G32) in Burundi, D. R.
Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. A report of the Lake Tanganyika
Biodiversity Project. Available at: http://www.ltbp.org.
125.
Mwalyosi, R. B. B. 1990. Resource potential of the Rufiji River
Basin, Tanzania. Ambio, 19(1): 1620.
126.
LaFranchi, C. (1996) Small-scale fisheries and subsistence use of
natural resources
127.
in Namibian communal areas. The World Wildlife Fund (US) Living
in a Finite Environment ("LIFE") Programme. 81 pp.
128.
Tvedten, I., Girvan, L., Masdoorp, M., Pomuti, A., van Rooy, G.
1994. Freshwater fisheries and fish management in Namibia: a socioeconomic background study. Unpublished report, University of Namibia.
153pp.
129.
Balirwa, J.S. (1998). Lake Victoria wetlands and the ecology of
the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. PhD Diss. Agricultural University
of Wageningen, The Netherlands.
130.
Crisman, T.L; L.J. Chapman, C.A. Chapman and L.S. Kaufman
(Eds.) (2003). Conservation, Ecology, and Management of African
Freshwaters. Univ. Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130- 2600-8. 54p.
131.
Cohen, A.S., R. Bills, C. Clocquyt & A.J. Caljon (1993). The impact
of sediment pullution on biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika. Conservation
Biology 7: 667-677.
132.
Odhiambo, W. & J. Gichuki. (2000). Seasonal dynamics of the
phytoplankton community in relation to environment in Lake Baringo,
Kenya (Impact on the lakes resources management). Afr.J. Trop.
Hydrobiol. Fish. 9: 1-17.
133.
Ogutu-Ohwayo, R., and R. E. Hecky. (1991). Fish introductions in
Africa and some of their implications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sc. (48
(Suppl. 1): 8-12.

134.
Sala, O.; Chapin, F.; Armesto, J.; Berlow, R.; Bloomfield, J.; Dirzo,
R.; Huber-Sanwald, E.; Huenneke, L.; Jackson, R.; Kinzig, A.; Leemans,
R.; Lodge, D.; Mooney, H.;Oesterheld, M.; Poff, N.; Sykes, M.; Walker, B.;
Walker, M. & Wall, D. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year
2100. Science, Vol.287, No.5459, (March 2000), pp. 17701774, ISSN
0036-8075
135.
Spooner, D. & Vaughn, C. (2008). A trait-based approach to
species roles in stream
136.
ecosystems: climate change, community structure, and material
cycling. Oecologia, Vol.158, No.2, (2008), pp. 307-317, ISSN 0029-8549
137.
Somero, G. (2010). The physiology of climate change: how
potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine
winners and losers. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol.213,
No.6, (March 2010), pp. 912-920, ISSN 0022-0949
138.
Parry, M.; Canziani, O.; Palutikof, J.; van der Linden, P. & Hanson,
C. (Eds). (2007).
139.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978 0521 88009-1, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
140.
Golladay, S.; Gagnon, P., Kearns, M., Battle, J. & Hicks, D. (2004).
Response of freshwater mussel assemblages (Bivalvia: Unionidae) to a
record drought in the Gulf Coastal Plain of southwestern Georgia.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, Vol.23, No.3,
(September 2004), pp. 494507, ISSN 0887-3593
141.
Hastie, L.; Cosgrove, P.; Ellis, N. & Gaywood, M. (2003). The
Threat of Climate Change to Freshwater Pearl Mussel Populations.
AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Vol.32, No.1, (2003), pp.
40-46, ISSN 0044-7447
142.
Kendall, N.; Rich, H.; Jensen, L. & Quinn, T. (2010). Climate effects
on inter-annual variation in growth of the freshwater mussel (Anodonta
beringiana) in an Alaskan lake. Freshwater Biology, Vol.55, No.11,
(November 2010), pp. 23392346, ISSN 0046-5070

