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Tshwane University of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Energy Systems V
IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS ON AN EXISTING
NETWORK

BY:
Student name: Ayub Machiri Wanjala
Student no.: 212 492 884

December, 2012
Energy systems V

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Table of Contents
List of Figures..........................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................iii
List of Graphs..........................................................................................................................iii
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................1
1.0. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SIX BUS NODE SYSTEM.....................................2
1.1.

Introduction.................................................................................................................2

1.2.

Network Configuration................................................................................................2

1.2.1.

Generator modelling.............................................................................................2

1.2.2.

Transformer modelling.........................................................................................4

1.2.3.

Line parameters:...................................................................................................5

1.2.4.

Load details..........................................................................................................5

1.2.5.

Network model.....................................................................................................5

1.3.

Results Obtained..........................................................................................................6

1.4.

Conclusion...................................................................................................................7

2.0. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS WITH WINDFARM CONNECTED...........................8


2.1.

Introduction.................................................................................................................8

2.2.

Wind farm modelling...................................................................................................8

2.2.1.

Wind turbine configuration................................................................................10

2.2.2.

Synchronous generator Machine modelling.......................................................12

2.2.3.

Transformer modelling.......................................................................................13

2.2.4.

Line parameter...................................................................................................13

2.3.

Network configuration...............................................................................................14

2.4.

Results Obtained........................................................................................................15

2.4.1.

Without any gust wind component.....................................................................15

2.4.2.

Effect of Gust wind component on the node voltages.......................................19

3.0. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS........................................................................22


3.1.

Introduction...............................................................................................................22

3.2.

Fault modeling...........................................................................................................23

3.3.

Fault analysis and results...........................................................................................23

3.3.1.

Wind Farm..........................................................................................................23

3.3.2.

Synchronous Generators....................................................................................25

3.3.3.

Load....................................................................................................................26

4.0. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................27
5.0. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................28
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List of Figures
Figure 1: synchronous generator 1 with mechanical torque controller and exciter...............................3
Figure 2: synchronous generator 2 with mechanical torque controller and exciter...............................4
Figure 3: sub transmission and distribution network............................................................................6
Figure 4: Wind Energy conversion System............................................................................................9
Figure 5: Model of the variable speed pitch-regulated wind turbine...................................................10
Figure 6: Wind turbine System implemented in PSCAD......................................................................11
Figure 7: synchronous generator modeling.........................................................................................13
Figure 8: existing grid with wind farm connected...............................................................................14
Figure 9: wind farm model..................................................................................................................14

List of Tables
Table 1:-transformer data......................................................................................................................4
Table 2:-Transmission line parameters..................................................................................................5
Table 3:-Load details.............................................................................................................................5
Table 4: Voltage Profile without wind ...................................................................................................6
Table 5: power Profile without .wind farm............................................................................................6
Table 6: transformer tr3 parameters....................................................................................................13
Table 7: line parameters n8-n2............................................................................................................13
Table 8: Voltage Profile with wind farm connected..............................................................................15
Table 9: power Profile with wind farm connected................................................................................15

List of Graphs
Graph 1: Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2...................................................................................7
Graph 2: Voltage profile across load 1 and load 2................................................................................7
Graph 3: wind farm Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2................................................................15
Graph 4: wind farm Voltage profile across load 1 and load 2.............................................................16
Graph 5: Voltage profile across wind farm..........................................................................................16
Graph 6: Turbine torque......................................................................................................................17
Graph 7: Pitch angle...........................................................................................................................17
Graph 8: Turbine power......................................................................................................................18
Graph 9: generator Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2 with gust wind component......................19
Graph 10: load Voltage profile with gust component...........................................................................19
Graph 11: turbine torque.....................................................................................................................20
Graph 12: turbine power.....................................................................................................................20
Graph 13: pitch angle..........................................................................................................................21
Graph 14: line voltage across wind farm.............................................................................................23
Graph 15:

P ,Q , Vrms across wind farm.......................................................................................24

