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Homework 1 of Math 220 due on 22/2/2013.
(Verification of Solution) State the order of ordinary differential equation (ODE).
Verify that y(x) is a solution of the differential equation.
6 y (x) + 2 y(x) = 0, y(x) = a cos(x) + b(x)
d
Solution. y (x) = dx
( a cos(x) + b sin(x) ) = a sin(x) + b cos(x), and
d

y (x) = dx ( a sin(x) + b cos(x) ) = a 2 cos(x) b 2 sin(x) = 2 y(x),

hence we have y (x) + 2 y(x) = 0.
5 y (x) = 1 + y(x)2 , y(x) = tan(x + c). Solution. y (x) =
d
sec2 (x + c) dx
(x + c) =

d
dx (

tan(x + c) ) =

7 y (x) + 2y (x) + 10y(x) = 0, y(x) = 4ex sin(3x). Solution. It follows from

d
d
product rule that y (x) = dx
( 4ex sin(3x) ) = 4 dx
( ex sin(3x) )
d
d
x
x
x
= 4 dx (e ) sin(3x) + 4e dx (sin(3x)) =
e sin(3x) +
ex cos(3x).

For the second order derivative, recall that (u v) = u v + 2u v + u v . So

2

d
x
y (x) = 4 dx
sin(3x) )
2( e
d2
d
x
= 4 dx2 (e ) sin(3x) + 2 4 dx
( ex )

d
dx (sin(3x)

) + 4ex

d2
dx2 (sin(3x))

14 y (x) = y(x) tan x,

y = c sec x,

y(0) =

2.

(General Solution) Find a general solution. Show the steps of derivation. Check your
answer by substitution.
2 y (x) + (x + 2)(y(x))2 = 0
Solution. By rearranging the terms, we have

= (x + 2) y(x)2 , so dy
y2 =
dy
(x + 2) dx which is separable. Then after integrating, y2 = (x + 2) dx, i.e.
2

= x2 + 2x + C for some constant C. So y(x) =

Checking.
1
y

dy
dx

2
x2 +4x+C .

4 y (x) = (y(x) + 9x)2 , (y(x) + 9x = v(x))

Solution. Replace y(x) = v(x) 9x, where v(x) is an unknown function. Then
RHS= y (x) = v (x) 9, and LHS= v(x)2 . Rewrite the original equation as a
separable ODE in v(x),

=
x
e
cos(3x).

y
(x)
So, y (x)+2y (x)+10y(x) = +2y (x) =

+10y(x)
=

ex sin(3x) +

ex sin(3x) +
+2(4ex sin(3x) +
+10(4ex sin(3x) +

ex cos(3x)
12 ex cos(3x)
0)

6 y (x) =

4x2 +y(x)2
x y(x) .

Hint: d/dx( (y(x))2 ) = 2y(x)y (x).

Remark. Arranging the term in the order of ex sin x, and ex cos(3x) makes
calculation more clearly.
9 y (x) = cos x,

y(x) = sin x + ax2 + bx + c.

8 xy (x) =

(Initial Value Problem) Verify that y = y(x) is a solution of the ODE. Determine from
y the particular solution satisfying the given initial condition.
12 y (x) = y(x) x,

y(x) = cex + x + 1,

y(0) = 3.

(Replacing 2C by C.)

y(x)2
x

+ y(x).

Hint: u(x) = y(x)/x.

(Initial Value Problems) Find the particular solution. Show the steps of derivation,
beginning with the general solution. (L, R, b are constants.)

16 xy (x) = y(x) + 4x5 cos2 ( y(x)

x ),

y(2) = 0

( Use u(x) =

y(x)
x .

Theorem. The general solution of the first order linear differential equation
y (x) + p(x)y(x) = q(x) is given by

I(x)y(x) = C + I(x)q(x) dx

for some constant C, where I(x) = exp( p(x)dx) is called an integrating factor.
Theorem. The general solution of the first order Bernoulli differential equation
y (x) + p(x) y (x) = g(x) (y(x))n (n = 0 or 1) is given by
y(x)1n I(x) = C + (1 n) I(x)g(x) dx,

where I(x) = exp((1 n) p(x)dx) is called an integrating factor.

Remark. This makes use of a substitution y(x) = (u(x))1n , and then reduce
the given ODE to a 1st order linear equation

(Exact ODEs. Integrating Factors) Test for exactness. If exact, solve. If not, use an
integrating factor as given or find it by inspection or from the theorems in the text.
Also, if an initial condition is given, determine the corresponding particular solution.
2 (x y)(dx dy) = 0

u (x) + (1 n)p(x) u(x) = (1 n)q(x),

which can be solved by the integrating factor use in 1st order linear ODE.
10 y(x)y (x) + 4x = 0,

y(0) = 3

(Remark. It is separable)

4 (ey yex )dx + (xey ex )dy = 0

12 2xy(x)y (x) = 3(y(x))2 + x2 ,

14 y (x) =

y(x)
x

2x
y(x)

cos(x2 ),

y(1) = 2

y(

(Remark. It is Bernoulli)

2) =

6 ex (cos y dx sin y dy) = 0