143.
Xenopoulos, M.; Lodge, D.; Alcamo, J.; Mrker, M.; Schulze, K. &
Van Vuuren, D. (2005). Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from
climate change and water withdrawal. Global Change Biology, Vol.11,
No.10, (October 2005), pp. 15571564, ISSN 1365-2486
144.
Thomas, C.; Cameron, A.; Green, R.; Bakkenes, M.; Beaumont, L.;
Collingham, Y.; Erasmus,B.; Ferreira de Siqueira, M.; Grainger, A.;
Hannah, L.; Hughes, L.; Huntley, B.; van Jaarsveld, A.; Midgley, G.;
Miles, L.; Ortega-Huerta, M.; Peterson, A.; Phillips, O. &
145.
Williams, S. (2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature,
Vol.427, (January
146.
2004), pp. 145-148, ISSN 0028-0836
147.
Bates, B.; Kundzewicz, Z.;Wu, S. & Palutikof, J. (Eds.), (2008).
Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, IPCC
148.
Secretariat, ISBN: 978-92-9169-123-4, Geneva
149.
Twongo, T. (1996). The impact of water hyacinth on nearshore
environment of Lake Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa). 633-642, In: C.
Thomas, Johnshon, and E. O. Odada (Eds.). The limnology, climatology
and paleoclimatology of the East African Great Lakes. Gordon and
Breach Publishers.
150.
Bootsma, H. & R.E. Hecky, 1993. Conservation of the African
Great Lakes: a limnological perspective. Conservation Biology 7: 644656
151.
Mugidde, R. (1993). The increase in phytoplankton production
and biomass in Lake Victoria (Uganda). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.
25:846-849.
152.
Brim Box, J. & Mossa, J. (1999). Sediment, land use, and
freshwater mussels: prospects and problems. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, Vol.18, No.1, (March 1999), pp. 99117, ISSN 0887-3593

153.
Cope, W.; Bringolf, R.; Buchwalter, D.; Newton, T.; Ingersoll, C.;
Wang, N.; Augspurger, T.; Dwyer, F.; Barnhart, M.; Neves, R. & Hammer,

E. (2008). Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of


unionoidean bivalve life stages to environmental contaminants. Journal
of the North American Benthological Society, Vol.27, No.2, (June 2008),
pp. 451462, ISSN 0887-3593
154.
Keller, A.; Lydy, M. & Ruessler D. (2007). Unionid mussel
sensitivity to environmental contaminants, In: Freshwater bivalve
ecotoxicology, J. L. Farris and J. H. Van Hassel (Eds.), 151167, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, and SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, ISBN
142004284X
155.
Strayer, D.; Downing, J.; Haag, W.; King, T.; Layzer, J.; Newton, T.
& Nichols, S. (2004).
156.
Changing perspectives on pearly mussels, North Americas most
imperiled animals. BioScience, Vol.54, No.5, (May 2004), pp. 429439,
ISSN 0006-3568
157.
Watters, G. (1999). Freshwater mussels and water quality: A
review of the effects of
158.
hydrologic and instream habitat alterations. Proceedings of the
First Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium,
Chatanooga, Tennessee, 1999
159.
Brierley, G. & Fryirs, K. (2005). Geomorphology and River
Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework, Blackwell
Publishing, ISBN 1-4051-1516-5, Oxford, UK
160.
Osterling, M. E.; Arvidsson, B. L.; Greenberg, L. A. (2010). Habitat
degradation and the decline of the threatened mussel Margaritifera
margaritifera: influence of turbidity and sedimentation on the mussel
and its host. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol.47, No.4, August 2010), pp.
759-768, ISSN 0021-8901
161.
Dudgeon D.; Arthington A.; Gessner M.; Kawabata, Z.; Knowler,
D.; Leveque, C.; Naiman, R.; Prieur-Richard, A.; Soto, D.; Stiassny, M. &
Sullivan, C. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status
and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews, Vol.81, No.2, (May
2006), pp. 163182, ISSN 1469-185X

162.
Downing J. A.; Van Meter P. & Woolnough D. A. (2010). Suspects
and evidence: a review of the causes of extirpation and decline in
freshwater mussels. Animal biodiversity and conservation, Vol.33, No.2,
(2011), pp. 151-185, ISSN 1578-665X
163.
Mkoka, C. 2004. Unchecked deforestation endangers Malawi
ecosystems. Available at: http:// www.africanconservation.org
[Accessed 24 January 2005].
164.
IUCN The World Conservation Union. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species [online]. IUCN The World Conservation Union,
Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available at: http://
www.iucnredlist.org [Accessed 18 November 2004].