Graph 16: line current across wind farm.............................................................................................24


Graph 17:

P ,Q , Vrms across generator 1 and 2...........................................................................25

Graph 18: load angle at generator 1 and 2 bus...................................................................................25


Graph 19: P ,Q , Vrms across load terminals.................................................................................26

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Abstract
In this project, a synchronous wind farm machine is modeled using vector control to analyze the
impact of connecting such a system to an existing network. The existing network to be used in
this case consists of two synchronous generator models supplying two loads. This system model
is developed by using PSCAD/EMDTC software which is dedicated for power system analysis.
Initially, the load flow analysis is done on the given existing system and the voltage levels and
power flow data is analyzed. Using this data as a reference, the effect of introducing a wind farm
in the network is analyzed with respect to the voltage levels, power flow and the steady state
stability of the system. The wind model used takes into account the dynamics of wind speed
fluctuation and control of the blade pitch angle. This enables the simulation of the power quality
characteristics of the wind turbine. Based on the simulation results obtained, it was observed that
the system is able to maximize the amount of power from the fluctuating wind speed resulting in
an improved power quality across various nodes in the network. The transient analysis study is
also carried out on the network. By introducing a three phase short circuit fault at node N2 for
duration of 200ms, the analysis of the line parameters (P, Q, U, I and load angle) for gen1 and
gen2 are observed and the fluctuation effect on the wind farms generators are observed and
explained in detail. It is proved that by introducing the wind farm, the power quality is improved
in the network.

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1.0.

STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SIX BUS NODE SYSTEM


1.1.

Introduction

In this section, a six bus system is modelled in PSCAD using the given parameters. Two
synchronous generators are modelled using torque control and exciter models present in the main
library of PSCAD. The main aim of this section is to carry out the steady state analysis of the
system and determine the initial condition of the system before introducing a wind farm
conversion system into it.

1.2.

Network Configuration
1.2.1.

Generator modelling

The network given above is supplied using two synchronous generators. The synchronous
generators are controlled using a mechanical torque controller which is also modelled below.
1.2.1.1.
Synchronous Generator 1
The synchronous generator 1 is modelled using the following parameters

S=70 MVA , V =24 KV , Frequency=50 Hz , inertia constant H =3 sec .


The exciter controller is of type

ST 1 A with the following parameters

K a=300, T a=0.02, T c =T b =0
Mechanical torque controller

G=400,T =0.1
The given synchronous machine is modelled as shown below; the exciter is supplied using an inbuilt
reference voltage. The reference torque of the machine is fed back to the mechanical torque control using
Tm_1. The exciter voltage uses the mechanical turning speed as a frequency regulator for the machine.

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Figure 1: synchronous generator 1 with mechanical torque controller and exciter.

1.2.1.2.

Synchronous generator 2

The synchronous generator 2 is modelled using the following parameters

S=192 MVA , V =18 KV , Frequency=50 Hz ,inertia constant H=3.33 sec.


The exciter controller is of type

ST 1 A with the following parameters

K a=200, T a=0.03, T c =T b =0,T f =1


Mechanical torque controller

G=400,T =0.1
The given synchronous machine is modelled as shown below; the exciter is supplied using an inbuilt
reference voltage. The reference torque of the machine is fed back to the mechanical torque control using
Tm_2. The exciter voltage uses the mechanical turning speed as a frequency regulator for the machine.

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Figure 2: synchronous generator 2 with mechanical torque controller and exciter.

1.2.2. Transformer modelling


The given network consists of 4 transformers. These transformers are modelled using the
following given data
Transformer

type

Base MVA

V p /V s

Reactance X

Y star ,

[MVA]

[KV]

[p.u.]

delta
TR54
TR21

Y/Y
Y /Y

192
70

300/132
132/66

0.1462
0.1

TR 1

/Y

70

24/66

0.1

TR 2

/Y

192

18/300

0.05

Table 1:-transformer data.

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1.2.3.

