ANLISIS DE COVARIANZA

Aplicacin del SAS al Diseo de Experimentos en Produccin Animal-9

OBJETIVOS ANALISIS DE COVARIANZA

a) Reducir el error experimental

yij t j cxij eij

Ej: efecto principal=tratamiento

Peso inicial variable entre y dentro de los tratamientos

Peso 1

ef

n =20

n =20

n=20

420

480

450

Efecto peso 1 dentro/entre = lsmeans

EJEMPLOS DE COVARIABLES
Ensayos crecimiento

Ensayos lactacin

Peso inicial

Produccin previa

Peso final

Peso inicial

% machos/hembras x lote

Edad/n parto
Tamao camada
Int. Parto-cubricin

Proc glm; Class pienso; Model ef = pienso;

means = pienso; Run;
Dependent Variable: ef
DF

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Square

F Value

Pr > F

Model

6.17300017

3.08650009

8.15

0.0008

Error

53

20.08395519

0.37894255

Corrected total

55

26.25695536

R-Square

C.V.

Root MSE

0.235100

14.64242

0.615583

Source

Level of

------------------ IC ---------------

PIENSO

Mean

SD

5.00

19

3.94263158

0.58256942

6.00

20

4.02750000

0.49641743

7.00

17

4.70411765

0.76210284

Mean
4.20410714

Proc sort; by pienso;run;

Proc means mean min max;by pienso;var pd;run;

Analysis Variable: PD
----------------------------------- PIENSO = 5.00 ----------------------------N Obs

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

19

507.0000000

732.0000000

588.8315789

----------------------------------- PIENSO = 6.00 ----------------------------N Obs

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

20

505.0000000

805.0000000

577.8050000

----------------------------------- PIENSO = 7.00 ----------------------------N Obs

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

17

527.9000000

755.3000000

638.7764706

ANLISIS COVARIANZA EN SAS

Proc glm; Class pienso; Model ef = pienso pd/solution;
Lsmeans = pienso/stderr pdiff; Run;
Dependent Variable: ef
DF

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Square

F Value

Pr > F

Model

8.28849587

2.76283196

8.00

0.0002

Error

52

17.96845948

0.34554730

Corrected total

55

26.25695536

R-Square

C.V.

Root MSE

Mean

0.315669

13.98234

0.58783

4.20410714

DF

Type III SS

Mean Square

F Value

Pr > F

PD

4.90622168

4.90622168

14.20

0.0004

PIENSO

1.69113710

4.89

0.0113

Source

Dependent Variable: IC
Source

3.38227419

Proc glm; Class pienso; Model ef = pienso;

means = pienso; Run;
Dependent Variable: ef
DF

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Square

F Value

Pr > F

Model

6.17300017

3.08650009

8.15

0.0008

Error

53

20.08395519

0.37894255

Corrected total

55

26.25695536

R-Square

C.V.

Root MSE

0.235100

14.64242

0.61558

Source

Level of

------------------ IC ---------------

PIENSO

Mean

SD

5.00

19

3.94263158

0.58256942

6.00

20

4.02750000

0.49641743

7.00

17

4.70411765

0.76210284

IC Mean
4.20410714

ANLISIS COVARIANZA EN SAS

Dependent Variable: ef

Parameter
INTERCEPT
PD
PIENSO

5.00
6.00
7.00

PIENSO
5.00
6.00
7.00

T for HO;
Estimate
Parameter=0
PR > lTl
2.860901257 B
3.77
0.0004
0.002885542
2.47
0.0166
-0.617367981 B
-3.02
0.0040
-0.500681903 B
-2.42
0.0189
0.000000000 B
General linear Models Procedure
Least Squares Means
IC
Std Err
PR > lTl
LSMEAN
LSMEAN
HO:LSMEAN=0
3.97501826
0.13549180
0.0001
4.09170434
0.13398018
0.0001
4.59238624
0.14955081
0.0001
PR > lTl HO:LSMEAN (i) = LSMEAN (j)
i/j
1
2
3
1
.
0.5392
0.0040
2
0.5392
.
0.0189
3
0.0040
0.0189
.

