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1.

Define Transmission lines

a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to carry alternating


current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that
their wave nature must be taken into account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such
as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with theirantennas, distributing cable
television signals, trunklines routing calls between telephone switching centers, computer
network connections and high speed computer data buses.

2. What are the electrical models of transmission lines


Short transmission lines

A transmission line is defined as a short-length line if its length is less than 80


km (50 mi). In this case, the capacitive effect is negligible and only the
resistance and inductive reactance are considered. Assuming balanced
conditions, the line can be represented by the equivalent circuit of a single
phase with resistance

Medium Transmission line

If the line is between 80 km (50 mi) and 240 km (150 mi) long, the line is
considered a medium length. The line single-phase equivalent circuit can be
represented in a nominal or T configurations. The shunt capacitance of the
line is divided into two equal parts, each placed at the sending and receiving
ends of the line. Both short- and medium-length transmission lines use
approximated lumped-parameter models.
Long transmission line

If the line is more than 240 km long, the model must consider parameters
uniformly distributed along the line. The appropriate series impedance and
shunt capacitance are found by solving the corresponding differential
equations, where voltages and currents are described as a function of
distance and time with the assumptions:
1. The line is operating under sinusoidal, balanced, steady-state conditions.
2. The line is transposed.
3. Differentiate the following
a. Parallel wire line
It is in the form of a black ribbon in which two copper wires are fixed parallel to edges of
a Ploy Vinyl Chloride insulating strip. The wire may be hard or flexible depending on the
power to be handled. For the high power transmission, we use the hard parallel wires
and for the low power transmission, we use the flexible parallel wires. The parallel wire
lines are commonly used for connecting TV antennas with the TV receiver set. For this

connection, the impedance of the line should match the impedance of the TV to obtain
maximum power transference. This parallel wire line is also called the balanced wire line.

The current drawn by the parallel wire line will not be infinite, because there is an
impedance along the wires due to the induction process. Each wire develops the
magnetic field as it carries the charge so that there is the capacitance in between the
wires exists. Thus, we can say that the parallel wire transmission line acts as an inductor,
resistor and the capacitor circuit.

b. Twisted pair line


Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are
twisted together for the purposes of canceling outelectromagnetic interference (EMI)
from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted
pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. It was invented
by Alexander Graham Bell.

A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted


around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to
reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. While twisted-pair cable
is used by older telephone networks and is the least expensive type
of local-area network (LAN) cable, most networks contain some twisted-

pair cabling at some point along the network. Other types of cables used
for LANs include coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.

c. Coaxial line

Coaxial cable, or coax is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables
also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner
conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by
English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880.
Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for carrying lower-frequency signals,
such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a
precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as
a transmission line.

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