165.
Skelton, P.H. 2001. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of
southern Africa, 2nd edition. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
166.
Marshall, B.E. 2011. Fishes of Zimbabwe and their biology.
Smithiana Monograph 2. Grahamstown: The South African Institute for
Aquatic Biodiversity.
167.
Snoeks, J., De Vos, L. & Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E. 1997.
The ichthyogeography of Lake Kivu. South African Journal of Science
93: 579-584.
168.
Witte, F., de Graaf, M., Mkumbo, O.C., El-Moghraby, A.I. &.
Sibbing, F.A. 2009. Fisheries in the Nile system. In H. Dumont (ed.),
The Nile: Origin, environments, limnology and human use,
Monographiae Biologicae 89, Springer Science & Business Media, pp.
723-747.

169.
Skelton, P.H. 1994. Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes
in East and southern Africa. In GG. Teugels, J.F. Gugain & J.J. Albaret
(eds). Biological diversity in African fresh- and brackish water fishes.
Tervuren: RMCA, series Annales de Sciences zoologiques, in-8, No.
275, pp. 95-131.

170.
Seegers, L. 1996. The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage.
Tervuren: RMCA, series Annales de Sciences zoologiques, in-8, No.
287, 407 p.
171.
De Zeeuw, M.P., Mietes M., Niemantsverdriet, P., Ter Huurne, S. &
Witte, F. 2010. Seven new species of detritivorous and
phytoplanktivorous haplochromines from Lake Victoria. Zologische
Mededelingen Leiden 84: 201-250.
172.
Boulenger, G. A. 1911. Freshwater Fishes of Africa, vol. II.
London: British Museum [Natural History].
173.
Stiassny, M.L.J. & Meyer, A. 1999. Cichlids of the Rift Lakes.
Scientific American, 280: 64-69.
174.
Strayer, D.L., Dudgeon, D., 2010. Freshwater biodiversity
conservation: recent
175.
progress and future challenges. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 29,
344358.
176.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and
Human Well-Being:
177.
Wetlands and Water Synthesis. World Resource Institute,
Washington, DC.
178.
Vrsmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D.,
Prusevich, A., Green, P.,
179.
Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Liermann, C.R., Davies,
P.M., 2010. Global
180.
threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature
467, 555561.
181.
Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, M.O., Kawabata, Z.-I.,
Knowler, D.J., Lvque,
182.
C., Naiman, R.J., Prieur-Richard, A.-H., Soto, D., Stiassny, M.L.J.,
Sullivan, C.A., 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats,
status and conservation
183.
challenges. Biol. Rev. 81, 163182.

184.
Darwall, W.R.T., Smith, K.G., Allen, D., Seddon, M.B., Reid, G.M.,
Clausnitzer, V.,
185.
Kalkman, V.J., 2009. Freshwater biodiversity: a hidden resource
under threat. In: Vi, J.-C., Hilton-Taylor, C., Stuart, S.N. (Eds.), Wildlife
in a Changing World. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 4354.
186.
WWF, 2010. Living Planet Report 2010: Biodiversity, Biocapacity
and Development.
187.
WWF in Association with Zoological Society of London & Global
Footprint Network.
188.
Hamilton, A.C. (1982). Environmental History of East Africa; A
Study of the Quaternary. Academic Press.
189.
CARRIZO, S. F., SMITH, K. G. & DARWALL,W. R. T. (2013): Progress
towards a global assessment of the status of freshwater fishes (Pisces)
for the IUCN Red List: application to conservation programmes in zoos
and aquariums. International Zoo Yearbook 47: 4664.
190.
Leveque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiassny, M.L.J. and
Tedesco, P.A. 2008. Global diversity of fi sh (Pisces) in freshwater In:
E.V. Balian, C. Leveque, H. Segers and K. Martens (eds.), The
freshwater animal diversity assessment. Hydrobiologia 595:545567.
191.
Snoeks, J. 2000. How well known is the ichthyodiversity of the
ancient African lakes? In A. Rossiter & H. Kawanabe (eds.), Advances
in ecological research, vol. 31: Ancient lakes: biodiversity, ecology and
evolution. London & San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 17-38.
192.
Geheb, K. and M. Sarch (Eds). (2002). Africas Inland Fisheries:
The Management Challenge. Fountain Publishers, Kampala. ISBN 997002-2938.
193.
Demeke Admasu (1986). Report on Limnological Studies on Lake
Tana, pp.1-44. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University, Dept. of
Biology, internal report.
194.
Green Wood, P.H. (1976). Fish Fauna of the Nile. In: The Nile,
Biology of an ancient

