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Occupied Zone
3 inches to 72 inches above the floor level.
Two feet in from the walls
2 F t.
2 F t.
O ccu p ied
Zone
Definition of Draft
Koestel, Tuve and Reinmannn studied the effect of air
motion in the 1950s, measuring the warmth or
coolness of a draft above or below a room temperature
of 76F at 30 inches above the floor at room center,
with air velocity at 30 fpm. They defined draft as:
= tx - tc - 0.07(Vx - 30)
Where:
Entrainment Flow
Conventional Mixing
Terminal Velocity
A targeted value of interest usually 50, 100 or
150 fpm
Terminology
Outlet/Inlet
Terminals
Grille
Register
Diffuser
Outlet Classification
Group A. Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that discharge air
horizontally.
Group B. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge air
vertically in a non-spreading jet.
Group C. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge air
vertically in a spreading jet.
Group D. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge air
horizontally.
Group E. Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that project primary air
vertically.
Group A Outlets
Group A
High Sidewall Grilles
Vneck
Qsa
=
Aneck
Vneck
Aneck
Neck Velocity
Coanda Effect
The attachment of a jet flow introduced parallel to a
ceiling or other surface. This surface effect creates a
lower-pressure region above the jet stream than below
it, causing the higher pressure in the room to hold the
airstream to the ceiling. Conditions necessary for
surface effect include:
Coanda Effect
Coanda Effect
Circular
Diffuser
The downward-jetpattern may be of
benefit when the
outlet is installed in
a tall space and
HVAC is in heating
mode
The visualization
shows
consequences for
cooling mode
Square/Rectangular Diffusers
Square
Diffuser
Still capable of
establishing
Coanda adherence
to ceiling, but
provides flexibility
for distributing air
in a variety of
patterns
Slot Diffuser
Slot Diffuser
Also capable of
Coanda adherence,
but allows directing
the air downward
Ceiling Diffuser
Perforated Panel
Ceiling Slot Diffuser
High Wall Grille
0
2
CFM/SF
Determine
Characteristic Room Length
Type of Outlet
High Sidewall Grille
Ceiling Slot Diffuser
Characteristic Length
Distance to wall perpendicular to jet
Distance to wall or midplane between
outlets
Perforated Ceiling Diffusers Distance to wall or midplane between
outlets
Circular Ceiling Diffuser
Distance to closest wall or intersecting
air jet
Light Troffer Diffuser
Distance to midplane between outlets,
plus distance from ceiling to top of
occupied zone
From 1995 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications, Chapter 43 (Abridged for this slide)
25-35
35-45
25-35
25 (max)
30-40
40-45
25-35
30-40
30-40
Number
Generally one per 4 supply outlets
Minimum one per occupied room
Air-flows under-specified 5 10%
relative to supply for pressurization
12
24
Homework
Read 05F33.1 - 33.18
Select and locate appropriate ceiling air supply diffusers on the
reflected ceiling plan so as to maximize comfort in the occupied
space. The ceiling is 10 feet above the floor and the design
supply air requirement is 1400 CFM. The tile dimensions are 2 x 4
16
42