Herbologia, Vol. 15, No.

2, 2015

DOI: 10.5644/Herb.15.2.01

ALIEN FLORA OF THE CITY OF MOSTAR

(BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)
Semir Maslo

Lundkerskola Gislaved Sweden E-mail:semmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract

In this paper, an attempt is made for the first time to present a complete list of the alien vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar, Bosnia
and Herzegovina. A total of 152 plant taxa were collected, which equals
15.72% of the complete flora of Mostar. The most common families are
Asteraceae s.l. (18.54%), Poaceae (11.26%) and Fabaceae (9.93%), while
therophytes (59.60%) are the most abundant life form. According to the
naturalisation status, the most dominant are casual taxa (44.37%). Most
non-native taxa originate in the Americas (39.07%), followed by those that
originate in Asia (23.84%). Many of these species are herbaceous annuals,
many of which are regarded as weeds.
Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction
The city of Mostar is situated at an altitude of 40-70 m a.s.l., on
the banks of Neretva and Radobolja rivers, about 60 km distance from
the Adriatic Sea. The city presents the cultural, educational and economic
centres of South Bosnia and Herzegovina. The oldest written testament of
the existence of medieval Mostar dates back to the 15th century, prior to
the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. According to the 1991 census, the municipality Mostar had 126,066 inhabitants while the city of Mostar itself
had 75,865 inhabitants.
Recently a list of vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar was published by Maslo (2014b). On the relatively small surface of the city and its
surrounding area of ca 20 km2 (see Fig 1.) a total of 967 taxa of vascular
plants were recorded. Among them, 152 taxa can be classified as alien. In
this paper I analysed the non-native part of the vascular flora of the city of
Mostar.
Alien plants, also known as exotic, introduced, non-native, non-indigenous, are those taxa whose presence in a given area is due to intenCopyright 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

S. Maslo

tional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there

without the help of people from an area in which they are native (Pyek et
al, 2004). Literature information regarding alien flora of the city of Mostar
or in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole is scarce. Since the 1950s a few
works giving findings of alien flora from various areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been published (for references see Maslo, 2014a). There
are a few works which list individual findings of alien plant taxa from the
city of Mostar (Struschka, 1880; Murbeck, 1891; Pichler, 1898/9; Beck,
1903 -1927; Beck & Maly, 1950; Beck et al, 1967, 1974, 1983; Maly,
1908, 1935; Slavni, 1960; ili, 1973; oli, 1974; Mii, 1987; ili &
Abadi, 2000; Petrovi & Tabakovi, 2003; oljan et al, 2003; oljan
& Muratovi, 2004; Lasi et al, 2010; Jasprica et al, 2011; Petrovi et al,
2011; Maslo, 2014b). This work contains the first complete list and analysis of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.
Materials and methods
Field work on flora inventory was performed from the spring of
1996 to the end of 2015. Roughly 150 alien taxa of vascular plants were
collected during different seasons of the year and from various biotopes
within the city. Taxa in the research area present exclusively in culture
are not included in this study. The research covered only the central parts
of the Mostar valley (Fig. 1). The landscape of the study area has become
more fragmented due mostly to effects of continuous human disturbances.
Plant nomenclature follows Nikoli (2014). Nomenclature of some
taxa was adjusted according to the data-base GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
(2014). Family Asteraceae is considered in its broader sense (sensu lato).
In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic
order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, mode of
introduction, origin and first records were provided. The life-form categories follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pignatti (1982), Dikli (1984) and marked
with the standard abbreviations in the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamaephyta), G (Geophyta), H (Hemmicriptophyta), Hy (Hydrophyta), P (Phanerophyta) and T (Therophyta).
The terminology and definitions recommended by Richardson et al.
(2000), Pyek et al. (2004), Bori et al. (2008) and Miti et al. (2008)
were used to establish the status of alien plants in the area of Mostar. All
taxa are classified into three categories depending on the degree of their
naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive taxa (NAT.)
and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.).
2

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Figure1. Location and boundaries of the researched area.

CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants
that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do
not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introductions for their persistence.
NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consistently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to
adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or humanmade ecosystems.
INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants
that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread
over a large area.
archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.
neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally after 1500 A.D.
Origin, i.e. type and time of immigration, was mainly accepted after
Pyek et al. (2002). Modes in which species were introduced into the area
of Mostar are arranged according to Pyek et al. (2012) and marked by
the following abbreviations: del deliberate (by planting) and acc accidental.

