Human Behaviour in Organization

Foundations of Individual Behaviour

Recap of Organizational Behaviour

People in Organizations (Individual- Organization Relationship)

Psychological Contract

Is a persons overall set of expectations regarding what he or she will

contribute to the organization and what will the organization provide in
return.

Contributions from the Individual

Inducements from the Organization

Effort
Ability
Loyalty
Skills
Time
Competencies

Pay
Job Security
Benefits
Career Opportunities
Status
Promotion Opportunities

Contributions from the

Individual
C
C
C

relation
=
>
<

Inducements
Organization
I
I
I

from

the

Equal: No Problem Person-Job fit

Greater Than: Employees tend to perform poorly, leave job or even use/
steal organizational resources as a way to balance the psychological
contract.
Less Than: Tends to be unnecessary cost.
Person-Job fit
It is the extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the
inducements offered by the organization.
Contributions= Inducements
Individual Differences are personal attributes that vary from one person to another.
Personality- is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish
one person from another.

Nature VS Nurture
Nature- Personality attributes are inherited from our parents
Nurture- personality attributes shaped by our environment
THE BIG FIVE Personality Traits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness

Agreeableness-refers to a persons ability to get along with others

Gentle
Cooperative
Forgiving
Understanding
Easy to get along
good working relationship

Irritable
Short-tempered
Uncooperative
Antagonistic toward others

not good working relationship

Conscientiousness refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses

Organized
Systematic
Careful
Thorough
Responsible
Self-disciplined
few goals at one time

Disorganized
Careless
Irresponsible
Less-thorough
Less self-disciplined

wider array of goals

Neuroticism is characterized by a persons tendency to experience unpleasant
emotions such as anger, anxiety, depression and feeling of vulnerability

Poised

More excitable

Calm
Resilient
Secure

Insecure
Reactive
Subject to extreme
Mood swings

less neurotic
more neurotic
Extraversion reflects a persons comfort level with relationships

Sociable
Talkative
Assertive
Open to new relationship
extrovert

Less sociable
Less talkative
Less assertive
Reluctant to begin new relationship

introvert
Openness reflects a persons rigidity of beliefs and range of interests

Open to new ideas

Creative
Curious
Imaginative

Less
Less
Less
Less
Less

receptive to new ideas

imaginative
creative
willing to change
curious

Emotional intelligence- EQ; refers to the extent to which people are self-aware, can
manage their emotions, can motivate themselves, express empathy for others and
possess social skills.
Self-Awareness- persons capacity for being aware of how they feel
Managing emotions persons capacity to balance anxiety, fear and anger so that
they do not overly interfere with goals
Motivating oneself- persons ability to remain optimistic amidst setbacks, failures,
etc.
Empathy- persons ability to understand how others are feeling to be sensitive to
others feelings
Social skill- persons ability to get along with others and establish positive
relationship

Other Personality Traits to Work

Locus of Control
Self-Efficacy
Authoritarianism
Self-esteem
Risk Propensity

Destiny is affected by own actions

External factors beyond his control
Positive: I can do it
Negative: I doubt I can
High: follow
Low: might follow or not
Positive: I am worthy and I deserve it
Negative: I am not worthy and I dont deserve it
Risk taker (Aggressive)
Risk Averse (Conservative)

Attitudes in Organizations
Attitudes-are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific
ideas, situations, or other people
Three (3) Components of Attitudes
1. Affect his or her feelings toward something
2. Cognition knowledge a person presumes to have about something
3. Intention guides a persons behaviour
Cognitive Dissonance is the anxiety a person experiences when simultaneously
possessing two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or
incongruent at site
Attitude Change change of attitude to reduce cognitive dissonance
Key Work Related Attributes
Job Satisfaction reflects the extent to which people find gratification or fulfilment
in their work
Organizational Commitment job commitment,
identification with attachment to the organization.
We not the company, them, they
Perceptions in Organizations

reflects

an

individuals

Perception set of processes by which an individual become aware of and

interprets information about the environment
Selective Perception process of screening out information that we are
uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs at site
Stereotyping categorizing or labelling people on the basis of a single attribute