POWER ELECTRONICS:

Converters, Applications,
and Design

NED MOHAN
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

TORE M. UNDELAND
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Norwegian Institute of Technology
Trondheim, Norway

WILLIAM P. ROBBINS
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

WILEY
JOHN WILEY & SONS
New York

Chichester

Brisbane

Toronto

Singapore

CONTENTS

PART 1

Chapter 1
1 -1
1-2
1-3
1 -4

Chapter 2

INTRODUCTION

Power Electronic Systems

Introduction
Scope and Applications of Power Electronics
Classification of Power Electronic Converters
About the Text

Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches

2-1
Introduction
2-2
Diodes
2-3
Thyristors
2-4
Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches
2-5
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Monolithic Darlingtons (MDs)
2-6
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
2- 7
Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs)
2-8
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
2-9
Comparison of Controllable Switches
2-10 Drive and Snubber Circuits
2-11 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics
2-12 Summary
2-13 References

7
8
9
11
15
16
17
19
19
20
20
21
22
XI

Xll

CONTENTS

PART 2

GENERIC POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS

Chapter 3
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10

Chapter 4

4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10

Chapter 5

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10

Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: 60 Hz ac -> Uncontrolled de

Introduction
Basic Rectifier Concepts
Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
Three-Phase Full-Bridge Rectifiers
Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers
Inrush Current and Overvoltages at T u r n - O n
Concerns and Remedies for Input-Current Harmonics
and Poor Power Factor
Summary
References

25
26
27
33
33
38
38
39
39
40

Line-Frequency Phase-Controlied Rectifiers and Inverters:

60 Hz ac Controlled de

Introduction
Control of Line-Frequency Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters
Three-Phase Converter Analysis with Ls = 0
Effect of AC-Side Inductance Ls
Effect of Discontinuous Current
Inverter Operation
AC-Side Waveforms
O t h e r Three-Phase Converters
Summary
References

41
42
45
47
51
51
55
61
61
62

DC-to-DC Switch-Mode Converters

Introduction
Control of dc-dc Converters
Step-Down (Bck) Converter
Step-Up (Boost) Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Ck dc-dc Converter
Full-Bridge dc-dc Converter
DC-DC Converter Comparison
Summary
References

63
64
66
75
81
87
91
98
100
101

Chapter 6 Switch-Mode DC-to-AC Inv

6-1
6-2

Introduction
Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters

102
104

CONTENTS
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9

Single-Phase Inverters
Three-Phase Inverters
Effect of Blanking Time on Output Voltage in P W M Inverters
Other Inverter Switching Schemes
Rectifier Mode of Operation
Summary
References

Chapter 7

8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10

9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6

Introduction
Classification of Resonant Converters
Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts
Load-Resonant Converters
Resonant-Switch Converters
Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage (ZVS-CV) Topologies
Resonant DC-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings
High Frequency Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters
Summary
References

154
156
158
163
179
186
193
195
197
200

POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

114
129
141
144
148
150
152

Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage a n d / o r Zero-Current Switchings

7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10

PART 3

Xlll

Switching DC Power Supplies

Introduction
Linear Power Supplies
Overview of Switching Power Supplies
D C - D C Converters with Electrical Isolation
Control of Switch-Mode D C Power Supplies
Power Supply Protection
Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop
Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications
Summary
References

207
207
209
211
229
249
252
255
257
260

Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Introduction
Power Line Disturbances
Power Conditioners
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
Summary
References

262
262
265
266
271
272

XIV

CONTENTS

PART 4

MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS

Chapter 10
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4

Chapter 11
11-1
11-2
11-3
11 -4
11-5
11-6
11-7
11-8
11-9

Chapter 12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-6
12-7
12-8
12-9
12-10
12-11
12-12
12-13
12-14
12-15

Chapter 13
13-1
13-2
13-3
13-4

Introduction to Motor Drives

Introduction
Criteria for Selecting Drive Components
Summary
References

275
277
284
285

DC-Motor Drives
Introduction
Equivalent Circuit of D C Motors
Permanent-Magnet D C Motors
D C Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding
Effect of Armature Current Wavef orm
D C Servo Drives
Adjustable-Speed D C Drives
Summary
References

286
286
289
290
292
292
301
306
308

Induction Motor Drives

Introduction
Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation
Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency
and Rated Voltage
Speed Control By Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage
Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors
Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications
Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives
Variable-Frequency Square-Wave-VSI Drives
Variable-Frequency Current-Source Inverter (CSI) Drives
Comparison of Variable Frequency Drives
Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives
Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors
Speed Control by Static Slip-Power Recovery
Summary
References

309
310
315
317
326
329
330
336
338
339
339
342
342
343
346

Synchronous-Motor Drives
Introduction
Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation
Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms
Synchronous Motor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms

347
347
351
353

CONTENTS
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8

Chapter 14
14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
14-7
14-8
14-9
14-10
14-11

