ABSTRAK

Nama
Jenis
Judul

: I Kadek Widiarsana
: Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Energi Terbarukan
: Rancangan Bangun Solar Sun Follower dan Charge Controller Berbasis
ATmega328P

Energi Terbarukan adalah energi yang pada umumnya merupakan sumber daya non fosil
yang dapat diperbaharui dan apabila dikelola dengan baik maka sumber dayanya tidak
akan habis. Salah satu contoh, energi terbarukan adalah konversi energi surya (matahari)
yang dimana pada saat ini paling sering dibicarakan dalam bidang sistem energi
terbarukan.
Modul sel surya akan menghasilkan daya maksimal apabila selalu berada tepat
mengarah ke matahari atau dengan kata lain modul sel surya tegak lurus terhadap arah
datangnya sinar matahari. Sangatlah baik apabila modul sel surya selalu mengikuti arah
datangnya sinar matahari guna untuk mengoptimalkan intensitas cahaya dan daya yang
dikeluarkan oleh modul sel surya lebih maksimal.
Peralatan untuk mengoptimalkan tersebut, membutuhkan sebuah sistem yang mengatur
gerak daripada modul sel surya yang mengikuti arah datangnya sinar matahari secara
otomatis. Selain itu, perlu adanya pengolahan daya yang dikeluarkan oleh modul sel
surya tersebut agar daya yang dikeluarkan dapat disimpan dengan baik pada baterai dan
dapat digunakan ketika diinginkan. Dari permasalahan tersebut, digunakan sebuah
Solar Sun Follower untuk mengikuti arah datangnya sinar matahari dan sebuah Charge
Controller agar daya yang dikeluarkan bisa diolah dan disimpan pada baterai.
Kata Kunci: Modul Sel Surya, Pengikut matahari, Pengisian baterai

Renewable energy is energy which is generally a non- fossil resources that can be
renewed and, if properly managed, the resources will not be exhausted. One example,
renewable energy is the conversion of solar energy (solar) is that at this point most often
discussed in the field of renewable energy systems.
Solar cell modules will generate maximum power if always being right leads to the sun
or in other words, the solar cell module perpendicular to the direction of the sun. It is
best if the solar cell module always follow the direction of the sun in order to optimize
the intensity of the light and power released by the maximum solar cell module.
To optimize the equipment, requires a system that regulates movement of the solar cell
module that follows the direction of the sun automatically. In addition, the need for
processing power released by the solar cell module so that the power output can be
stored either on batteries and can be used when desired. From these problems, use a
solar sun follower to follow the direction of the sun and a charge controller so that the
power output can be processed and stored in the battery.
Keywords : Solar Cell Module, Sun Follower, Battery Charging

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ........................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ................................................. iii
FORM PERNYATAAN PLAGIARISME....................................................................iv
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................... v
ABSTRAK .....................................................................................................................vii
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................ix
DAFTAR TABEL .........................................................................................................xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................................I-1
1.2 Permasalahan dan Batasan Masalah ..................................................................I-2
1.2.1 Permasalahan..................................................................................................I-2
1.2.2 Batasan Masalah.............................................................................................I-2
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat ..............................................................................................I-3
1.3.1 Tujuan.............................................................................................................I-3
1.3.2 Manfaat...........................................................................................................I-3
1.4 Metodelogi...............................................................................................................I-4
1.5 Sistematika Pembahasan........................................................................................I-6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Sel Surya ................................................................................................................II-1
2.1.1 Jenis-jenis Modul Sel Surya..........................................................................II-1
2.1.2 Prinsip Kerja..................................................................................................II-4
2.1.3 Hubungan Sel Surya......................................................................................II-4
2.1.4 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Modul Sel Surya....................................II-5
2.2. Baterai atau Aki (Accu)........................................................................................II-8
2.3 Solar Chager Controller........................................................................................II-9
2.4 Komponen-komponen Elektronika....................................................................II-10
2.4.1 Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P.....................................................................II-10
2.4.1.1 Konsep Dasar Mikrokontroler........................................................II-10
2.4.1.2 Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega328P.............................II-12
2.4.1.3 Fungsi Pin ATmega328P.................................................................II-12

