Gross Anatomy

8/3/15; Muscles of the Back

1. What are the three major groups of the back muscles?
2. Where do the superficial muscles insert?
3. What are the FIVE superficial muscles?
4. What does the trapezius do?
5. What innervates the trapezius?
6. Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
7. What does the latissimus dorsi do?
8. What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
9. What does the levator scapulae do?
10.

What innervates the levator scapulae?

11.

What do the rhomboids do?

12.

What innervates the rhomboids?

13.

Where do the intermediate muscles insert?

14.

Why are intermediate muscles important in breathing?

15.

What are the two intermediate muscles?

16.

What is the serratus posterior superior deep to?

17.

What does the serratus posterior superior muscle do?

18.

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

19.

What is the serratus posterior inferior deep to?

20.

What does the serratus posterior inferior muscle do?

21.

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

Gross Anatomy:
8/5/15: Deep Muscles
1. What are the three groups of deep muscles, where are they found, and what do
they support?
2. What are the superficial muscles of the deep muscles in the back?
3. What do the splenius capitis and cervicis do?
4. What do the splenius capitis and cervicis do?
5. What are the intermediate muscles of the deep muscles in the back?
6. What are the three columns of the erector spinae?
7. What are the subregions of the umscles of the erector spinae?
8. What do the erector spinae muscles do?
9. What innervates the erector spinae muscles?
10.

What composes the deepest layer of the deep muscles of the back?

11.

What are the three components of the transversospinalis muscle?

12.

What are the three regional subdivions of the semispinalis?

13.

Where are the multifidus and rotatores best developed?

14.

Where are the intertransversarii located?

15.

Where are the interspinales located?

16.

Where are the intertransversarii and interspinales best developed?

17.

Where are the levatores costarum located?

18.

What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?

19.

What goes through the suboccipital triangle?

20.

What are the four occipital muscles?

21.

What innervates the sub occipital muscles?

22.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior
major?
23.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior
minor?

24.

Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis superior?

25.

Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis inferior?

26.

What nerve crosses over the suboccipital region?

27.

What two muscles does it go through?

28.

What does it innervate?

Gross Anatomy:
8/5/15: Axial Skeleton; Vertebral Column
1. What are the two divisions of the skeleton and what do they encompass?
2. How many vertebrae are there? How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and
coccyx?
3. How is the vertebral column flexible?
4. What does the typical vertebra consist of?
5. What opening does the spinal cord run through?
6. What are the seven processes of a vertebral arch?
7. What are the articular processes covered with and what types of joints do they
form?
8. What goes through the intervertebral foramen?
9. What are the characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra?
10.

What goes through the transverse foramen?

11.

What is unique about C1 (atlas)?

12.

What is unique about C2 (axis)?

13.

What is unique about C7 (vertebra prominens)?

14.

What movement does the atlanto-axis joint allow?

15.

What are the characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebra?

16.

What is unique about T11 and T12?

17.

What are the characteristics of a typical lumbar vertebra?

18.

Describe the sacrum.

19.

Describe the coccyx.

20.

What are the variations in cervical vertebrae?

21.

What are the variations in lumbar vertebrae?

22.

What are the variations in the sacrum?

23.

What are the variations in the coccyx?

24.

What are the different fractures of the vertebral column?

Gross Anatomy
8/7/15: Thoracic Wall
1. Where is the thorax located?
2. What forms the thoracic cage?
3. What is superior and inferior to the thorax?
4. What does the thoracic cage do?
5. What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
6. What is the thoracic wall lined by?
7. What are the boundaries of the thoracic wall?
8. What is the sternum and what three parts does it divide into?
9. What is the manubrium and what does it articulate with?
10.

What is the body of the sternum and what does it articulate with?

11.

What is the xiphoid process and what does it articulate with?

12.

Where does the xiphisternal joint lie opposite to?

13.

Where is the suprasternal notch located across from?

14.

Where is the sternal angle located across from?

15.

Where is the xiphisternal joint located across from?

16.

The sternal angle is formed from the articulation of what two bones?

17.

How can you recognize the sternal angle?

18.

Where does the transverse ridge of the sternal angle lie?

19.

What are the curved, flat bones that contain red bone marrow?

20.
What are the three different types of ribs? Describe them and what they
attach to.
21.

Describe the anatomy of a typical rib.

22.

What does the costal groove contain?