Line parameters:

The given network consists of 4 main transmission lines. These lines are modelled using the
following given data. The format used to enter the data is coupled pi section.
Line

R
[p.u.]
0.0329
0.0205
0.0047

N2-N3
N3-N4
N5-N6

X
[p.u.]
0.1336
0.0834
0.05884

B
[p.u.]
9.703E-7
6.05E-7
0.086543

Table 2:-Transmission line parameters.

1.2.4.

Load details

The load data is tabulated below:


Charge

node

1
2

N1
N5

P
MW
30
180

Q
MVAR
15
60

Table 3:-Load details.

1.2.5.
1.2.6.

Network model

The above components are integrated to form the network given below. This system shown in
figure 3 below represents a sub transmission and distribution network. It will be used to study the
stability and impact of the wind conversion system being integrated into an existing network.
The completed system is given next

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Figure 3: sub transmission and distribution network.

1.3.

Results Obtained

On carrying out the load flow studies on the network, the voltage across the generator bus and
load buses were found to be within the desired limits of 0.95p.u and 1.05p.u. The voltage profile
and power flow data obtained is given in the tables below.
Bus No.
Gen 1

Voltage (p.u.)
0.9993

Gen 2

0.9995

Load 1

0.9728

Load 2

0.9647

Table 4: Voltage Profile without wind farm.

Bus No.
Gen 1

P (p.u.)
0.5485

Q (p.u.)
0.2850

Gen 2

0.8244

0.3056

Load 1

0.4056

0.2028

Load 2

0.8726

0.2908

Table 5: power Profile without .wind farm

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Graph 2: Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2

Graph 2: Voltage profile across load 1 and load 2

1.4.

Conclusion

From the results obtained above, the voltage profile across all the buses are within the required
limits. These values are going to be the reference point for which I will use in the next section to
determine the changes in voltage and power levels at each node.

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2.0.

STEADY STATE ANALYSIS WITH WINDFARM CONNECTED


2.1.

Introduction

As the demand for power increases, the need to increase the supply is inevitable. Traditional
systems involved the construction of centralised generating stations and then power is supplied
over the transmission network in bulk. However, the costs associated with such a system and its
effect to the environment is high. This has resulted in the need to find a more sustainable way to
generate power.
With the increased interest to use renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, new ways of
generating electric energy has been introduced. This new system involves the installation and
commissioning of generating systems near the demand side, usually within the distribution
network. This new system is known as distributed generation. Distributed generation (DG)
devices can be strategically placed in power systems for grid reinforcement, reducing power
losses and on-peak operating costs, improving voltage profiles and load factors, deferring or
eliminating for system upgrades, and improving system integrity, reliability, and efficiency.
These systems are comparatively smaller than the traditional systems hence they are a cost
efficient way for improving the power supply to meet rise in demand.
Using the network in section 1 above, we introduce a wind farm connected at node N2 and study
the effect on the various network parameters. This section undertakes the load flow analysis of
the system and determines the steady state stability of the network.

2.2.

Wind farm modelling

Wind farms convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical energy. The main principle
components of the modern wind energy conversion system consist of the following parts:
1. The tower:-holds the main part of the wind turbine and keeps the rotating blades at a
height to capture sufficient wind power.
2. The yaw:-the yaw mechanism is used to turn the wind turbine rotor blades against the
wind.

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3. The rotor and the nacelle (gear box, generator):-The gearbox transforms the slower
rotational speeds of the wind turbine to higher rotational speeds on the electrical
generator side. Electrical generator will generate electricity when its shaft is driven by the
wind turbine, whose output is maintained as per specifications, by employing suitable
control and supervising techniques.

Figure 4: Wind Energy conversion System.

To be able to model this system, we need to consider the following parameters


1. Type of wind turbine used- this is the main component which drives the generator. Basically,
there exists horizontal and vertical type of wind turbines each having different blade
configurations, either 3 or 2.

