CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

Objective questions
1. Organelle X consists of an extensive network of folded membranes and
ribosomes are attached on its. What is the function of Organelle X?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Transport the protein synthesised to other parts of the cell.

Contain enzymes which control breakdown of protein and lipids.
Synthesis of lipids and cholesterol and transport them within the cell.
Pack the secretions formed into secretory vesicles and transport them to
the plasma membrane to be secreted.

2. The diagram below shows a structure of DNA.

Apart from the nucleus, DNA can also be found in

I.
Chloroplasts
II.
Golgi apparatus
III.
Centrioles
IV.
Mitochondria
A.
B.
C.
D.

I and III only

I and IV only
II and IV only
II and IV only

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu ameba yang dibelah dua, satu bahagian dengan
nukleus dan sebahagian lagi tanpa nukleus.
Diagram below shows an amoeba being split up into two parts, one with the
nucleus and the other without a nucleus.

Bahagian ameba tanpa nukleus akan mati dalam masa beberapa hari. Antara yang
berikut, manakah yang merupakan sebab yang paling mungkin?
The part without a nucleus will die within a few days. Which of the following is the
most likely reason for this?
A Kehilangan air secara osmosis
Loss of water by osmosis
B Membran plasma bocor
The plasma membrane leaks
C Ketiadaan mitokondria
The absence of mitochondria
D Sintesis protein terhenti
The synthesis of proteins stops
4

Antara organ berikut, yang manakah terlibat dalam mengekalkan persekitaran

dalam yang malar supaya sel-sel badan boleh berfungsi dengan optimum?
Which of the following organs in the human body are involved in maintaining a
relatively constant internal environment so that the body cells can function
optimally?

A I dan II
I and II

C I dan IV
I and IV

B II dan III
II and III

D II dan IV
II and IV

Structured question
1.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan perbezaan tahap dalam organisasi sel tumbuhan berkayu

Figure 2 shows different levels of cell organization in a woody plant

Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan Paramesium sp yang tinggal di dalam air tawar.

Diagram 1.1 shows a Paramecium sp which lives in the fresh water..

Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) (i) Namakan struktur yang berlabel X.
Name the structure labelled X.
....................................................................................................................
..........
(1 markah/1 mark)
(ii)Terangkan bagaimana struktur X berfungsi apabila organism itu diletakkan di
dalam air suling.
Explain how structure X function when the organism is placed in distilled
water.
..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

(3 markah/3 marks)

(b) Terangkan bagaimana pertukaran gas berlaku di dalam organisma itu.

Explain how the exchange of gases occurs in the organism.
..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2 markah/2marks)
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan satu struktur yang dijumpai dalam manusia
Diagram 1.2 shows a structure found in human.

Rajah 1.2/ Diagram 1.2

(c )(i) Namakan struktur dalam rajah 1.2
Name the structure shown in diagram 1.2
.........................................................................................
[1 markah/1 mark]
(ii)Nyatakan aras organisasi yang ditunjukkan oleh struktur dalam rajah 1.2.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
State the level of organisation shown in diagram 1.2.
Explain your answer.
.........................................................................................
[2 markah/2 mark]

(d)Terangkan mengapa organisasi sel perlu berlaku pada organism multisel?

Explain why cell organisation is needed in multicellular organism?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[3 markah/3 marks]

Essay question

1. Every organism, whether unicellular or multicellular, can carry out its basic
function of life.
(a) With reference to a named example of a unicellular organism, explain the
meaning of this phrase Cell as a complete unit of life.

(b) Using specified cells as examples, explain why certain cells have more of the
following organelles:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(a)

Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts

Rajah 6.1menunjukkan keratin rentas daun tumbuhan dikotiledon.

Diagram 6.1 shows cross section of a leaf in dicotyledonous plant.

Rajah 6.1/ Diagram 6.1

Huraikan bagaimana organisasi sel berlaku dalam pementukan daun.
Explain how cell organisation involved in formation of a leaf.
[8 markah]
(b)

Rajah 6.2a dan 6.2b menunjukkan struktu rtipika lsel tumbuhan dan selhaiwan
masing-masing.
Diagram 6.2a and 6.2b show the typical structure of the plant cell and animal cell
respectively.