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2.4.2 Kristal..........................................................................................................II-14
2.4.3 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor).................................................................II-15
2.4.4 Resistor........................................................................................................II-17
2.4.5 Kapasitor......................................................................................................II-18
2.4.6 Dioda...........................................................................................................II-22
2.4.7 LED.............................................................................................................II-23
2.4.8 LCD (Liquid Cristal Display).....................................................................II-25
2.4.9 Transistor.....................................................................................................II-26
2.4.10 Mosfet........................................................................................................II-27
2.4.11 Regulator Tegangan...................................................................................II-28
2.4.12 Motor Servo...............................................................................................II-29
2.5 Pembagi Tegangan (Potential Divinder).............................................................II-30
2.6 Energi dan Daya Listrik......................................................................................II-31
2.7 Software dan Bahasa Pemrograman Arduino...................................................II-32
2.7.1 Arduino IDE................................................................................................II-32
2.7.2 Bahasa Pemrograman Arduino....................................................................II-33
BAB III PERENCANAAN DAN PEMBUATAN ALAT
3.1 Deskripsi Kerja.....................................................................................................III-1
3.1.1 Solar Sun Follower......................................................................................III-3
3.1.1.1 Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P.........................................................III-4
3.1.1.2 Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya...............................................................III-5
3.1.1.3 Rangkaian Motor Servo...................................................................III-5
3.1.1.4 Rangkaian Kepekaan Sensor Cahaya dan Kepekaan Gerak Servo..III-5
3.1.1.5 Rangkaian LCD 16x2......................................................................III-6
3.1.1.6 Rangkaian Tombol...........................................................................III-6
3.1.1.7 Rangkaian Power Supply.................................................................III-7
3.1.2 Rangkaian Solar Charge Controller............................................................III-8
3.1.2.1 Mikrokontroler ATmega328P..........................................................III-8
3.1.2.2 Rangkaian Power Supply.................................................................III-9
3.1.2.3 Rangkaian Charge Controller..........................................................III-9
3.1.2.4 Rangkaian LCD 16x2....................................................................III-10
3.1.2.5 Rangkaian Indikator.......................................................................III-11
3.1.3 Modul Sel Surya.........................................................................................III-11
3.1.4 Rangkaian Baterai......................................................................................III-12

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3.2 Proses Perencanaan............................................................................................III-12

3.2.1 Perencanaan Blok Diagram Alat................................................................III-13
3.2.2 Perencanaan Skema Rangkaian..................................................................III-13
3.2.3 Pemilihan komponen yang akan digunakan...............................................III-13
3.2.3.1 Alat dan Bahan...............................................................................III-14
3.2.3.2 Pemilihan Komponen....................................................................III-16
3.2.4 Pembuatan alat...........................................................................................III-19
3.2.5 Perencanaan dan pembuatan software........................................................III-19
3.2.6 Pengujian Alat dan Analisa........................................................................III-20
3.3 Proses Pembuatan Alat......................................................................................III-20
3.3.1 Pembuatan alat...........................................................................................III-20
3.3.1.1 Proses Pembuatan Layout pada PCB.............................................III-20
3.3.1.2 Proses Pelarutan.............................................................................III-21
3.3.1.3 Pengeboran....................................................................................III-22
3.3.1.4 Pemasangan Komponen.................................................................III-22
3.3.1.5 Penyoderan....................................................................................III-22
3.3.1.6 Pembuatan Box Rangkaian............................................................III-24
3.3.2 Pembuatan Struktur Program pada Software..............................................III-26
3.3.3 Downloader USB To TTL..........................................................................III-29
3.3.4 Pemrograman Arduino...............................................................................III-31
3.3.5 Compile Program.......................................................................................III-32
3.3.6 Upload Program.........................................................................................III-32
BAB IV PENGUJIAN DAN ANALISA
4.1 Proses Pengujian...................................................................................................IV-1
4.2 Solar Sun Follower................................................................................................IV-1
4.2.1 Pengujian Rangkaian Power Supply Mikrokontroler...................................IV-1
4.2.1.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum..........IV-2
4.2.1.2 Analisa..............................................................................................IV-2
4.2.2 Pengujian Power Supply Motor Servo.........................................................IV-2
4.2.2.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Power Supply Motor Servo.................IV-3
4.2.2.2 Analisa..............................................................................................IV-3
4.2.3 Pengujian Rangkaian Sistem Minimum.......................................................IV-3
4.2.3.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Sistem Minimum.................................IV-5
4.2.3.2 Analisa..............................................................................................IV-6
4.2.4 Pengujian Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya...........................................................IV-6

