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In computer programming, DLL injection is a technique used for running code with
in the address space of another process by forcing it to load a dynamic-link lib
rary.[1] DLL injection is often used by external programs to influence the behav
ior of another program in a way its authors did not anticipate or intend.[1][2][
3] For example, the injected code could hook system function calls,[4][5] or rea
d the contents of password textboxes, which cannot be done the usual way.[6] A p
rogram used to inject arbitrary code into arbitrary processes is called a DLL in
jector.
Approaches on Microsoft Windows[edit]
There are multiple ways on Microsoft Windows to force a process to load and exec
ute code in a DLL that the authors did not intend:
DLLs listed in the registry entry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows
NT\CurrentVersion\Windows\AppInit_DLLs are loaded into every process that loads
User32.dll during the initial call of that DLL.[7][8][9] Beginning with Windows
Vista, AppInit_DLLs are disabled by default.[10] Beginning with Windows 7, the A
ppInit_DLL infrastructure supports code signing. Starting with Windows 8, the en
tire AppInit_DLL functionality is disabled when Secure Boot is enabled, regardle
ss of code signing or registry settings.[11]
DLLs listed under the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\C
ontrol\Session Manager\AppCertDLLs are loaded into every process that calls the
Win32 API functions CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser, CreateProcessWithLogonW,
CreateProcessWithTokenW and WinExec.
Process manipulation functions such as CreateRemoteThread can be used to inject
a DLL into a program after it has started.[5][6][12][13][14][15]
Open a handle to the target process. This can be done by spawning the process[16
][17] or by keying off something created by that process that is known to exist
for instance, a window with a predictable title,[18] or by obtaining a list of r
unning processes[19] and scanning for the target executable's filename.[20]
Allocate some memory in the target process,[21] and the name of the DLL to be in
jected is written to it.[12][22]
This step can be skipped if a suitable DLL name is already available in the targ
et process. For example, if a process links to User32.dll, GDI32.dll, Kernel32.dll or
any other library whose name ends in 32.dll, it would be possible to load a librar
y named 32.dll. This technique has in the past been demonstrated to be effective a
gainst a method of guarding processes against DLL injection.[23]
Create a new thread in the target process[24] with the thread s start address se
t to be the address of LoadLibrary and the argument set to the address of the st
ring just uploaded into the target.[12][25]
Instead of writing the name of a DLL-to-load to the target and starting the new
thread at LoadLibrary, one can write the code-to-be-executed to the target and s
tart the thread at that code.[6]
The operating system then calls the initialization routine of the injected DLL.[
12][26]
Note that without precautions, this approach can be detected by the target proce
ss due to the DLL_THREAD_ATTACH notifications sent to every loaded module as a t
hread starts.[26]
Windows hooking calls such as SetWindowsHookEx.[2][5][6][27][28][29]
Use the SuspendThread or NtSuspendThread function to suspend all threads, and th
en use SetThreadContext or NtSetContextThread function to modify an existing thr
ead s context in the application to execute injected code, that in turn could lo
ad a DLL.[4][30][31]
Exploit design limitations in Windows and applications that call the LoadLibrary
or LoadLibraryEx) function without specifying a full-qualified path to the DLL
being loaded.[32][33][34]
Operating system-level shims.
Substituting an application-specific DLL with a rogue replacement that implement
s the same function exports as the original.[35]

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