195.
River (J.Rzoska, Ed.), pp. 127-141. The Hague, The Netherlands:
Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
196.
Boulenger, G.A., 1905. The distribution of Aftican freshwater
fishes. Nature 75: 413-421.
197.
Roberts, T.R. 1975. Geographical distribution of African
freshwater fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 57: 249319.
198.
Greenwood, P.H. 1983. The zoogeography of African freshwater
fishes: bioaccountancy or biogeography? In R.W Sims, J.H. Price &
P.E.S. Whalley (eds). Evolution, time and space: the emergence of the
biosphere. Systematics Association Special Volume 23. London & New
York: Academic Press, pp. 179-199.
199.
GREENWOOD P.H., 1983 - The zoogeography of African
Ereshwater fishes : Bioaccountancy or Biogeography ? In Systematics
Association Special Volume No 23. Evolution, time and space : the
emergence of the biosphere. (Eds R.W.Sims, J.H. Price and P.E.S.
Whalley). : 179-199. Academic Press, London and New York.

200.
ROBERTS T.R., 1975 - Geographical distribution of Afiican
freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn. soc., 57 : 249-319.
201.
Boden, G. Musschoot, T. & Snoeks, J. 2004. African fish
biodiversity, FishBase and fish culture. Tropicultura 22 (special
edition): 37-43.
202.
Froese, R. & Pauly, E. (eds). 2013. FishBase. Online publication:
www.fishbase.org, version 06/2013.

203.
BAILEY R.G., 1969 - The non-cichlid fishes of the eastward flowing
rivers of Tanzania, East Afiica. Rev. ZOO~. Bot. afr., 80 (l-2) : 170-l 99.
204.
DUMONT H.J., 1982 - Relict distribution pattems of aquatic
animals : another tool in evaluating late Pleistocene climate changes in

the Sahara and Sahel. Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding


islands, 14 : l-24.
205.
Holland, R.A. and Darwall, W.R.T., 2011: Identifying Priority Sites,
Threats and Conservation Strategies for Key Biodiversity Areas and
Ecosystem Services in the Great Lakes Region in Africa - The
Freshwater Key Biodiversity Approach. GLR Consultancy Document.
206.
CEPF, 2012: Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity
Hotspot. Washington D.C.. Pp 268.
http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Eastern_Afromontane_Ecosystem_Profil
e_FINAL.pdf.
207.
Darwall, W, Smith, K, Lowe, T, & Vi, J-C. 2005. The Status and
Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Eastern Africa. IUCN SSC
Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment Programme. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Viii+36pp.
208.
Downing J. A.; Van Meter P. & Woolnough D. A. (2010). Suspects
and evidence: a review of the causes of extirpation and decline in
freshwater mussels. Animal biodiversity and conservation, Vol.33, No.2,
(2011), pp. 151-185, ISSN 1578-665X
209.
Dudgeon D.; Arthington A.; Gessner M.; Kawabata, Z.; Knowler,
D.; Leveque, C.; Naiman, R.; Prieur-Richard, A.; Soto, D.; Stiassny, M. &
Sullivan, C. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status
and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews, Vol.81, No.2, (May
2006), pp. 163182, ISSN 1469-185X
210.
Osterling, M. E.; Arvidsson, B. L.; Greenberg, L. A. (2010). Habitat
degradation and the decline of the threatened mussel Margaritifera
margaritifera: influence of turbidity and sedimentation on the mussel
and its host. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol.47, No.4, August 2010), pp.
759-768, ISSN 0021-8901
211.
Watters, G. (1999). Freshwater mussels and water quality: A
review of the effects of
212.
hydrologic and instream habitat alterations. Proceedings of the
First Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Symposium,
Chatanooga, Tennessee, 1999