23.

What are the parts of a typical rib?

24.

What does the tubercle articulate with?

25.

What are the atypical ribs?

26.

What features make the first rib atypical?

27.

What features make the second rib atypical?

28.

What features make the 10th to 12th ribs atypical?

29.

What features make the 11th and 12th ribs atypical?

30.

What do the costal cartilages do?

31.

What do the costal cartilages connect to?

32.

Where are the costal cartilages of ribs 11 and 12 located?

33.

What happens to costal cartilages with aging?

34.

What are the two joints of the chest wall (more specifically, the sternum)?

35.

Describe the manubriosternal joint.

36.

Describe the xiphisternal joint.

37.

What happens to the xiphoid process with aging?

38.

Describe the joints of the heads of the ribs.

39.
Describe the joints of the tubercles of the ribs. On which ribs are these joints
absent?
40.

Describe the joints of the ribs and costal cartilages.

41.

Describe the joints of the costal cartilages and sternum.

42.

Describe the movements of the ribs and costal cartilages.

43.

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

44.

What passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

45.

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

46.

What passes through the inferior thoracic aperture?

47.

What three muscles of respiration are in the intercostal spaces between ribs?

48.

What are the innermost intercostals lined with?

49.

What is the endothoracic fascia lined with?

50.
What runs between the internal and innermost muscles? What is the space
called?
51.

What is the external intercostal muscle? What direction does its fibers run?

52.
What replaces the external intercostal muscle as it extends forward to the
costal cartilage?
53.

What is the internal intercostal muscle? What direction does its fibers run?

54.
What replaces the internal intercostal muscle as it extends backward from
the sternum to the angles of the ribs behind?
55.

What is the innermost intercostal muscle? What does it correspond with?

56.

Where does it relate internally and externally?

57.
What are the two groups of the innermost intercostal muscles and where are
they located?
58.

What happens when the intercostal muscles contract?

59.

How many pairs of the levatores costarum are there?

60.

Where does it originate and insert?

61.

What does the levator costarum do?

62.

What innervates the levator costarum?

63.

What are the two movements of the thoracic wall?

64.

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

65.

What are the three dimensions the thoracic cavity can be increased?

66.
What three arteries do the intercostal space contain? Where do they branch
from?
67.
What are the veins in the thoracic wall called? Where do they drain and in
what direction?
68.

What are the intercostal nerves?

69.

Where is the 12th thoracic spinal nerve located?

70.

Where does each intercostal nerve enter?

71.

Where does each intercostal nerve lead?

72.

When is a needle thoracotomy performed?

73.

Where should the needle be inserted?

74.
List the structures penetrated by the needle from the skin to the pleural
cavity.
75.

What do the mammary glands consist of?

76.

Where are the breasts found?

77.

What part of the breast extends upward and laterally into the axilla?

78.

How many lobes does the breast consist of?

79.

What is the ampulla?

80.

What is the areola and what are the bumps near it?

81.

How are the lobes of the gland separated?

82.

What is the retromammary space?

83.

How does the breast receive blood?

84.

Why is lymphatic drainage of the breast significant?

85.
What are the different lymphatic pathways that drain the breast (five major
ones)?

Gross Anatomy
8/10/15: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
1. What is the spinal cord a part of and where is it located?
2. Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
3. Where are the two enlargements in the spinal cord, what do each give rise to, and
what does each innverate?
4. What is the conus medullaris?
5. What is the filum terminale?
6. What is the cauda equina?
7. Describe spinal cord development in the embryo as it grows.
8. Where does the spinal cord end at (a) 6 months gestation, (b) birth, and (c)
adulthood?
9. What occurs with the spinal nerve roots throughout development?
10.
What are the five surface features of the spinal cord and what do they
contain?
11.
Which one of the five surface features is located only in the cervical and
upper thoracic regions?
12.

What is the internal structure of the spinal cord composed of?

13.

What does the central canal communicate with and what is it lined by?

14.

Where are grey and white matter located?

15.

What are the regions of the grey matter?

16.

What is the function of the posterior horn?

17.

What is the function of the anterior horn?

18.

Where is the anterior horn the largest?

19.

What is within the lateral horn and where is it found?

20.

Where is the intermediate zone and what does it consist of?

21.
What are the three regions of the spinal cord and what landmarks are they
located in between?
22.

What does the white matter of the spinal cord consist of?

