FINGERPRINTS

Types of prints.
A print is not only made of a collection of lines but the
all the lines together make a special figure. And there
are not so very much different figures as you would
presume. There are about 7 different types as you can
see down here:

- Arch: The lines are going like waves from one site to
the other site.
- Tentarch: Like the Arch but with a rising stick in the
- Loop: The lines coming from one site returning in the
middle to the te same
- Double loop: Like the loop but with two loops inside,
one standing one
- Pocked loop: Like the loop but with a small circle in the
turning point
- Whorl: The lines are making circles
- Mixed figure: Composed with different figures
But in every type of print there are lots of differences,
the number of lines, their shape or their size make
every figure different. Typica.
A fingerprint contains a lot of typica, unique lines. They
are short or long, they can start, stop or split, they
make figures, can be big, small or broad.

Fingerprints are made of ridges on

the upperskin on hands and feet of
all people and some animals. These
ridges make lines of different
size's and forms. Everytime a line
stops or splits it's called a typica.
The amount of typica (with no
difference) make's it an
identification or not. The amount
of typica is in many country's
different. In Holland 10 to 12
characteristic points are required
with no difference.

There are 2 rules where the science

of fingerprints is based on: 1) They
are "permanent" in that they are
formed in the fetal stage, prior to
birth, and remain the same
throughout lifetime, barring
disfiguration by scarring, until
sometime after death when
decomposition sets in. That means
that the prints do not change
during a life time. That's not all
true because fingerprints do
change, but the changes can be
explained. If not, they can't be
identified. The changes can be
made by: flexibility from the skin,
growing, a dirty finger, scarring, a
wound, or a disease of the skin. 2)
They are "unique" in that no two
fingerprints, or friction ridge area,
made by different fingers or areas,
are the same (or are identical in
their ridge characteristic
arrangement). People always ask if
identical twins have the same
prints, the answer is NO. They
have completely different
fingerprints, although they have
the same DNA. Some people think
that it is because there is a

DNA :WHAT IS IT?

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a chemical structure that forms
chromosomes. A piece of a chromosome that dictates a particular
trait is called a gene. Structurally, DNA is a double helix: two strands
of genetic material spiraled around each other. Each strand contains
a sequence of bases (also called nucleotides). A base is one of four
chemicals (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine). The two
strands of DNA are connected at each base. Each base will only
bond with one other base, as follows: Adenine (A) will only bond with
thymine (T), and guanine (G) will only bond with cytosine (C).
Suppose one strand of DNA looks like this:
A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G
The DNA strand bound to it will look like this:
T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C
Together, the section of DNA would be represented like this:
T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C
A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G
DNA strands are read in a particular direction, from the top (called
the 5' or "five prime" end) to the bottom (called the 3' or "three
prime" end). In a double helix, the strands go opposite ways:
5' T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C 3'
3' A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G 5'