4.2.4.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya.....................................IV-7

4.2.4.2 Analisa..............................................................................................IV-8
4.1.1.5 Pengujian pada LCD 16x2........................................................................IV-9
4.2.4.1 Hasil Pengujian pada LCD 16x2......................................................IV-9
4.2.4.2 Analisa..............................................................................................IV-9
4.3 Solar Charge Controller......................................................................................IV-10
4.3.1 Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum...............................................IV-10
4.3.1.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum........IV-10
4.3.1.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-11
4.3.2 Pengujian Rangkaian Sistem Minimum.....................................................IV-11
4.3.2.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum........IV-12
4.3.2.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-12
4.3.3 Pengujian Rangkaian Sensor Tegangan......................................................IV-12
4.3.3.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Sensor Tegangan................................IV-13
4.3.3.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-13
4.3.4 Pengujian Rangkaian Charge Baterai........................................................IV-14
4.3.4.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Sensor Tegangan................................IV-14
4.3.4.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-15
4.3.5 Pengujian Rangkaian Kontrol ke Beban....................................................IV-15
4.3.5.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian Kontrol ke Beban...............................IV-16
4.3.5.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-16
4.3.6 Pengujian LCD dengan I2C.......................................................................IV-16
4.3.6.1 Hasil Pengujian Rangkaian LCD dengan I2C...............................IV-16
4.3.6.2 Analisa............................................................................................IV-16
4.4 Pengujian Modul Sel Surya...............................................................................IV-17
4.4.1 Hasil Pengujian Modul Sel Surya..............................................................IV-18
4.4.2 Analisa........................................................................................................IV-22
4.5 Penggunaan ATmega328P dan Arduino sebagai Compiler.............................IV-24
BAB V PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ...........................................................................................................V-1
5.2 Saran .....................................................................................................................V-1
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel.2.1 Perbandingan Sel Surya.................................................................................II-6

Tabel 2.2 Digital Map Pin Arduino ATmega328P.......................................................II-13
Tabel 2.3 Analog Map Pin Minimum Sistem Arduino ATmega328P..........................II-14
Tabel 2.4 Map Pin Minimum Sistem Arduino ATmega328P......................................II-14
Tabel 2.5 Senyawa Semi Konduktor Variasi Warna Pada Led....................................II-24
Tabel 2.6 Tegangan maju masing-masing warna Led..................................................II-24
Tabel 3.1 Daftar Alat..................................................................................................III-14
Tabel 3.2 Daftar Komponen Pada Rangkaian Solar Sun Follower............................III-14
Tabel 3.3 Daftar Komponen Pada Rangkaian Charge Controller..............................III-15
Tabel 4.1 Hasil Pengukuran Power supply Mikrokontroler.........................................IV-2
Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengukuran Power Supply Motor Servo.............................................IV-3
Tabel 4.3 Data Hasil Pengukuran Rangkaian Sistem Minimum..................................IV-5
Tabel 4.4 Hasil Pengukuran Resistansi Sensor Cahaya................................................IV-7
Tabel 4.5 Hasil Pengukuran Tegangan pada Sensor Cahaya........................................IV-7
Tabel 4.6 Hasil Pengukuran Tegangan Berdasarkan Perhitungan Teoritis...................IV-8
Tabel 4.7 Hasil Pengukuran Pada LCD 16x2.............................................................IV-10
Tabel 4.8 Hasil Pengukuran Power Supply Mikrokontroler.......................................IV-88
Tabel 4.9 Hasil Pengukuran Rangkaian Sistem Minimum.........................................IV-12
Tabel 4.10 Hasil Pengukuran Sensor Tegangan pada Modul Sel Surya.....................IV-13
Tabel 4.11 Hasil Pengukuran Sensor Tegangan pada Baterai....................................IV-13
Tabel 4.12 Hasil pengukuran Rangkaian Kontrol ke Charge Baterai........................IV-15
Tabel 4.13 Hasil Pengukuran Rangkaian Kontrol ke Beban......................................IV-16
Tabel 4.14 Hasil Pengukuran Rangkaian LCD dengan I2C.......................................IV-16
Tabel 4.15 Hasil Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya dengan Solar Sun Follower dan Charge
Controller..............................................................................................IV-20
Tabel 4.16 Hasil Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya Kemiringan 45o dengan Charge
Controller tanpa Solar Sun Follower....................................................IV-21
Tabel 4.17 Hasil Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya Kemiringan 90o dengan Charge
Controller tanpa Solar Sun Follower....................................................IV-22
Tabel 4.18 Hasil Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya Kemiringan 135o dengan Charge
Controller tanpa Solar Sun Follower....................................................IV-23