Std Error of
Estimate
0.75846479
0.00116621
0.20470860
0.20654209

LSMEAN
Number
1
2
3

ANLISIS DE COVARIANZA: INTERACCIN

EFECTO CLASIFICADO X COVARIABLE
PA

P7
P6

PB

P5

PC

PD

Proc glm; class pienso;

model y =pienso PD pienso*PD/solution;
Run;

PD

OBJETIVOS ANALISIS DE COVARIANZA

yij t j cxij eij

a) Reducir el error experimental
LEAST SQUARE MEANS (LSMEANS)

b) Analizar por regresin un efecto principal en un modelo

que incluye variables clasificadas o bloques

COVARIANZA: OBJETIVO 2
VARIABLE CONTINUA=EFECTO PRINCIPAL

EFECTOS CLASIFICADOS:

VARIABLES CONTINUAS:

Sexo
Niveles de nutrientes
Raza
(AAs, AG w-3,
almidn/fibra) o de
Alojamiento
productos (medicacin)
(ind/grupos)
Tiempo/edad
Granja (limpia/sucia)
Tipo (Fibra/Grasa, etc.) Temperatura/hr
Densidad de cra

Proc glm; model leche=ipc lig lig2 lig3/solution; run;

Dependent Variable: LECHE
Source
Model
Error
Corrected Total

DF
4
44
48

Sum of Squares
10661526.75816710
23292495.84387360
33954022.60204080

R-Square
0.313999

C.V.
12.99333

Source
IPC
LIG
LIG2
LIG3

DF
1
1
1
1

Type I SS
4503891.66393784
3403989.47899337
2626014.09981463
127631.51542135

Mean Square
4503891.66393784
3403989.47899337
2626014.09981463
127631.51542135

Source
IPC
LIG
LIG2
LIG3

DF
1
1
1
1

Type III SS
3441757.04611270
48690.58026354
80546.28207016
127631.51542135

Mean Square
3441757.04611270
48690.58026354
80546.28207016
127631.51542135

Parameter
INTERCEPT
IPC
LIG
LIG2
LIG3

Estimate
204.280555
79.848252
4245.814078
-1209.787390
110.016543

T for H0:
Parameter=0
0.01
2.55
0.30
-0.39
0.49

Mean Square F Value

Pr > F
2665381.68954179
5.03
0.0020
529374.90554258
Root MSE
727.58154563

Pr > |T|
0.9921
0.0143
0.7631
0.6984
0.6259

LECHE Mean
5599.65306122
F Value
8.51
6.43
4.96
0.24
F Value
6.50
0.09
0.15
0.24

Std Error of
Estimate
20594.69751
31.31533
13999.74653
3101.47282
224.05813

Pr > F
0.0055
0.0148
0.0311
0.6259
Pr > F
0.0143
0.7631
0.6984
0.6259

SS3!!

TIPOS DE SUMAS DE CUADRADOS

Type I

Type III

(Secuencial)

(Parcial)

R(1 l 0)

R(1 l 0, 2, 3, 4)

R(2 l 0, 1)

R(2 l 0, 1, 3, 4)

R(3 l 0, 1, 2)

R(3 l 0, 1, 2, 4)

R(4 l 0, 1, 2, 3)

R(4 l 0, 1, 2, 3)

MIXED FOR POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS

proc mixed;
class pen sex;
model gain=sex lys lys*lys sex*lys/htype=1 3 s;
random pen;
Use of initial BW as a
run;
covariate?