23.

What are spinal nerves formed by?

24.

What does the anterior/ventral root consist of?

25.

What does the posterior/dorsal root consist of?

26.
What do the spinal nerves divide into after exiting the vertebral canal? Which
is bigger? Smaller?
27.

What does the posterior ramus innervate?

28.

What does the anterior ramus innervate?

29.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, coccygeal?
30.

How are the spinal nerves named?

31.

What is a dermatome?

32.

What are the three meninges of the spinal cord and what are they made of?

33.

What is the dura mater made out of? Where is it begin and end?

34.

Where does the filum terminale begin and end?

35.

What separates the dura mater from the vertebrae?

36.

What does the epidural space contain?

37.

What does the dura mater fuse with laterally?

38.

What is the arachnoid mater and where does it begin and end?

39.

What is the subdural space?

40.
What is the subarachnoid space? What is it filled with? Where does it begin
and end?
41.

What is the lumber cistern? What procedure is usually done in this area?

42.
What is the pia mater? Where does it begin? What structure is derived from
the pia mater?
43.
List the layers and spaces you would encounter if you were to dissect a
spinal cord.
44.

What is the denticulate ligament and what does it do? Where is it located?

Gross Anatomy
8/12/15: Thoracic Cavity I
1. What does the mediastinum contain?
2. What is contained within the two pleural cavities?
3. Where does the trachea begin and end?
4. What does the trachea divide into and what is the landmark of that division called?
5. How many tracheal cartilages are there and what is their purpose? What cartilage
is it made of?
6. Describe the posterior wall of the trachea.
7. What is anterior to the trachea? Posterior? Right of? Left of?
8. What nerve is located between the trachea and esophagus on the left side?
9. Do foreign bodies enter the right or left main bronchus more often? Why?
10.
Where is the right main bronchus located and what branches does it divide
into?
11.
Where it he left main bronchus located and what branches does it divide
into?
12.
What are the lungs covered by and how are they attached to the
mediastinum?
13.

What are the four main parts of the lungs and where are they located?

14.

What do the anterior and inferior borders of the lungs separate?

15.

What is the hilum?

16.

What are the lobes and fissures of the lungs?

17.

What are the impressions on the mediastinal surface of the lungs?

18.
What are the bronchopulmonary segments? (apex/base, direction,
surrounded by what kind of tissue, which segments)?
19.

What are the lung roots surrounded by?

20.

What are the components of the lung roots?

21.
Where does the pulmonary artery lie in relation to the main bronchus on
each lung?

22.

What are the vessels that supply the lungs and what do they carry?

23.

How are the lymph of the lungs drained? (Trace the pathways).

24.

What nerve fibers do the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses contain?

25.

How are these pulmonary plexuses formed?

26.

What causes bronchodilation and decreased glandular secretion?

27.

What causes bronchoconstriction and increased glandular secretion?

28.
What is the pleura and what are its two layers? Which is outer and which is
inner?
29.

How are the visceral and parietal layers continuous with each other?

30.

What is the pleural cavity?

31.

What are the (four) parts of the parietal pleura and what do they cover/line?

32.

What are the (two) recesses of the pleura?

33.
Which ribs do the bottom of the lungs extend to (midclavicular, midaxillary,
and paravertebral)?
34.
Which ribs do the bottom of the pleura extend to (imdclavicular, midaxillary,
and paravertebral)?
35.

What innervates the parietal pleura (costal, medistinal, and diaphragmatic)?

36.

What innervates the visceral pleura?

37.
Once a disease involves the _____ (parietal/visceral) pleura, pain becomes a
prominent feature.

Gross Anatomy
8/14/15: Thoracic Cavity II
1. What is the pericardium and what are the two parts?
2. What is the fibrous pericardium and what does it attach inferiorly and superiorly
to?
3. What is deep to the fibrous pericardium? What are its two layers?
4. What is the epicardium?
5. What is the pericardial activity?
6. What are the two sinuses that compose the pericardial cavity? Where are each
located?
7. Which arteries supply the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of the serous
pericardium?
8. Which arteries supply the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?
9. Which nerves supply the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of the serous
pericardium?
10.

Which nerves supply the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

11.
Where is the heart located (what directions are the long axis of the heart
directed towards)?
12.

How many chambers does the heart contain?

13.

What vessels do the atria receive blood from?

14.