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2. Type of wind turbine governor used:- the governor controls the pitch angle beta of the blades
hence regulating the amount of power harvested from the wind in relation to the demanded power
P ref
3. Speed of the wind- this is used to determine the blade pitch angle and change the position of the
yaw if need be.
4. Type of generator used- this determines the control strategy adopted, in this case, we are using a
synchronous generator which operates at constant speed, hence the main aim is to keep the speed
constant
2.2.1.

Wind turbine configuration


2.2.1.1.

Model for variable speed pitch regulated turbine

The wind turbine model is explained using the figure below. To be able to analyse the system
using PSCAD, the model below is configured using the available library data.

Figure 5: Model of the variable speed pitch-regulated wind turbine

Wind power is given by

3
Pwind = A r V C p ( , ) with = , =r R/ v w
2

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Ct ( , )=

C p ( , )

1
3 2
T ae= C t ( , ) R V w
2

Normalizing 1 in [p.u.] system,


Pwind =K p C p ( , ) pu V 3w
pu

pu

The generic equation used to model

Cp ( , )

which gives the basis of modelling the turbine

characteristics is:
C
C p ( , )=C 1 2 C3 C 4 e
f

With

1
1
0.035
=

f + 0.08 3 +1

C 5
f

+C6

C1 =0.22 ,C 2=112, C3 =0.4,C 4 =3.8 , C5=12.5 , C 6=0 .

The above equations have already been implemented using the modules present in PSCAD. The figure
below shows the completed system used.

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Figure 6: Wind turbine System implemented in PSCAD.

To be able to model the system, we initially consider the operating speed of the system (w3) in
p.u. value.
This is calculated using the following formulae:
feedback speed w

Where

3(2 f ) 2503.14
=
=104 rev / sec
P
3

f is the frequency

of the system , p is the number of pole pairs

w3 is the running

speed in [ p.u.]
On the initial initialization of the system, we initialise the values to 1 p.u. and after a period of 5
seconds, the machine is switched to automatic speed regulation mode.
This feedback value is fed to the wind turbine and is used to monitor the output of the generator
in order to adjust its output accordingly.
The amount of wind is controlled using the given wind source found in the PSCAD library. The
software gives us the ability to vary the wind speed input using a slider Es as shown in the figure
5 above.
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To calculate the pitch angle beta, we use the wind turbine governor control MOD 2 type found in
the main library. This module utilises the power generated at the machine terminals as well as the
machine frequency. This model defines the maximum and minimum pitch angles as well as the
cp curves for the wind turbine.
The output obtained from the turbine is fed into the synchronous generator as the mechanical
torque. This module represents the mechanical component of the wind energy conversion
system.
2.2.2.

Synchronous generator Machine modelling

To be able to adopt a wind farm model using synchronous generators the modelling of the
machine to obtain the effective control strategy is necessary. This is done using the stator
reference frame as shown in the section below.
The synchronous generator is modelled using the following parameters
S=5 MVA , V =13.8 KV , Frequency=50 Hz , inertia constant H=3 sec .
The exciter controller is of type ST 1 A

with the following parameters

K a=300, T a=0.02, T c =T b =0
Mechanical torque controller
G=400,T =0.1
The system is modelled to initialise as a source for a period of 1 second before being operated as
a machine. The given synchronous machine is modelled as shown below; the exciter is supplied
using an inbuilt reference voltage. The reference torque of the machine is fed back to the
mechanical torque control using Tm_3. The exciter voltage uses the mechanical turning speed as
a frequency regulator for the machine.

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Figure 7: synchronous generator modeling.

2.2.3.

Transformer

Transformer modelling

type

Base MVA

V p /V s

Reactance X

Y star ,

[MVA]

[KV]

[p.u.]

70

13.8/66

0.07

delta

TR 3

Y/Y

Table 6: transformer tr3 parameters

2.2.4.

Line parameter

Length of line is 10 kms


Line

R
[ohms/km]

X
[ohms/km]

B
[s/km]

N8-N2

1.2

1.1624

1.3756e-6

Table 7: line parameters n8-n2

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2.3.