Rajah 6.2a / Diagram 6.2a

Rajah 6.2b/ Diagram 6.2b

Berdasarkan Rajah 6.2a dan 6.2b, terangkan perbezaan antara struktur sel
tumbuhan dan sel haiwan
Based on Diagram 6.2a dan 6.2b, explain the differences between the structures
in plant cell and animal cell.
[6markah]
(c)

Rajah 6.3 menunjukkan dua orang atlet sedang berlari acara 1500m.
Diagram 6.3 shows two athletes running for 1500m.

Rajah 6.3 / Diagram 6.3

Aktiviti ini akan mengubah beberapa factor fizikaldan kimia dalam badannya.
Terangkan SATU faktor yang berubah dan peranan sistem dalam badan atlet ini
melakukan pembetulan.
This activity can cause some changing in physical and chemical factors in their

body.
Explain ONE changing factor and how his body carry out the correction.
[6markah]

ANSWER:
OBJECTIVE:
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. D
STRUKTUR

22 (a)(i)
(ii)

Contractile vacuole
Excessive water diffuses into structure X
Structure X move nearer the plasma membrane
Structure X constrict expelled excess water out of the organism

1m
3m

(b)

Concentration of oxygen outside the organism higher but inside the organism
lower.
So oxygen diffuses into organism across plasma membrane by diffusion.
Concentration of carbon dioxide inside organism is higher but outside is lower.
So carbon dioxide diffuses out of organism across plasma membrane by
diffusion.

2m

(c )(i)
(ii)

Skeletal muscle
Tissue. Consists of a group of skeletal muscle cells performing a similar
function which is contactions and relaxation of skeletal muscles produce
movement
Multicellular organism is made up of many cells.
Difference cells have difference function in organism.
Cell undergoes specialization in order to carry out the task efficiently.
Multicellular is complex organism.

1m
2m

(d)

3m

ESSAY
Question 1
(.a) 'Cell as a complete unit of life' refers to a unicellular organism that can carry out
all the life processes as one cell. Each organism, for example Amoeba, is made up
of one cell and yet it can carry out all its life processes like feeding, movement,
respiration and reproduction.
i)Feeding
Amoeba feeds on decayed organic matter and bacteria. Amoeba extends its
cytoplasm to form pseudopodia in order to approach its food particle and surround it.
The food particle is taken into the cytoplasm and enclosed in a food vacuole.
Enzymes are secreted into the food vacuole to digest the food particle. The digested
food is then absorbed into the cytoplasm.
(ii) Movement
Amoeba moves with the help oi pseudopodiu. Any part of the cytoplasm can protrude
out to form pseudopodia.
(iiil Respiration
Exchange of gases by diffusion takes place at the membrane of Amoeba. Oxygen
dissolved in water diffuses through the membrane into the cell. Carbon dioxide
diffuses out from the cell.
(iv) Reproduction
Amoeba as a unicellular organism can reproduce asexually by u process called
binary fission. The nucleus of Amoeba elongates and divides followed by the division
of cytoplasm. Two new cells are formed each time an Amoeba reproduced. The

reproduction of Amoeba by binary fission results in an increase of the Amoeba's

population.
(i) Cells which have many mitochondria are cells that are very active, such as sperm
cells and flight muscle cells in insects and birds.
Sperm cells need a lot of energy to swim to the egg for fertilisation. Mitochondria
provides the energy required for this activity. Flight muscle cells have a lot of
mitochondria to provide the energy required for the insects and birds to fly.
(ii) Cells which have many Golgi apparatus und endoplasmic reticulum are mainly
secretory cells that produce enzymes und hormones. An example of secretory cells
is the cells in the salivary glands. These cells secrete the enzyme amylase. Many
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are required in the secretion of amylase.
The ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum synthesise protein which is then
transported by the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. This organelle
restructures the protein into specific protein like amylase and then pack them into
vesicles, which carry the enzymes to the plasma membrane. The vesicles then
constrict to secrete the enzymes out of the cell through the membrane.
(iii) Cells that are actively carrying out photosynthesis will have a lot of chloroplasts.
Mesophyll palisade cells in the leaf are full of chloroplasts. Chlorophyll in the
chloroplast absorb energy from sunlight for photosynthesis. Hence, palisade cells
have many chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis efficiently.
SOALA
N
2(a)