What do the left and right ventricles pump blood into?

15.
What do the right and left pumps of the heart do (what is the pathway of
blood circulation via these pumps)?
16.

What are the (five) external features/parts of the heart?

17.

What direction does the sternocostal surface face?

18.

What are the major and minor components of the sternocostal surface?

19.
What two sulci are present on the sternocostal surface and where are they
located?
20.

What is the apex of the heart formed by? Where is it located?

21.
Where is the base of the heart located (across which vertebral segments)?
Which direction does it face? What is it formed by?
22.
What vessels open into the (a) left atrium, (b) upper part of right atrium, and
(c) lower part of right atrium?
23.
What does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus separate? What does it
contain?
24.

What is the diaphragmatic surface formed by?

25.
What sulcus is located within the diaphragmatic surface and what does it
separate?
26.

What are the left and right pulmonary surfaces formed by?

27.

Where does the right coronary artery originate from? (Follow its pathway.)

28.

What are the four main branches of the right coronary artery?

29.

How is the dominance of the coronary arterial system determined?

30.

What parts does the right coronary artery supply?

31.

Where does the left coronary artery originate from?

32.

Where does it run (pathway) and what two branches does it divide into?

33.

Trace the pathway of the anterior interventricular artery.

34.

Trace the pathway of the circumflex artery.

35.

What structures do the left coronary artery supply?

36.
What is the major structure that collects venous blood from the heart and
where does it run?
37.

What are the branches of the coronary sinus and where are they located?

38.

What are the other veins that DO NOT rain into the coronary sinus?

Gross Anatomy
8/17/15: Internal Features of the Heart
1. What are the two parts of the right atrium? What are they made of? What divides
the two parts?
2. What opens into the upper and lower part of the right atrium? Which one has a
rudimentary valve?
3. What are the openings of the right atrium? Where do they open into? What valves
line these openings?
4. What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
5. What is the fossa ovalis?
6. What is the limbus of the fossa ovalis?
7. What is the foramen ovale?
8. What happens when there is a defect in the foramen ovale after birth?
9. What are the openings of the right ventricle? Where do they connect to?
10.

What separates the smooth from the muscular part of the right ventricle?

11.
How many sets of papillary muscles does the right ventricle have? What do
they connect to?
12.

What does ventricular contraction do to intraventricular pressure?

13.

How do papillary muscles help prevent backflow?

14.

What is the septomarginal trabecula?

15.

What are the three cusps of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

16.

What are the pulmonary sinuses?

17.
What happens to the pulmonary valve and sinuses during ventricular systole
and diastole?
18.

What are the two parts of the left atrium? What are they made of?

19.

What are the openings of the left atrium?

20.

What are the two cusps of the bicuspid value?

21.

Why are the LV walls thicker than the RV walls?

22.

What are the openings of the left ventricle? Where do they connect to?

23.
How many sets of papillary muscles does the left ventricle have? What do
they connect to?
24.

What are the three cusps of the aortic semilunar valve?

25.

What are the aortic sinuses? What orifices are located in them?

26.
What does the interventricular septum separate? Where do its surfaces face?
Where does it bulge towards?
27.
What is the position of the interventricular septum on the surface of the
heart indicated by?
28.
What are the two parts of the interventricular septum? Which one forms the
majority of the septum? Which one is more involved with ventricular septal
defects?
29.

Where is the superior, inferior, left, and right borders of the heart?

30.

What are the two heart sounds?

31.

Where are valve sounds best heard?

32.

What are two disorders of the valves associated with heart murmurs?

33.

Tricuspid and mitral stenosis indicate what type of murmur?

34.

Tricuspid and mitral regurgitation indicate what type of murmur?

35.

Pulmonary and aortic stenosis indicate what type of murmur?

36.

Pulmonary and aortic regurgitation indicate what type of murmur?

37.

What does the fibrous skeleton of the heart consist of?

38.

What are the three main functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

39.

What does the conducting system of the heart consist of?

40.

Which contracts first? Atria or ventricles?

41.

What are the four components of the conducting system of the heart?

42.

Where is the SA node located? What is another name for it?

43.

Where is the AV node located?

44.

What is the AV bundle of His and where does it travel?

45.

Where does the right AV bundle travel?

46.

What does the right AV bundle become continuous with?

47.

Where does the left AV bundle travel?

48.

What does the left AV bundle become continuous with?