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Blok Diagram Solar Sun Follower dan Charge Controller........................I-5
Gambar 2.1 Skema Solar Sell........................................................................................II-1
Gambar 2.2 Bentuk Fisik Monokristal (Mono-Crystalline)..........................................II-2
Gambar 2.3 Bentuk Fisik Polikristal (Poly-Crystalline)...............................................II-2
Gambar 2.4 Bentuk Fisik Thin Film Solar Cell (TFSC)...............................................II-3
Gambar 2.5 Rangkaian Seri-pararel pada Modul Sel Surya..........................................II-5
Gambar 2.6 Kurva I-V sel surya pada keadaan gelap dan diberikan cahaya................II-7
Gambar 2.7. Kurva I-V Suhu/ temperatur terhadap Modul Sel Surya..........................II-7
Gambar 2.8 Bentuk Fisik Baterai Lead Acid.................................................................II-9
Gambar 2.9 Solar Charge Controller............................................................................II-9
Gambar 2.10 Bentuk Fisik ATmega 328P...................................................................II-10
Gambar 2.11 Pin Mikrontroler ATmega 328P.............................................................II-10
Gambar 2.12 Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega328P...................................II-12
Gambar 2.13 Bentuk Fisik dan Simbol Kristal............................................................II-15
Gambar 2.14 Bentuk Fisik dan Simbol Sensor Cahaya LDR......................................II-15
Gambar 2.15 Karakteristik LDR.................................................................................II-16
Gambar 2.16 Bentuk Fisik dan Simbol Resistor.........................................................II-17
Gambar 2.17 Nilai Warna Gelang Resistor.................................................................II-18
Gambar 2.18 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Elektrolit..........................................................II-19
Gambar 2.19 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Keramik...........................................................II-19
Gambar 2.20 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Mika.................................................................II-20
Gambar 2.21 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Polyester..........................................................II-20
Gambar 2.22 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Kertas...............................................................II-21
Gambar 2.23 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Variabel............................................................II-21
Gambar 2.24 Bentuk Fisik Kapasitor Trimmer...........................................................II-21
Gambar 2.25 Simbol dan Bentuk Fisik Dioda.............................................................II-22
Gambar 2.26 Bentuk Fisik dan Simbol Led................................................................II-30
Gambar 2.27 Bentuk Fisik LCD..................................................................................II-25
Gambar 2.28 Simbol Transistor...................................................................................II-27
Gambar 2.29 Bentuk Fisik Transistor..........................................................................II-27
Gambar 2.30 Bentuk Fisik Mosfet..............................................................................II-28
Gambar 2.31 Bentuk Fisik dan Penomoran kaki IC LM7808.....................................II-29

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Gambar 2.32 Rangkaian IC LM7808..........................................................................II-29