S. Maslo

Analysis of the alien flora

In this research, a total of 152 alien plant taxa from 113 genera and 50
families were recorded. The families with the highest number of taxa are:
Asteraceae (18.42%), Poaceae (11.18%) and Fabaceae (9.87%) (Tab.1).
The most abundant genera are Amaranthus (6 taxa), Alcea, Brassica, Erigeron, Euphorbia, Prunus and Solanum (three taxa) while the other genera are represented with two taxa or only one taxon.
Table 1. The most abundant families in the alien flora
of the city of Mostar.
Families
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Brassicaceae
Amaranthaceae
Solanaceae

No.taxa
28
17
15
9
6
5

% of total flora (151)

18.42
11.18
9.87
5.92
3.95
3.29

Analysis of life-forms shows the domination of therophytes with 90

taxa (59.21%), followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa (19.74%). The group
with the smallest number of taxa (5 or 3.29%) is chamaephytes (Fig. 2.).
An analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Mostar
(Tab. 2) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (60
taxa, 39.47%), among which most originated from Nort America (32 taxa).
Plants that orginate from Asia are also significantly represented (36 taxa,
23.68%).
According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are
casual plants (70 taxa, 46.05%), followed by naturalized plants (43 taxa,
28.29%). There were 39 taxa (25.66%) of invasive plants (Fig. 3.). According to their modes of introduction (Appendix 1.) deliberately introduced
plants predominate (80 of the taxa; 52.63%) over accidentally introduced
taxa (61 of the taxa; 40.13%). The fewest taxa were introduced in both
ways, deliberately and accidentally (11 taxa; 7.24%).

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Table 2. Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora

of the city of Mostar.
Geografic region/subregion
AFRICA
AMERICA
Central & South America
North America
North & South America
South America
ASIA
Asia
Central Asia
East Asia
South-West Asia
West Asia
MEDITERRANEAN
PALEOTROPIC
UNKNOWN ORIGIN
TOTAL

Figure 2. Life form spectrum

of the alien flora of the city of
Mostar.

No. of taxa
4
32
1
23
5
3
15
7
6

6
60

%
3.95
39.47

36

23.68

27
2
21
152

17.76
1.32
13.82
100.00

Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of

the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

S. Maslo

Results and discussion

In Mostar region I identified 152 alien plants taxa belonging to 50
families. Few families are well represented: Asteraceae s.l. (28 taxa),
Poaceae (17 taxa), Fabaceae (15 taxa), Brassicaceae (9 taxa), Amaranthaceae (6 taxa), Solanaceae (5 taxa), Euphorbiaceae (4 taxa), Malvaceae
(4 taxa), Moraceae (4 taxa), Ranunculaceae (4 taxa), Rosaceae (4 taxa)
and Papaveraceae (3 taxa). The others families are represented by one or
two taxa (Tab.1).
The alien flora of Mostar consists of 84 neophytes (55.26%) and 68
archaeophytes (44.74%), see Appendix 1. Most alien plants from Mostar
came from America 60 taxa (39.47%). Among these, about half of them
belong to North-American species with 32 taxa (21.05%). Asian species
follow those American, but at a distance, with 36 representatives (23.68%).
Alien plants originating from the Mediterranean rank third with 27 taxa
(17.76%). Other elements have a low representation.
The analyses of life forms revealed the dominance of therophytes
with 90 taxa (59.21%). They are followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa
(19.74%), 20 being trees, 5 shrubs and 5 vines. Regarding the introduction, the most alien plants from Mostar were introduced deliberately as
horticultural or agricultural plants and they escaped in different types of
ecosystems (80 of the taxa; 52.63%). 61 taxa of alien plants (40.13%) were
introduced accidentally, as result of human activity, brought by animals,
water, wind, etc. The fewest taxa were introduced in both ways, deliberate
and accidental (11 taxa; 7.24%).
The analyses of naturalisation status reveal the most alien plants become spontaneous only casually (70 taxa, 46.05%). These either escaped
from culture, or penetrate accidentally and they are not able to produce
new stable populations on long term, in the new conditions. 82 taxa from
the analyses of alien plants are naturalised, being able to reproduce and
to sustain populations without direct human intervention. Among them,
according to the definition of Richardson et al. (2000), 39 taxa can be considered as invasive plants: Abutilon theophrasti, Acer negundo, Ailanthus
altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia annua, Artemisia verlotiorum, Aster squamatus, Bidens
frondosa, Bidens subalternans, Broussonetia papyrifera, Chenopodium
ambrosioides, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis., Cuscuta campestris, Datura stramonium, Duchesnea indica, Eleusine indica, Erigeron annuus ssp. annuus, Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga
ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Helianthus tuberosus, Lepidium virginicum,
6