49.

What nerves innervate the heart?

50.

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

51.

Where does sympathetic innervation originate from?

52.

Where does parasympathetic innervation originate from?

53.
How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart? Parasympathetic
stimulation?
54.

What do the visceral sensory fibers that run with the vagus nerves do?

55.
What do the visceral sensory fibers that run with the sympathetic nerves do?
Where do they terminate?
56.

Where is the pain from the heart often associated with?

Gross Anatomy
8/19/15: Mediastinum
1. What is the mediastinum?
2. What are the boundaries of the mediastinum?
3. What are the two subdivisions of the mediastinum? What divides the two?
4. What do the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum contain?
5. Where is the thymus located?
6. It is primary a _____ organ and produces what?
7. How does the appearance of the thymus change with age?
8. What are the two lobes in the thymus held together by connective tissue?
9. What two veins form the brachiocephalic veins?
10.

What joint are the brachiocephalic veins posterior to?

11.
What is the difference between the right and left brachiocephalic vein?
Where does each run to join the other?
12.

What are the major tributaries from the neck and the thorax?

13.

What does the superior vena cava do?

14.

How is the SVC formed?

15.

Where does the SVC terminate?

16.

Where is the upper and lower part of the SVC located?

17.

What is the major tributary to the SVC?

18.

What does the inferior vena cava do?

19.

Where does it enter and terminate?

20.

What are the three parts of the aorta?

21.

What is the descending aorta divided into?

22.

Where does the ascending aorta begin and where does it run?

23.
Where does the ascending aorta terminate and what does it become
continuous with?

24.

Where does the ascending aorta lie?

25.

What are the two branches of the ascending aorta?

26.

Where does the aortic arch begin and where does it run?

27.
Where does the aortic arch terminate and what does it become continuous
with?
28.

Where does the aortic arch lie?

29.
What are the three branches that originate from the aortic arch? Where do
each run?
30.

What does the brachiocephalic artery (trunk) branch into?

31.

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

32.

What is the ductus arteriosus?

33.

What happens if the ductus arteriosus does not close?

34.

Where does the descending thoracic aorta begin and where does it run?

35.
Where does the descending aorta terminate and what does it become
continuous with?
36.

What branches from the descending thoracic aorta?

37.

What is the phrenic nerve a branch of?

38.

What does the cervical plexus contain?

39.

Trace the pathway of the right phrenic nerve.

40.

Trace the pathway of the left phrenic nerve.

41.

Where do the terminal branches of the phrenic nerve pierce and supply?

42.

What vessels are phrenic nerves accompanied by?

43.

What do the motor fibers of the phrenic nerve innervate?

44.

What do the sensory fibers of the phrenic nerve innvervate?

45.
What dermatones are affected by the sensory nerve supply of the phrenic
nerve (also known as referred pain)?
46.
Where does the left and right vagus nerve pass anterior to before entering
the superior mediastinum?

47.

Trace the pathway of the right vagus nerve.

48.

Trace the pathway of the left vagus nerve.

49.
What are the two trunks formed from the esophageal plexus and where do
they run?
50.
What fibers do the thoracic branches of the vagus nerve carry to the
esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and heart?
51.

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve originate?

52.

Trace the pathway of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

53.

Where does the left recurrent pharyngeal nerve terminate?

54.

What happens when there is a lesion of the left recurrent pharyngeal nerve?

55.

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve originate?

56.

Trace the pathway of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.

57.

Where does it ascend to?

58.

What is the esophagus?

59.

Where does the esophagus begin?

60.

Trace the pathway of the esophagus.

61.

What does the esophagus become continuous with?

62.

What are the three parts of the esophagus?

63.

Where is it located in the superior mediastinum? Posterior mediastinum?

64.

What is the function of the azygos venous system?

65.

Where does the azygos system drain into?

66.
What are the two channels that the azygos branch into? What do the ones on
the left drain into?
67.

Where do the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos drain into?

68.

What is the azygos vein formed by?

69.

Where does the azygos vein ascend?

70.

Where does the azygos vein terminate?

71.

What are the tributaries of the azygos vein?

72.

What is the hemiazygos vein (inferior hemiazygos) formed by?

73.

Where does the hemiazygos vein ascend/descend?

74.

What does the hemiazygous vein usually receive?

75.
Where does the accessory hemiazygos (superior hemiazygos)
ascend/descend?
76.

What does the accessory hemiazygos vein usually receive?