Interaccin clase*var. Continua:

Efecto del peso del huevo sobre la proporcin peso yema/huevo
0.400

y = 0.444 - 0.0028 x; n=341; R2=0.29; P<0.0001

0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150
40

45

50

55

diet A

60
Peso huevo
diet B

65

Diet C

70

75

80

ANLISIS DE COVARIANZA: INTERACCIN EFECTO

CLASIFICADO X COVARIABLE
Pyema/Phuevo
0.400

0.350

0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150
40

45

50

55
diet A

60
Peso huevo
diet B

65
Diet C

Proc glm; class pienso;

model y =pienso phuevo pienso*phuevo/solution; Run;

70

75

80

ANLISIS COVARIANZA EN SAS

Dependent Variable: ef

Parameter
INTERCEPT
PD
PIENSO

5.00
6.00
7.00

PIENSO
5.00
6.00
7.00

T for HO;
Estimate
Parameter=0
PR > lTl
2.860901257 B
3.77
0.0004
0.002885542
2.47
0.0166
-0.617367981 B
-3.02
0.0040
-0.500681903 B
-2.42
0.0189
0.000000000 B
General linear Models Procedure
Least Squares Means
IC
Std Err
PR > lTl
LSMEAN
LSMEAN
HO:LSMEAN=0
3.97501826
0.13549180
0.0001
4.09170434
0.13398018
0.0001
4.59238624
0.14955081
0.0001
PR > lTl HO:LSMEAN (i) = LSMEAN (j)
i/j
1
2
3
1
.
0.5392
0.0040
2
0.5392
.
0.0189
3
0.0040
0.0189
.

Std Error of
Estimate
0.75846479
0.00116621
0.20470860
0.20654209

LSMEAN
Number
1
2
3

PREDICTION OF dMO FROM TYPE AND FAMILY OF FORAGE (classified

effects) AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CP AND NDF (covariates)

Proc glm;
Class type family;
Model dMO = type family NDF CP type*NDF family*NDF type*CP
family*CP/solution;
Significant effects of type (P = 0.0007) and family of forage (0.0001)
and of the interactions CP * type of forage (0.0003) and FND * type
of forage (0.0004)

PREDICTION OF dMO FROM TYPE AND FAMILY OF FORAGE (classified

effects) AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CP AND NDF (covariates)

Equations:
dMO = (110 + A1 + B1) + (-0.589 + A2) NDF + (-0.901 + A3) CP
SE
6.77
0.149
0.401
P
0.001
0.001
0.02

Where:
type

A1

A2

A3

family

B1

silage
hay
green
straw

-37.8
-34.3
-19.7
-139

-0.238
-0.255
-0.071
-1.457

1.833
1.631
1.332
2.459

grass
legumes
polyphites

1.11
-11.7
5.60

ECUACIONES DE PREDICCIN DE LA DMO (%) A PARTIR DE LA

DIGESTIBILIDAD PEPSINA-CELULASA (DCS, %MS)

Forrajes verdes
gramneas
Forrajes verdes
leguminosas

dMO (%)

Forrajes ensilados
gramneas
Forrajes verdes
RGA + TB

Forrajes verdes
gramneas

Forrajes ensilados
leguminosas
Forrajes verdes
leguminosas

Forrajes verdes
RGA + TB
Forrajes ensilados
gramneas
Forrajes ensilados
leguminosas
Heno gramneas

Heno leguminosas
Heno gramneas

Heno leguminosas

DCS (%)

INRA, 2008

Efecto del peso del contenido cecal sobre el

consumo (Garca et al., 2001)
200

DMI (INRA/UPM) = (211/227) - 5.46 DE - 8.46 CCW

n = 54; R2 = 0.57; P < 0.001

Consumo (g MS/d)

175
150

INRA (n = 12)
UPM (n = 42)

125
100
75
50
3

Peso del contenido cecal (%CCW,

PV) %LBW

10

Effect of diets on fatty acid profile of egg yolk (g/kg of total fatty acids)
Fat added to the basal diet
Fish oil inclusion, g/kg
Total fat content, g/kg
C16:0b,c,d
C16:1 n-7b,e
C18:0b
C18:1 n-9b,f
C18:2 n-6b,c,g
C18:3 n-3b,g,h
C20:1 n-9b,g,i
C20:4 n-6b,d,f,g,h
C20:5 n-3b,g,h
C22:4 n-6b,d,f,g,h
C22:5 n-3b,f,g,h
C22:6 n-3b,f,g,h
Total SFAb,e,j
Total MUFAb,c,k
Total n-6 FAb,c,g
Total n-3 FAb,f,g,h
n-6/n-3 ratiob,d,f,g,h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0
340
249
36.2
89.5
445
122
3.30
3.95
18.8
0.11
5.16
1.00
8.96
343
488
146
13.3
11.0