Network configuration

Figure 8: existing grid with wind farm connected

Figure 9: wind farm model.

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2.4.

Results Obtained
2.4.1.

Without any gust wind component

On carrying out the load flow studies on the network, the voltage across the generator bus and
load buses were found to be within the desired limits of 0.95p.u and 1.05p.u. The voltage profile
and power flow data obtained is given in the tables below.
Bus No.
Gen 1

Voltage (p.u.)
0.9991

Gen 2

0.9995

Load 1

0.9712

Load 2

1.019

Wind farm

1.075

Table 8: Voltage Profile with wind farm connected

Bus No.
Gen 1

P (p.u.)
0.5109

Q (p.u.)
-0.211

Gen 2

0.8195

0.2413

Load 1

0.449

0.2223

Load 2

0.8843

0.2947

0.1364

0.7715

Wind farm

Table 9: power Profile with wind farm connected.

Graph 3: wind farm Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2

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Graph 4: wind farm Voltage profile across load 1 and load 2

Graph 5: Voltage profile across wind farm

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Graph 6: Turbine torque

Graph 7: Pitch angle

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Graph 8: Turbine power

2.4.1.1.

Observations:

When the wind farm is introduced at node N2, it was noted that the voltage profile at charge 1 was
improved from 0.9728 [p.u.] to 1.019 [p.u.]. This shows that the system power quality was able to be
improved.
It was also noted that the power supplied from the synchronous generators dropped slightly which
indicated a decrease in the loading capacity of the machines to support the load. As a result, the
assumption of having lower operating cost for the machines is possible and improved capacity of the
network.
On observing the relation between the pitch angles, turbine power and turbine torque, the dynamic control
of the power harnessed from the wind energy is shown to be inversely proportional to the pitch angle. The
system pitch angle increases with the decrease in torque hence increasing the optimum amount of energy
harvested by the wind turbine blades.

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2.4.2.

Effect of Gust wind component on the node voltages

The gust component in a wind farm arises due to the sudden increase in the wind speed while the
wind farm is operating. In this network, the active control strategy used is for controlling both
the pitch angle and the speed of the turbine. The system response to the gust component is shown
below and the differences in pitch angle are noted.

Graph 9: generator Voltage profile across gen 1 and gen 2 with gust wind component

Graph 10: load Voltage profile with gust component

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Graph 11: turbine torque

Graph 12: turbine power

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Graph 13: pitch angle

2.4.2.1.

Observations:

With the gust wind component, the output voltage across the load increases slightly to
1.023[p.u.]. The system also has a slight oscillation of voltage levels but it maintains its limits.
On observing the relation to pitch angle and change in torque, it was noted that within the same
range of power, the deflection of the pitch angle increases sharply before leveling out. The
turbine torque initially increases rapidly and starts oscillating due to the sudden increase in force,
but eventually as the pitch angle increases, the torque reduces before stabilizing at the new point.
This is also shown on the graph obtained for the wind power.

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3.0.

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS


3.1.

Introduction

Transient stability analysis involves the observation of the network during fault conditions. Such
a fault conditions may arise due to short circuits or even lightning strikes on the power system
network. Electrical faults are characterized by having a short duration of time after which it is
either cleared or the line is disconnected from the system in order to avoid affecting the entire
system and reduce damage to the system.
When a line subjected to a fault, the line parameters such as voltage decrease at the fault point
and current increases. It is therefore paramount that analysis of the system during these states to
establish the duration it takes for the system to regain its steady state after the fault is cleared.
Circuit breakers are used to disconnect the line from the main system within a fraction of the
fault occurring in order to minimize the damage to the system devices. The time to clear the fault
is usually between 3/60 cycles to 9/60 cycles. Beyond this, the whole system may become
unstable and lead to voltage collapse.
In this exercise, I will carry out the analysis of the distributed generation system. I will apply a
three phase short circuit fault at node N2 for duration of 200ms. The fault will be applied at 15
seconds once the system has attained its steady state stability and analysis of the change in
voltage across the network observed.