77.
Where do the posterior intercostal veins of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd spaces join to
form? Where does it drain?
78.

Where does the thoracic duct run?

79.

Where does the thoracic duct terminate?

80.

What three lymph trunks does the thoracic duct receive?

81.

What parts do the thoracic duct gather lymph from?

82.

What is the thoracic duct and where does the thoracic duct begin?

83.

Where does the thoracic duct pass through?

84.

Trace the pathway of the thoracic duct.

85.

What is the right lymphatic duct formed by?

86.

Where does the right lymphatic duct terminate?

87.

What does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

88.

What does the thoracic sympathetic trunk consist of?

89.

How are the ganglion connected to each other?

90.

Where does the thoracic sympathetic trunk lie posterior to?

91.

What are the branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk?

92.

What do the upper ganglia give off?

93.

What do the three splanchnic nerves originate from?

94.

Where do the three splanchnic nerves pierce through and terminate in?

95.

What fibers do the three splanchnic nerves contain?

Gross Anatomy
8/21/15: Autonomic Nervous System
1. How is the nervous system divided structurally what are the two main divisions?
What does each consist of?
2. What is the difference between ganglia and nuclei?
3. How is the nervous system divided functionally what are the two divisions?
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
4. How many neurons are involved in the somatic nervous system?
5. Where does its cell body reside?
6. Where does its axon leave?
7. What does it innervate?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
8. How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system?
9. Where does the cell body of the first neuron reside and where does its axon leave?
10.

Where does the axon of the first neuron synapse with the second?

11.
Where does the cell body of the second neuron reside and where does its
axon leave? What does it innervate?
12.

What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF ANS:

13.

What does it innervate?

14.

What are the effects on the body?

15.
Sympathetic neurons have _____ (short/long) preganglionic fibers and _____
(short/long) postganglionic fibers.
16.

Where are the PREGANGLIONIC cell bodies located?

17.

Where do PREGANGLIONIC axons exit?

18.

Where are white communicating rami located?

19.
Once inside the sympathetic trunk, where do the preganglionic fibers run? (4
possible routes)

20.
What do splanchnic nerves innervate? They are _____ (myelinated/nonmyelinated).
21.
What are the three splanchic nerves? Where does each arise? Where does
each synapse with?
22.
Where are the POSTGANGLIONIC cell bodies located? Where are each
located?
23.
What are the primary neurotransmitters of the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons?
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF ANS:
24.

What does it innervate?

25.

What are the effects of the parasympathetic division?

26.

Where are the PREGANGLIONIC cell bodies located?

27.
What are the primary neurotransmitters of the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons?

Gross Anatomy
8/21/15: Joints of the Vertebral Column
1. What kind of joints are atlanto-occipital joints?
2. What forms atlanto-occipital joints?
3. What are the two ligaments involved with the atlanto-occipital joint and what do
they connect?
4. What movements are involved with the atlanto-occipital joint?
5. What kind of joints are atlanto-axial joints?
6. Where are the three atlanto-axial joints located?
7. What are the four ligaments involved with the atlanto-axial joint and what do they
connect?
8. What movement is involved with the atlanto-axis joint?
9. What joints are between vertebral bodies? What cartilage covers them?
10.

What joints are between vertebral articular processes?

11.
In the lower cervical region, what joints are present on the sides of the
intervertebral discs?
12.
Intervertebral discs are responsible for _____ of the length of the vertebral
column.
13.

Where are the intervertebral discs the thickest? Why?

14.
What are the two parts that make up an intervertebral disc? What is each
made of?
15.

What happens to the nucleus pulposis with age?

16.
What are the two ligaments that run from the vertebral column of the skull to
the sacrum? What are they attached to?
17.
Where are the joints between the two vertebral arches located and what
covers them?
18.

Where do the supraspinous ligaments run?

19.

Where do the interspinous ligaments run?

20.

Where do the intertransverse ligaments run?

21.

What does the ligamentum flavum connect?

22.

What ligaments is the ligamentum nuchae composed of?

23.
What nerves supply the joints between vertebral bodies? Where do they
arise from and exit to supply the meninges, ligaments, and intervertebral discs?
24.

What nerves supply the joints between articular processes?

25.
What movements of the vertebral column and where are they most
extensive?
26.

What is circumduction?