Gambar 2.33 Komponen-komponen pada motor servo...............................................II-30
Gambar 2.34 Rangkaian Pembagi Tegangan...............................................................II-30
Gambar 2.35 IDE Arduino...........................................................................................II-33
Gambar 3.1. Blok Diagram Solar Sun Follower dan Solar Charge Controller...........III-3
Gambar 3.2 Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P.....................................III-3
Gambar 3.3 Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya........................................................................III-4
Gambar 3.4 Rangkaian Motor Servo............................................................................III-5
Gambar 3.5 Rangkaian Kepekaan Sensor Cahaya dan Kepekaan Gerak Servo..........III-5
Gambar 3.6 Rangkaian LCD 16x2...............................................................................III-6
Gambar 3.7 Rangkaian Tombol....................................................................................III-6
Gambar 3.8 Rangkaian Power Supply Untuk Mikrokontroler.....................................III-7
Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian Power Supply Untuk Motor Servo.........................................III-7
Gambar 3.10 Sistem Minimum Mikrokontroler ATmega 328P...................................III-8
Gambar 3.11 Rangkaian Power Supply........................................................................III-9
Gambar 3.12 Rangkaian Charge Controller................................................................III-9
Gambar 3.13 Rangkaian LCD I2C 16x2....................................................................III-10
Gambar 3.14 Rangkaian Indikator.............................................................................III-11
Gambar 3.15 Rangkaian Modul Sel Surya.................................................................III-11
Gambar 3.16 Blok Diagram Perencanaan dan Pembuatan Alat.................................III-12
Gambar 3.17 Rencana Rancangan Alat......................................................................III-18
Gambar 3.18 Layout Sensor Cahaya..........................................................................III-21
Gambar 3.19 Layout Rangkaian Tombol....................................................................III-21
Gambar 3.20 Layout Rangkaian Solar Sun Follower................................................III-22
Gambar 3.21 Layout Rangkaian Charge Controller..................................................III-22
Gambar 3.22 Tata Letak Komponen Sensor Cahaya..................................................III-23
Gambar 3.23 Tata Letak Rangkaian Tombol..............................................................III-23
Gambar 3.24 Tata Letak Komponen Solar Sun Follower..........................................III-23
Gambar 3.25 Tata Letak Komponen Charge Controller............................................III-24
Gambar 3.26 Desain Sekat Sensor Cahaya................................................................III-24
Gambar 3.27 Desain Box Sensor Cahaya..................................................................III-25
Gambar 3.28 Desain Box Rangkaian Solar Sun Follower.........................................III-24
Gambar 3.29 Desain Box Rangkaian Charge Controller...........................................III-26
Gambar 3.30 Flowchart Solar Sun Follower.............................................................III-27
Gambar 3.31 Flowchart Charge Controller...............................................................III-27

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Gambar 3.32 Tampilan Software Arduino 1.0.5-r2....................................................III-29

Gambar 3.33 Board Arduino Uno Sebagai USB To TTL.........................................III-30
Gambar 3.34 Tampilan Programmer USB ISP..........................................................III-31
Gambar 3.35 Tampilan Sketcbook Pada Arduino...................................................... III-31
Gambar 3.36 Tampilan Proses Compile Pada Arduino..............................................III-32
Gambar 3.37 Tampilan Pilihan Board Pada Arduino.................................................III-33
Gambar 3.38 Tampilan Serial Port Pada Arduino......................................................III-33
Gambar 3.39 Tampilan Done Compiling Pada Arduino.............................................III-34
Gambar 4.1 Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum.............................................IV-1
Gambar 4.2 Rangkaian Power Supply Motor Servo....................................................IV-3
Gambar 4.3 Rangkaian Sistem Minimum....................................................................IV-4
Gambar 4.4 Hasil Pengujian pada Vcc dan Avcc dengan Osiloskop...........................IV-5
Gambar 4.5 Hasil Pengujian kristal16 Mhz dengan Osiloskop....................................IV-5
Gambar 4.6 Rangkaian Sensor Cahaya........................................................................IV-7
Gambar 4.7 Rangkaian Power Supply Sistem Minimum...........................................IV-10
Gambar 4.8 Rangkaian Sistem Minimum..................................................................IV-11
Gambar 4.9 Rangkaian Sensor Tegangan...................................................................IV-13
Gambar 4.10 Rangkaian Charge Baterai....................................................................IV-14
Gambar 4.11 PWM Duty Clcle 94% pada tegangan 13,38 VDC...............................IV-15
Gambar 4.12 PWM Duty Clcle 1,54% pada tegangan 7,98 VDC..............................IV-15
Gambar 4.13 PWM Duty Clcle 3,24% pada tegangan 13,43 VDC............................IV-16
Gambar 4.14 PWM Duty Clcle 100% pada tegangan 7,25 VDC...............................IV-16
Gambar 4.15 Rangkaian Kontrol ke Beban................................................................IV-17
Gambar 4.16 Proses Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya Tanpa Beban..............................IV-19
Gambar 4.17 Proses Pengukuran Modul Sel Surya dengan Charge Controller dan
Baterai.................................................................................................IV-19

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