213.
Strayer, D.; Downing, J.; Haag, W.; King, T.; Layzer, J.; Newton, T.
& Nichols, S. (2004).
214.
Changing perspectives on pearly mussels, North Americas most
imperiled animals. BioScience, Vol.54, No.5, (May 2004), pp. 429439,
ISSN 0006-3568
215.
Keller, A.; Lydy, M. & Ruessler D. (2007). Unionid mussel
sensitivity to environmental contaminants, In: Freshwater bivalve
ecotoxicology, J. L. Farris and J. H. Van Hassel (Eds.), 151167, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, and SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, ISBN
142004284X
216.
Cope, W.; Bringolf, R.; Buchwalter, D.; Newton, T.; Ingersoll, C.;
Wang, N.; Augspurger, T.; Dwyer, F.; Barnhart, M.; Neves, R. & Hammer,
E. (2008). Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of
unionoidean bivalve life stages to environmental contaminants. Journal
of the North American Benthological Society, Vol.27, No.2, (June 2008),
pp. 451462, ISSN 0887-3593
217.
Brim Box, J. & Mossa, J. (1999). Sediment, land use, and
freshwater mussels: prospects and problems. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, Vol.18, No.1, (March 1999), pp. 99117, ISSN 0887-3593
218.
Mugidde, R. (1993). The increase in phytoplankton production
and biomass in Lake Victoria (Uganda). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.
25:846-849.
219.
Bootsma, H. & R.E. Hecky, 1993. Conservation of the African
Great Lakes: a limnological perspective. Conservation Biology 7: 644656
220.
Twongo, T. (1996). The impact of water hyacinth on nearshore
environment of Lake Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa). 633-642, In: C.
Thomas, Johnshon, and E. O. Odada (Eds.). The limnology, climatology
and paleoclimatology of the East African Great Lakes. Gordon and
Breach Publishers.

221.
Bates, B.; Kundzewicz, Z.;Wu, S. & Palutikof, J. (Eds.), (2008).
Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, ISBN: 978-92-9169-123-4,
Geneva

222.
Thomas, C.; Cameron, A.; Green, R.; Bakkenes, M.; Beaumont, L.;
Collingham, Y.; Erasmus, B.; Ferreira de Siqueira, M.; Grainger, A.;
Hannah, L.; Hughes, L.; Huntley, B.; van Jaarsveld, A.; Midgley, G.;
Miles, L.; Ortega-Huerta, M.; Peterson, A.; Phillips, O. & Williams, S.
(2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, Vol.427, (January
223.
2004), pp. 145-148, ISSN 0028-0836
224.
Xenopoulos, M.; Lodge, D.; Alcamo, J.; Mrker, M.; Schulze, K. &
Van Vuuren, D. (2005). Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from
climate change and water withdrawal. Global Change Biology, Vol.11,
No.10, (October 2005), pp. 15571564, ISSN 1365-2486
225.
Kendall, N.; Rich, H.; Jensen, L. & Quinn, T. (2010). Climate effects
on inter-annual variation in growth of the freshwater mussel (Anodonta
beringiana) in an Alaskan lake. Freshwater Biology, Vol.55, No.11,
(November 2010), pp. 23392346, ISSN 0046-5070
226.
Hastie, L.; Cosgrove, P.; Ellis, N. & Gaywood, M. (2003). The
Threat of Climate Change to Freshwater Pearl Mussel Populations.
AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Vol.32, No.1, (2003), pp.
40-46, ISSN 0044-7447
227.
Golladay, S.; Gagnon, P., Kearns, M., Battle, J. & Hicks, D. (2004).
Response of freshwater mussel assemblages (Bivalvia: Unionidae) to a
record drought in the Gulf Coastal Plain of southwestern Georgia.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, Vol.23, No.3,
(September 2004), pp. 494507, ISSN 0887-3593
228.
Somero, G. (2010). The physiology of climate change: how
potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine
winners and losers. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol.213,
No.6, (March 2010), pp. 912-920, ISSN 0022-0949

229.
Spooner, D. & Vaughn, C. (2008). A trait-based approach to
species roles in stream
230.
ecosystems: climate change, community structure, and material
cycling. Oecologia,
231.
Vol.158, No.2, (2008), pp. 307-317, ISSN 0029-8549
232.
Sala, O.; Chapin, F.; Armesto, J.; Berlow, R.; Bloomfield, J.; Dirzo,
R.; Huber-Sanwald, E.; Huenneke, L.; Jackson, R.; Kinzig, A.; Leemans,
R.; Lodge, D.; Mooney, H.; Oesterheld, M.; Poff, N.; Sykes, M.; Walker,
B.; Walker, M. & Wall, D. (2000). Global
233.
biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, Vol.287,
No.5459, (March 2000), pp.
234.
17701774, ISSN 0036-8075
235.
Ogutu-Ohwayo, R., and R. E. Hecky. (1991). Fish introductions in
Africa and some of their implications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sc. (48
(Suppl. 1): 8-12.
236.
Crisman, T.L; L.J. Chapman, C.A. Chapman and L.S. Kaufman
(Eds.) (2003). Conservation, Ecology, and Management of African
Freshwaters. Univ. Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130- 2600-8. 54p.
237.
Balirwa, J.S. (1998). Lake Victoria wetlands and the ecology of
the Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus. PhD Diss. Agricultural University
of Wageningen, The Netherlands.
238.
Tvedten, I., Girvan, L., Masdoorp, M., Pomuti, A., van Rooy, G.
1994. Freshwater
239.
fisheries and fish management in Namibia: a socio-economic
background study. Unpublished report, University of Namibia. 153pp.