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Paspalum paspalodes, Phytolacca americana, Pueraria thunbergiana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Sorghum halepense, Tagetes
minuta, Veronica persica, Xantthium spinosum and Xanthium strumarium
ssp. italicum.

Figure 5. The most invasive alien plants in the flora of the city of
Mostar.: a. Ailanthus altissima b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia c. Amorpha
fruticosa d. Artemisia annua e. Bidens subalternans f. Broussonetia
papyrifera g. Conyza canadensis h. Eleusine indica i. Pueraria lobata
(Photo: Semir Maslo).

S. Maslo

Among the first invasive plants reported from the Mostar area are:
Abutilon theophrasti, Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Conyza canadensis, Datura stramonium, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorghum
halepense and Xantthium spinosum. These species have been collected
over a century ago by Struschka (1880). The last records are: Acer negundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Aster squamatus, Bidens frondosa, Cuscuta
campestris, Duchesnea indica, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga ciliata,
Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris and Pueraria thunbergiana (Maslo,
2014b).
If the most invasive alien plants are limited to the anthropic habitats,
some of them penetrare semi-natural or natural ecosystems often having a
negative impact. Among these, some seems to be very aggressive: Ailanthus altissima is present in all types of habitats in Mostar, but its favourite
environments are disturbed habitats, where, once established, it is difficult
to control, owing above all to its extensive rhizome system. Its tolerance
to drought and rocky conditions is such that tall vigorous trees can germinate and develop out of cracks in the pavements, in roofs, or even in vertical walls in the old part of the city. The species Ambrosia artemisifolia is
often in anthropic habitats, but even in dry grasslands and Mostar parks
and ruderal vegetation along Neretva River. Nearby residents however
are aware of its presence as well as its strong allergenic features. Amorpha fruticosa, another allergenic species is a real competitor for the native
plants of riverine shrubs along Neretva River. Artemisia annua grows on
anthropogenous habitats. It is much spread but without an evident impact
on native flora. Bidens subalternans is recorded for quite a number of locations on ruderal habitats, along roads, on building material waste heaps,
in gardens and in railway station areas. It has already spread over such a
wide area that it endangers cultivated species. Broussonetia papyrifera is
a fast growing deciduous tree that reproduces very efficiently, mainly by
producing shoots from its root system. It is an early successional species
that colonises wasteland, rapidly growing into large, dense thickets that
displace other vegetation.
Conyza canadensis is much spread creating areas of dangerous
weed. Eleusine indica is much spread but without an evident impact on
native flora. It was recorded on the lawns, in trampled habitats by the roads
and tree beds and pavements. Pueraria thunbergiana was recorded on the
embankments of the river Neretva. It was actively planted because it is fast
growing, for erosion control along the shores of the Jablaniko Lake. The
first finding of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the wild is from

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Mostar more than twenty years ago (Maslo, 2014b). It grew on the banks
of the Neretva River at the site Bunor, upstream of the Old bridge, where it
forms monospecific stands that displace other vegetation. Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum is a widely distributed weed that commonly invades agricultural sites and disturbed areas.
Conclusion
In the total of 152 taxa of alien plants which were the subject of this
research, 62 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of Mostar,
among which thirteen new neophytes for the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina were found: Buddleja davidii, Catalpa bignonioides, Commelina
communis, Duchesnea indica, Guizotia abyssinica., Impatiens balsamina,
Mirabilis jalapa, Oenothera erythrosepala, Opuntia vulgaris, Oxalis articulata, Paspalum dilatatum, Pueraria lobata and Senecio inaequidens,
see Appendix 1.
Asteraceae (11.84%) and Poaceae (11.18%) were the most abundant families. Most of the species were neophytes (55.26%). Due to the
scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyek et al. (2004), 39
taxa (25.66%) were classified as invasive, 5 taxa (3.29%) as possibly invasive and 108 taxa (71.05%) as non-invasive.
Major invaders were species such as Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia
artemisifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia annua, Bidens subalternans,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Conyza canadensis, Eleusine indica, Pueraria
thunbergiana and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum. Although some
taxa in this paper are classified as casual (Oenothera erythrosepala, Paspalum dilatatum, Senecio inaequidens) or naturalized non-invasive taxa
(Buddleja davidii and Euphorbia nutans), according to their behavior observed in the investigated area, they can still be labeled as possibly invasive. For the time being they do not show the ability of invasive expansion,
but this possibility cannot be excluded in the future.
In summary, the majority of the alien taxa occur in disturbed or manmade habitats in the city, such as road sides, fallow lands and waste deposits and only a limited number settled natural habitat such as embankments
around the river Neretva.
Acknowledgements: I would like to thank to my colleague Jessica Andersson for helpful
comments on improving the English.