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3.2.

Fault modeling

3.3.

Fault analysis and results

The effect of the fault is analyzed at three main points within the network. The systems
P ,Q , V rms ,I L

are observed at the wind farm terminal while

P ,Q , V rms ,load angle

are

observed at the generator 1 and 2 terminals. The results obtained are tabulated below. At the load
terminal,

P ,Q , V rms
3.3.1.

Energy systems V

are also analyzed.


Wind Farm

Page 24

Graph 14: line voltage across wind farm

Graph 15:

Energy systems V

P ,Q , V rms

across wind farm

Page 25

Graph 16: line current across wind farm

3.3.1.1. Observations:

It was observed that the rms voltage at the wind farm dropped to approximately 0.7[p.u] of its
rms value. This is shown on graph 15 above. The instantaneous line voltage drop is shown in fig
14. At the instant of the fault, fig 16 shows the rise in current across the wind farm during the
duration of the fault. Once the fault is cleared, it around 2.5 seconds before the system regains its
steady state stability. The effect on other parts of the system is shown below. The reactive power
increases due to the increase in current flowing through the system resulting in losses in the
lines.
3.3.2.

Energy systems V

Synchronous Generators

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Graph 17:

P ,Q , V rms

across generator 1 and 2

Graph 18: load angle at generator 1 and 2 bus

3.3.2.1. Observations:

It was observed that the voltage at the generator 1 and 2 where undisturbed during the fault. This
can be attributed to the fact that the fault was closest to the wind farm hence its effect to this
generators was minimal. The fault was cleared before the generators 1 and 2 where affected. This
is shown in graph no 17 above. Despite the voltage remaining constant, it was noted that during
the fault, there is a sharp increase in the reactive power component from the generators. This can
be attributed to the rise in current at the region of fault resulting in increases losses along the
transmission line. The real power P is fluctuates during the fault period but settles once the fault
is cleared. Generator 1 is more affected than generator 2 due to the proximity to the fault.

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3.3.3.

Load

Graph 19:

Energy systems V

P ,Q , V rms

across load terminals

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4.0.

CONCLUSION

In this project, the control of synchronous generator used in wind farms was analyzed for its suitability in
offshore and onshore wind power farms. The presented components were the synchronous

generator, the aerodynamic behavior of the wind turbine and the pitch angle control system.
The simulation of the system is based on the mathematical model of wind turbine control of the
wind farm. It can be seen that from the simulation results, the power quality of the network is
improved and it exhibits a good steady state performance. The wind farm systems can be used to
increase the stability of the given network and also meet the growing demand of the system.
In the transient analysis, the main generators of the system where not greatly affected by the
occurrence of the fault. This shows that incases of a fault occurring near the wind farm, the
generators at the wind farm will sustain the systems profile until such a time that the fault is
cleared or extinguished. This improves on the stability of the network.
With the implementation of pitch angle control and speed control, the generator at the wind farm
is optimized to give out the maximum energy in relation to the wind speed. The pitch angle and
speed are optimized using the wind turbines

Energy systems V

cp

curves to attain this.

Page 29

5.0.

REFERENCES

CEDRAT 15 Chemin de Malacher- Inovalle PSCAD Version 4.2 2006 Wind turbines
application paper
HANSEN, A. D., SORENSEN, P., JANOSI, L. & BECH, J. 2001. Wind farm modelling for
power quality.
WANG, C. & NEHRIR, M. H. 2004. Analytical approaches for optimal placement of
distributed generation sources in power systems. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on,
19(4):2068-2076.
A. Yazdani and R. Iravani,A Unified Dynamic Model and Control for the VoltageSourced Converter Under Unbalanced Grid Conditions, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1620-1629, July 2006.
P.S.R Murty-2007, Power system analysis. BS Publications
Prabha Kundur-1994 Power System Stability and Control. McGraw Hill inc.

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