None
15
30
338
336
241
249
32.6
34.2
86.9
84.1
461
444
107
103
3.14
3.55
4.03
4.49
12.6
8.08
1.03
2.44
1.40
0.96
1.70
2.59
29.7
41.3
334
342
497
489
121
112
35.5
49.9
3.41
2.26

50 g/kg soybean oil

0
15
30
334
343
337
222
228
222
18.2
20.3
16.7
98.2
91.8
102
369
380
371
224
204
206
11.9
11.6
11.0
2.66
3.06
3.11
17.3
12.0
11.2
0.24
1.19
1.73
2.40
0.70
0.59
2.01
1.65
1.76
16.5
28.9
32.0
325
326
332
392
407
395
243
216
218
30.5
43.0
46.5
7.99
5.05
4.73

50 g/kg linseed oil

0
15
30
342
337
342
202
195
210
23.5
20.6 21.6
105
113
104
374
377
381
153
145
133
79.4
72.0 65.0
1.31
1.46 1.85
9.85
9.31 8.71
2.41
2.84 3.50
0.36
0.48 0.61
4.65
3.88 4.04
18.9
30.6 37.8
312
315
321
401
403
410
163
154
142
105
109
110
1.56
1.41 1.30

0
336
231
27.6
85.0
475
116
3.69
4.86
17.1
0.24
4.39
1.31
11.1
323
512
137
16.3
7.35

Standard error of means (n = 8).

Effect of type of basal fat (P < 0.001).
c
Quadratic effect of level of fish oil (P < 0.05).
d
Interaction effect of type of basal fat x quadratic effect of level of fish oil (P < 0.01).
e
Linear effect of level of fish oil (P < 0.05).
f
Quadratic effect of level of fish oil (P < 0.01).
b

Cachaldora et al. (2006) Br. Poultry Sci. 47, 43-49

50 g/kg lard
15
30
331
337
230
236
24.6
26.3
88.6
88.5
480
465
102
99.5
3.15
3.24
4.68
4.84
11.0
8.73
1.31
2.33
0.85
0.84
1.64
2.29
31.8
41.1
326
332
515
502
114
109
37.6
48.9
3.03
2.25

SEMa
3.22
2.94
1.06
2.42
5.21
3.83
1.17
0.113
0.387
0.104
0.195
0.167
1.15
3.17
5.59
3.96
1.89
0.288

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Weaning weight was used as a linear covariate in
all the traits studied. Data are presented in tables
as least-square means.
All data were analysed as a completely randomized
design with type and level of FO and its interaction
as main effects, by using the GLM procedure of SAS
(1990). Treatment sums of squares for level of fish
oil were partitioned into linear and quadratic
effects.
2.5. Statistical analysis

All data were analysed as a completely randomised design with type and dietary level of n-3 FA and

its interaction as main effects by using the GLM procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., 1990).
Treatments sums of squares of level of n-3 FA supplementation were partitioned into linear and quadratic
effects. Homogeneity of variance of yolk and albumen acidity expressed on the basis of H+ concentrations
was checked. Because variances were not homogeneous, acidity data were analyzed using a logarithmic
transformation (pH scale). Panellist was included in the model as a block for sensory evaluation traits.
Non-orthogonal contrasts were made to compare control with experimental diets. Stepwise regression
procedures (SAS Institute Inc., 1990) were used in order to predict acceptability of eggs for consumers.

COMPARISON OF MODELS TO DETERMINE NUTRIENT

REQUIREMENTS (COMA ET AL., 1995)

CONTRASTES ORTOGONALES POR NIVELES

(Taboada et al., 1994; Livest. Prod. Sci. 40, 329-337)