S. Maslo

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11

S. Maslo

Appendix 1 Alien flora of the City of Mostar

Mode of introduction

arc

acc

As-E

STRUSCHKA 1880

Aceraceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Simaroubaceae

P
T
T
T
P

INV
NAT
NAT
NAT
INV

neo
arc
arc
arc
neo

del
acc
acc
acc
del

Am-C&N
M
M
Unknown
As-E

STRUSCHKA 1880
PICHLER 1898
STRUSCHKA 1880
STRUSCHKA 1880

Albizia julibrissin
Durazz.
Alcea biennis Winterl.
Alcea rosea L.
Alcea setosa (Boiss.)
Alef.
Allium cepa L.
Amaranthus albus L.
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amaranthus deflexsus L.
Amaranthus
graecizans L.
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Amaranthus retroflexus
L.
Ambrosia artemisifolia
L.
Amorpha fruticosa L.
Anagalis arvensis L.
Antirrhinum majus L.

Fabaceae

CAS

neo del

Paleotrop. JASPRICA et al 2011

Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae

H NAT
H NAT
H CAS

neo del
arc del
neo del

M
PICHLER 1898
Unknown
M

Liliaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae

G
T
T
T
T

CAS
NAT
CAS
NAT
CAS

arc
neo
neo
neo
neo

del
acc
del
acc
acc

As-W
Am-N
Am-S
Am-S
Af-E

STRUSCHKA 1880

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae

T
T

NAT
INV

neo acc
neo acc

Am-N
Am-N

PICHLER 1898
STRUSCHKA 1880

Asteraceae

INV

neo acc

Am-N

PETROVI &
TABAKOVI 2003

Fabaceae
Primulaceae
Scrophulariaceae

P
T
T

INV
NAT
NAT

Am-N
M
M

22. Armoracia rusticana

P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et
Scherb.
23. Artemisia annua L.
24. Artemisia verlotiorum L.
25. Arundo donax L.
26. Aster squamatus
(Spreng.) Heiron

Brassicaceae

G CAS

neo acc
arc acc
arc delacc
arc delacc

Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae

T
H
G
T

INV
INV
NAT
INV

neo
neo
arc
neo

acc
acc
acc
acc

As-E
LASI et al 2010
As-E
LASI et al 2010
As-C.
STRUSCHKA 1880
Am-C&S

27. Avena fatua L.

28. Avena sativa L.

Poaceae
Poaceae

T
T

NAT
CAS

arc
arc

acc
del

Unknown MURBECK 1891

Unknown BECK 1903

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

12

1st record/author

History

INV

Origin

Invasion status

Family
Malvaceae

1.

Taxon
Abutilon theophrasti
Medik.
Acer negundo L.
Adonis aestivalis L.
Adonis flammea Jacq.
Agrostemma githago L.
Ailanthus altisima
(Mill.) Sw.