CADANGAN JAWAPAN
-

(b)

Daun adalah organ

Mempunyai pelbagai jenis tisu
Contoh tisu tisu mesofil palisad, mesofil berspan, tisu
epidermis atas, epidermis bawah, xilem dan floem
Semua tisu ini bekerjasama untuk menjalankan satu fungsi
khusus
Iaitu membolehkan berlakunya fotosintesis
Tisu epidermis atas lutsinar, bagi membenarkan cahaya
menembusinya
Tenaga cahaya diperlukan untuk fotosintesis
Epidermis bawah ada liang-liang yang dinamakan stoma
Membenarkan pertukaran gas berlaku/ membenarkan
kemasukan karbondioksida dan pembebasan oksigen
Karbondioksida diperlukan sebagai bahan mentah
fotosintesis dan oksigen adalah hasil fotosintesis
Mesofil palisad dan mesofil berspan mempunyai kloroplas
Kloroplas mempunyai pigmen klorofil untuk tempat
fotosintesis
Xilem membawa air dari akar ke daun
Air adalah bahan mentah untuk fotosintesis
Floem mengangkut hasil fotosintesis kebatang/akar/bahagian
lain pokok

MARKA
H
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max 8

Aspek
Dinding sel

Kloroplas

Vakuol

Sentriol

Makanan
simpanan

(c)

Keterangan
Sel tumbuhan mempunyai dinding sel dari selulosa,
tetapi sel haiwan tidak ada dinding sel
Oleh itu, sel tumbuhan ada bentuk yang tetap
Sel tumbuhan mempunyai kloroplas, tetapi sel
haiwan tidak mempunyai klorplas.
Kloroplas mengandungi klorofil yang boleh
menyerap tenaga cahaya untuk fotosintesis
Sel tumbuhan mempunyai vakuol yang besar, tetapi
sel haiwan tidka mempunyai vakuol. Jika ada saiz
sangat kecil
Vakuol penting untuk memberi sokongan kepada
sel tumhuban
Sel haiwan mempunyai sentriol tetapi sel tumbuhan
tidak mempunyai sentriol
Sentriol penting untuk membentuk gentian
gelendong semasa pembahagian sel.
Kanji menjadi makanan simpanan dalam sitoplasma
sel tumbuhan tetapi makanan simpanan dalam sel
haiwan
Ialah glikogen

Faktor fizikal : Peningkatan suhu badan

Pembetulan :
- mengeluarkan banyak peluh
- air peluh mengandungi haba pendam
- haba ini akan dihilangkan ke persekitaran apabila peluh
menyejat
- suhu tubuh akan kembali normal
atau
- kapilari darah akan mengembang (vasodilatan), menghampiri
permukaan kulit
- darah banyak dihantar ke kulit
- darah mengangkut haba
- haba dari darah dihilangkan ke persekitaran secara
pengaliran/radiasi
atau
- bulu roma akan terbaring
- tidak ada lapisan udara terperangkap dipermukaan kulit
- lapisan udara adalah penebat haba
- akibatnya haba dapat disingkirkan dengan mudah ke
persekitaran
Pilih mana-mana 2 pembetulan dan jenis faktor betul max 6
markah
Faktor kimia : penurunan pH darah/ peningkatan kepekatan
karbondioksida
Pembetulan :
- thermostat di hipotalamus mengesan perubahan

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max 6

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

lelaki tersebut bernafas secara laju/ mencungap

jantung mengepam darah dengan laju
darah mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida
banyak oksigen dihantar oleh jantung ke sel badan
kandungan oksigen kembali normal
banyak karbondioksida dibawa ke peparu dan disingkirkan
kandungan karbondioksida kembali normal

Faktor betul dan mana-mana 5 pembetulan max 6markah

1
1
1
1