PART 5

Load-Commutated-Inverter (LCI) Drives

Cycloconverters
Summary
References

XV
354
358
358
359

Step-Motor Drives
Introduction
Variable-Reluctance Step Motors
Permanent-Magnet Step-Motors
Hybrid Step-Motors
Modes of Excitation in Step-Motors
Drive Circuits for Step-Motors
Open-Loop Operation of Step-Motors
Closed-Loop Control of Step-Motors
Switched-Reluctance Motor Drives
Summary
References

361
361
363
364
366
370
372
373
373
373
374

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Chapter 15
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5

Chapter 16
16-1
16-2
16-3
16-4
16-5
16-6

Chapter 17
17-1
17-2
17-3
17-4

Residential and Industrial Applications

Introduction
Residential Applications
Industrial Applications
Summary
References

377
377
381
385
385

Electric Utility Applications

Introduction
High-Voltage D C (HVDC) Transmission
Static Var Control (SVC)
Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage
Summary
References

386
386
397
402
406
407

Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic System

Introduction
Generation of Current Harmonics
Current Harmonics and Power Factor
Harmonie Standards and Recommend Practices

409
410
411
411

xvi

CONTENTS
17-5
17-6
17-7
17-8
17-9
17-10

PART 6

Need for Improved Utility Interface

Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface
Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Summary
References

414
414
425
427
429
430

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND CONVERTER DESIGN

Chapter 18 Basic Semiconductor Physics

18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4
18-5
18-6
18-7

Introduction
Conduction Processes in Semiconductors
PNJunctions
Charge Control Description of PN Junction Operation
Impact Ionization
Summary
References

435
436
442
446
448
449
450

Chapter 19 Power Diodes

19-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
19-5
19-6
19-7
19-8
19-9

Introduction
Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
Breakdown Voltage Considerations
On-State Losses
Switching Characteristics
Schottky Diodes
Diode Snubbers
Summary
References

451
451
453
459
462
467
470
478
479

Chapter 20 BJTs with Drive and Snubber Circuits

20-1
20-2
20-3
20-4
20-5
20-6
20-7
20-8
20-9
20-10
20-11
20-12
20-13

Introduction
Vertical Power Transistor Structures
I-V Characteristics
Physics of B J T Operation
Switching Characteristics
Breakdown Voltages
Second Breakdown
On-State Losses
Safe Operating Areas
Design of Drive Circuits for BJTs
Snubber Circuits for BJTs and Darlingtons
Summary
References

480
480
482
484
490
497
498
500
501
503
520
532
534

CONTENTS

Chapter 21
21-1
21-2
21-3
21-4
21-5
21-6
21-7
21-8
21-9
21-10

XV11

Power MOSFETs
Introduction
Basic Structure
I-V Characteristics
Physics of Device Operation
Switching Characteristics
Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas
Design of Gate Drive Circuits
Snubber Circuits
Summary
References

535
535
538
540
545
550
559
565
566
567

Chapter 22 Thyristors
22-1
22-2
22-3
22-4
22-5
22-6
22-7
22-8
22-9
22-10

Introduction
Basic Structure
I-V Characteristics
Physics of Device Operation
Switching Characteristics
Methods of Improving dl/dt and dV /dt
Thyristor Gating Circuits
Snubber Circuits for Thyristors
Summary
References

Ratings

568
568
570
571
575
581
583
587
590
592

Chapter 23 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors

23-1
23-2
23-3
23-4
23-5
23-6
23-7
23-8

Introduction
Basic Structure and I-V Characteristics
Physics of Turn-Off Operation
GTO Switching Characteristics
Snubber Circuits
Overcurrent Protection of GTOs
Summary
References

593
593
595
597
603
604
605
606

Chapter 24 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

24-1
24-2
24-3
24-4
24-5
24-6
24-7
24-8
24-9
24-10

Introduction
Basic Structure
I-V Characteristics
Physics of Device Operation
Latchup in IGBTs
Switching Characteristics
Device Limits and Safe Operating Areas
Drive and Snubber Circuits
Summary
References

607
607
610
610
613
615
618
619
620
621

XV111

CONTENTS

Chapter 25

Emerging Devices and Circuits

25-1 Introduction
25-2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors
25-3 Field-Controlled Thyristor
25-4 JFET-Based Devices Versus Other Power Devices
25-5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors
25-6 High Voltage Integrated Circuits
25-7 New Semiconductor Materials
25-8 Summary
25-9 References

622
622
627
630
630
632
636
637
638

Chapter 26 Passive Components and Practical Con

Design Considerations
26-1
26-2
26-3
26-4
26-5
26-6
26-7
26-8
26-9
26-10

Index

Introduction
Design of Inductors
Transformer Design
Selection of Capacitors
Resistors
Current Measurements
Heat sinking
Circuit Layout
Summary
References

639
639
646
650
651
651
653
654
655
656

657