No. of taxon

Life-form

(If the author of the first record is not cited,

the species is quoted here for the first time)

MURBECK 1891
PICHLER 1898

STRUSCHKA 1880
STRUSCHKA 1880

Unknown

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

29. Beta vulgaris L. ssp.

vulgaris

Chenopodiaceae

CAS

arc

30. Bidens frondosa L.

31. Bidens subalternans
DC.
32. Brassica nigra (L.)
Koch
33. Brassica oleracea L.
34. Brassica rapa L.ssp.
rapa
35. Bromus arvensis L.
36. Bromus secalinus L.
37. Broussonetia
papyrifera L`Herit ex
Vent.
38. Buddleja davidii Franch.
39. Calendula officinalis L.
40. Canabis sativa L.
41. Catalpa bignonioides
Walter

Asteraceae
Asteraceae

T
T

INV
INV

neo acc
neo acc

Am-N
Am-S

Brassicaceae

CAS

arc

del

Unknown PICHLER 1898

Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae

Ch CAS
T CAS

arc
arc

del
del

Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

M
PICHLER 1898

Poaceae
Poaceae
Moraceae

T
T
P

NAT
NAT
INV

arc acc
arc acc
neo del

M
M
As-E

Buddlejaceae
Asteraceae
Cannabaceae
Bignoniaceae

P
T
T
P

NAT
CAS
NAT
CAS

neo
arc
arc
neo

del
del
del
del

As-E
Unknown
As-C
Am-N

42. Cercis siliquastrum L.

43. Chamomilla recutita
(L.) Rauschert

Fabaceae
Asteraceae

P
T

CAS
NAT

arc
arc

del M
del- As-W
acc

44. Chenopodium
ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae

INV

neo acc

Am-T

45. Chrysanthemum
coronarium L.

Asteraceae

CAS

arc

acc

46. Chrysanthemum
segetum L.

Asteraceae

NAT

arc

acc

47. Citrullus lanatus

(Thunb.) Mansf

Cucurbitaceae

CAS

arc

del

Af-S

G NAT
T NAT

neo del
arc acc

As-E
M

STRUSCHKA 1880

48. Commelina communis L. Commelinaceae

Ranunculaceae
49. Consolida regalis
S.F.Gray

del

Unknown

LASI et al 2010

MURBECK 1891
MURBECK 1891
BECK 1916

BECK 1927
STRUSCHKA 1880
LASI et al 2010

STRUSCHKA 1880

Asteraceae

INV

neo acc

Am-C

LASI et al 2010

51. Conyza canadensis (L.) Asteraceae

Cronq.

INV

neo acc

Am-N

STRUSCHKA 1880

50. Conyza bonariensis

(L.) Cronq.

52. Cucurbita pepo L.

Cucurbitaceae

CAS

neo del

Am-C

STRUSCHKA 1880

53. Cupressus
sempervirens L.

Cupressaceae

CAS

arc

STRUSCHKA 1880

54. Cuscuta campestris

Yunker

Cuscutaceae

INV

neo acc

Am-N

55. Datura stramonium L.

56. Duchesnea indica
(Andrews) Focke

Solanaceae
Rosaceae

T INV
H INV

neo acc
neo acc

Am-N
As-E

STRUSCHKA 1880

57. Eleusine indica (L.)

Gaertn.
58. Erigeron annuus (L.)
Pers. ssp. annuus

Poaceae

INV

neo acc

As

MII 1987

Asteraceae

INV

neo acc

Am-N

LASI et al 2010

13

del

S. Maslo

59. Erigeron annuus

(L.) Pers. ssp.
septentrionalis
(Fernald et Wiegand)
Wagenitz
60. Erigeron annuus (L.)
Pers. ssp. strigosus
(Mhlenb. ex Willd.)
Wagenitz
61. Eruca vesicaria (L.)
Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.)
Thell
62. Eschscholzia
californica Chamisso

Asteraceae

NAT

neo acc

Am-N

Asteraceae

NAT

neo acc

Am-N

Brassicaceae

CAS

arc

Papaveraceae

CAS

neo del

Am-N

63. Euphorbia maculata L.

64. Euphorbia nutans Lag
65. Euphorbia prostrata
Aiton
66. Fallopia
baldschuanica (Regel)
J.Holub
67. Galinsoga ciliata
(Raf.) S.F.Blake

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae

T
T
T

INV
NAT
INV

neo acc
neo acc
neo acc

Am-N
Am-N
Am-N

SLAVNI 1960

Polygonaceae

CAS

neo del

As-E

JASPRICA et al 2011

Asteraceae

INV

neo acc

Am-S

68. Galinsoga parviflora

Cav.

Asteraceae

INV

neo acc

Am-S

69. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fabaceae

Asteraceae
70. Guizotia abyssinica
(L.f.) Cass.