240.
LaFranchi, C. (1996) Small-scale fisheries and subsistence use of
natural resources
241.
in Namibian communal areas. The World Wildlife Fund (US) Living
in a Finite Environment ("LIFE") Programme. 81 pp.
242.
COVICH, A. P., AUSTEN, M. C., BARLOCHER, F., CHAUVET, E.,
CARDINALE, B. J., BILES, C. L., INCHAUSTI, P., DANGLES, O., SOLAN, M.,
GESSNER, M. O., STATZNER, B. & MOSS, B. R. (2004b). The role of

biodiversity in the functioning of freshwater and marine benthic


ecosystems. BioScience 54, 767775.

243.
COVICH, A. P., EWEL, K. C., HALL, R. O., GILLER, P. E., GOEDKOOP,
W. & MERRITT, D. M. (2004a). Ecosystem services provided by
freshwater benthos. In Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
in Soil and Sediments (ed. D. H. Wall), pp. 4572. Island Press,
Washington D.C., U.S.A.
244.
DANGLES, O. & MALMQVIST, B. (2004). Species richness
decomposition relationships depend on species dominance. Ecology
Letters 7, 395402.
245.
WALLACE, J. B. & WEBSTER, J. R. (1996). The role of macro
invertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annual Review of
Entomology 41, 115139.
1. Degraaf, M. 2003.Lake Tanas Piscivorous Barbs (Cyprinid, Ethiopia)
PhD
thesis.Wageningen University. The Netherlands.
2. Eccles, D.H. (1984). On the recent high levels of Lake Malawi. South
African Journal of Science, 80:461-468.
3. Jackson, P.B.N., Iles, T.D., Harding, D. and Fryer, G. (1963). The fi shes
of Nyasaland with especial reference to Northern Lake Nyasa.
In: Report on the Survey of Northern Lake Nyasa 1954-55 by the
Joint Fisheries Research Organization. Government Printer, Zomba,
Malawi, p 55-117.
4. Tweddle, D. and Skelton, P.H. (1993). River fi shes of the Lake Malawi
catchment area. Part II: First record of the blotched catfi sh, Clarias
stappersii Boulenger, in Malawi, Nyala, 16:73-76.
5. World Bank (2003). Malawi Lake Malawi Ecosystem and Management
Project. Africa Regional Offi ce, Project ID MWPL-66196. Report.
Retrived Sept., 2003, from http://www.cbnrm.net/pdf/worldbank_
007_projrct_malawi_001_ecosystemgmt_pid.pdf

6. Kasweswe-Mafongo, W.M. (2003). Legal, policy and institutional


framework for environmental management in Malawi. Retrieved
Sept., 2003, from http://www.acts.or.ke/GE-Chapter5.pdf
7. Chapman, L., Chapman, C., Kaufman, L. and Liem, K. (1992). The role
of papyrus swamps as barriers to fi sh dispersal: A case study
and implications for fi sh diversity in the Lake Victoria basin. In:
Biodiversity, Fisheries and the Future of Lake Victoria, Conference
Abstracts, p 6.
8. Tweddle, D. (1992). Conservation and threats to the resources of Lake
Malawi.
Mitteilungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 23:17-24.
9. Ribbink, A.J. (2001). Lake Malawi/Niassa/Nyasa Ecoregion: Biophysical
Reconnaissance. WWF Southern African Regional Programme
Offi ce (WWF SARPO), Harare, Zimbabwe.
10.
MARTEN, G. G. 1975a. Trends in the Kenya fishery of Lake Victoria
(1968-1973). East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization
1973-1974 Annual Report: 20-22.
11.
WANJALA, B., AND G. G. MARTEN. 1975. Survey of the Lake
Victoria fishery in Kenya. East African Freshwater Fisheries Research
Organization 1973-1974 Annual Report: 81-85.
12.
SCULLY, 1976. Species composition estimates of commercial and
experimental gillnet catches from the Tanzania waters of Lake Victoria
(October 1973-January 1975). East African Freshwater Fisheries
Research Organization Report: 60 p.

You might also like