P
T

CAS
CAS

neo del Am-N

neo del- Af-E
acc

Asteraceae

CAS

neo del

Am-S

STRUSCHKA 1880

G INV
H NAT

neo del
arc acc

Am-N
M

LASI et al 2010
PICHLER 1898

Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

M
As
As

71. Helianthus annuus L.

72. Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae

Brassicaceae
73. Hesperis matronalis
L.ssp. matronalis

del

JASPRICA et al 2011

STRUSCHKA 1880

JASPRICA et al 2011

Poaceae
Liliaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae

T
G
T
T

CAS
CAS
CAS
CAS

arc
arc
neo
neo

78. Ipomaea purpurea

Roth.

Convolvulaceae

CAS

neo del

Am-S

79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.

Iridaceae
Juglandaceae
Asteraceae
Lauraceae
Fabaceae
Brassicaceae
Linaceae

G
P
H
P
T
T
T

NAT
CAS
CAS
NAT
CAS
INV
CAS

arc
arc
arc
arc
arc
neo
arc

Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

As-SW
Unknown
M
Unknown
Am-N
JASPRICA et al 2011
As-W

CAS

del
del
del
del
del
acc
delacc
neo del

NAT

arc

74.
75.
76.
77.

Hordeum vulgare L.
Hyacinthus orientalis L.
Impatiens balsamina L.
Impatiens balfourii
Hooker f.

Iris germanica L.
Juglans regia L.
Lactuca sativa L.
Laurus nobilis L.
Lens culinaris Med.
Lepidium virginicum L.
Linum usitatissimum L.

Moraceae
86. Maclura pomifera
(Rafin.) C.K.
Schneider
87. Medicago arabica (L.) Fabaceae
Huds.

14

del
del
del
del

acc

Am-N

JASPRICA et al 2011

OLI, 1974

Alien flora of the city of Mostar

88. Medicago sativa L.

ssp. sativa
89. Melia azedarach L.
90. Mirabilis jalapa L.
91. Morus alba L.
92. Morus nigra L.
93. Oenothera biennis L.
94. Oenothera
erythrosepala Borbs

Fabaceae

H NAT

arc

acc

Unknown JASPRICA et al 2011

Meliaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Onagraceae
Onagraceae

P
G
P
P
H
H

CAS
CAS
NAT
CAS
INV
CAS

neo
neo
arc
arc
neo
neo

del
del
del
del
del
del

As-E
Am-T
As-E
As-SW
Am-N
Am-N

95. Opuntia vulgaris Mill.

96. Oxalis articulata
Savigny

Cactaceae
Oxalidaceae

Ch INV
G CAS

neo del
neo del

97. Oxalis dillenii Jacq.

98. Panicum miliaceum L.

Oxalidaceae
Poaceae

H NAT
T NAT

neo acc Am-N

arc del- As-C
acc

JASPRICA et al 2011
STRUSCHKA 1880

arc
arc

STRUSCHKA 1880

BECK 1923

Papaveraceae
99. Papaver rhoeas L.
100. Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae

T
T

NAT
CAS

JASPRICA et al 2011
STRUSCHKA 1880
STRUSCHKA 1880

Am-N
Am-S

101. Parthenocissus
quinquefolia (L.)
Planchon.
102. Parthenocissus
tricuspidata (Siebold
et Zucc.) Planchon
103. Paspalum dilatatum
Poiret in Lam.
104. Paspalum paspalodes
(Michx.) Scribn.

Vitaceae

INV

acc M
del- As-SW
acc
neo del Am-N

Vitaceae

CAS

neo del

As-E

Poaceae

CAS

neo acc

Am-S

Poaceae

G INV

neo acc

Am-N

105. Petroselinum crispum

(Mill.) A. W. Hill

Apiaceae

G CAS

arc

Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

106. Petunia hybrida Vilm.

107. Phalaris canariensis L.
108. Phaseolus vulgaris L.
109. Phytolacca americana
L.
110. Pisum sativum L.
111. Platanus acerifolia
(Aiton) Willd.
112. Platanus orientalis L.
113. Portulaca grandiflora
Hooker
114. Portulaca oleracea L.
115. Prunus cerasifera
Ehrh.
116. Prunus dulcis (Mill.)
D.A.Webb
117. Prunus persica (L.)
Batsch
118. Pueraria thunbergiana
Benth.
119. Punica granatum L

Solanaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Phytolaccaceae

T
T
T
G

CAS
NAT
CAS
INV

neo
neo
arc
neo

Fabaceae
Platanaceae

T
P

Platanaceae
Portulacaceae

del

BECK 1923

ILI & ABADI,

2000

Am-S
Af
Am-S
Am-N

CAS
NAT

del
acc
del
delacc
arc del
neo del

P
T

CAS
CAS

arc del
neo del

As
Am-S

Portulacaceae
Rosaceae

T
P

NAT
NAT

arc
arc

acc
del

M
As-W

MII 1987
JASPRICA et al 2011

Rosaceae

NAT

arc

del

As-SW

STRUSCHKA 1880

Rosaceae

CAS

arc

del

As-E

Fabaceae

INV

neo del

As-E

Punicaceae

NAT

arc

15

JASPRICA et al 2011
SLAVNI 1960

Unknown
Unknown

del- As-SW
acc

STRUSCHKA 1880

S. Maslo

T
T
T

NAT
CAS
CAS

arc
arc
arc

acc M
PICHLER 1898
del Unknown
del- Paleotrop.
acc

Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Rutaceae
Poaceae
Crassulaceae

P
H
Ch
T
Ch

INV
CAS
CAS
CAS
CAS

neo
neo
arc
arc
neo

del
del
del
del
del

Asteraceae
Poaceae

T
T

CAS
CAS

neo acc
arc acc

Brassicaceae

NAT

arc

Solanaceae

INV

120. Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculaceae

Brassicaceae
121. Raphanus sativus L.
Euphorbiaceae
122. Ricinus communis L
123. Robinia pseudoacacia L.
124. Rudbeckia hirta L.
125. Ruta chalepensis L.
126. Secale cereale L.
127. Sedum sarmentosum
Bunge
128. Senecio inaequidens DC.
129. Setaria italica (L.) P.
Beauv.
130. Sinapis arvensis L.
131. Solanum
elaeagnifolium Cav.

132. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae

Solanaceae
133. Solanum tubersom L.
Poaceae
134. Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench

Am-N
STRUSCHKA 1880
Am-N
M
Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
As
Af-S
Unknown

del- Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880

acc
neo acc Am-S
LASI et al 2010

T CAS
G CAS
T CAS

neo del
neo del
arc del

Am-S
Am-S
Af

STRUSCHKA 1880
STRUSCHKA 1880
STRUSCHKA 1880

arc

STRUSCHKA 1880

135. Sorghum halepense

(L.) Pers.

Poaceae

G INV

136. Symphoricarpos albus

(L.) S.F.Blake

Caprifoliaceae

CAS

neo del

Am-N

T
T
T

INV
CAS
CAS

neo acc
neo del
arc del

Am-S
Am-S
As-W

neo del

Am-S

Asteraceae
137. Tagetes minuta L.
Asteraceae
138. Tagetes patula L.
139. Tanacetum parthenium Asteraceae
(L.) Sch.Bip.

acc

MALY, 1935
LASI et al 2010

140. Tradescantia
fluminensis Velloso

Commelinaceae

G CAS

141. Trigonella foenumgraecum L.

142. Triticum aestivum L.
143. Tropaeolum majus L.
144. Veronica persica Poir.
145. Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.
146. Vicia sativa L. ssp.
sativa
147. Vinca major L.
148. Wisteria sinensis
(Sims) Sweet
149. Xantthium spinosum L.
150. Xanthium strumarium
L. ssp. italicum
(Moretti) D.Lve
151. Yucca gloriosa L.
152. Zea mays L.

Fabaceae

NAT

arc

acc

As-SW

BECK 1927

Poaceae
Tropaeolaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae

T
T
T
T
T

CAS
CAS
INV
NAT
NAT

arc
neo
neo
arc
arc

del
del
acc
acc
acc

As-SW
Am-S
As -W
M
M

STRUSCHKA 1880

Apocynaceae
Fabaceae

Ch CAS
P CAS

arc del
neo del

M
As-E

OLI, 1974
OLI, 1974

Asteraceae
Asteraceae

T
T

INV
INV

neo acc
neo acc

Am-S
STRUSCHKA 1880
Am-N&S PICHLER 1898

Agavaceae
Poaceae

P
T

CAS
CAS

neo del
neo del

Am-N
Am-S

16

MURBECK 1891
MALY 1908
STRUSCHKA 1880

STRUSCHKA 1880