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UNIT 4

GRAMMAR
1.-THE ADJECTIVE
(EL ADJETIVO)
El adjetivo calificativo en ingls es invariable
(es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singular
masculino y femenino y para el plural masculino
y femenino) y precede al sustantivo:
Examples:
English

b) Los adjetivos calificativos monoslabos


(aquellos compuestos por unas sola slaba)
acabados en consonante precedida de vocal
corta*, duplican dicha consonante final.

Spanish

the good boy


a slim girl
the bad cats
some white flags

Para aadir las terminaciones propias del


comparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglas
usuales de ortografa que se han visto
anteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabras
terminadas en "y" precedida de consonante
cambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar la
terminacin correspondiente.

el nio bueno
una nia delgada
los gatos malos
algunas banderas blancas

Examples:
English

2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON
(GRADOS DE COMPARACIN)
2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
(GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO)
El grado comparativo de superioridad (ms +
adjetivo) y el grado superlativo relativo (el/ la/ los/
las ms + adjetivo) de los adjetivos en ingls se
forma:

Spanish

hot / hotter

clido / ms clido

thin / thinner

delgado / ms delgado

*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de


una nica vocal (hot, thin), por el contrario,
ntese que cheap tambin es un adjetivo
calificativo monoslabo, sin embargo, est
compuesto por dos vocales.

a) Aadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminacin


Recuerde que, por ejemplo, cold o rich
"er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y la tampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya que
terminacin "est" para el superlativo relativo. Esto la consonante final est precedida de otra
ocurre con los adjetivos monoslabos, con los consonante.
bsilabos y con los trislabos terminados en "ow",
"er", "y", "e", "l":
c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o ms
slabas forman el comparativo aadiendo
"more" y el superlativo aadiendo "the most":
Examples:

Positive

English
Comparative

Examples:
Superlative
English
Comparative

happy

happier

happiest

wise

wiser

wisest

easy

easier

easiest

terrible

more terrible

the most terrible

cold

colder

coldest

sensible

more sensible

the most sensible

yellow

yellower

yellowest
candid

more candid

the most candid

Positive

Spanish
Comparative

Positive

Superlative

feliz

ms feliz

el ms feliz

sabio

ms sabio

el ms sabio

fcil

ms fcil

el ms fcil

fro

ms fro

el ms fro

amarillo

ms amarillo

el ms amarillo

Positive

-37-

Spanish
Comparative

Superlative

Superlative

terrible

ms terrible

el ms terrible

sensato

ms sensato

el ms sensato

cndido

ms cndido

el ms cndido

2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES
(GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO)
Para formar el grado de inferioridad del
adjetivo ("menos + adjetivo, el /la /los /las
menos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma
"less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en el
superlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea un
adjetivo de una o ms slabas):

3.-IRREGULAR FORMS OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE


(FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO)
Varios adjetivos en ingls tienen la forma del
comparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/o
derivadas de otras races.

Examples:
English
Comparative

Positive

Superlative

terrible

less terrible

the least terrible

happy

less happy

the least happy

Spanish
Comparative

Positive

Superlative

good

better

the best

bad

worse

the worst

little

less

the least

old

older/ elder

the oldest/ eldest

Positive

Spanish
Comparative

Superlative

terrible

menos terrible

el menos terrible

feliz

menos feliz

el menos feliz

2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES
(GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO)

Positive

English
Comparative

La comparacin de igualdad en ingls se forma


con "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (tan +
adjetivo + como) para las oraciones afirmativas.
Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so +
adjetivo en grado positivo + as.
Examples:

Superlative

bueno

mejor

el ptimo

malo

peor

el psimo

pequeo

menos

el mnimo

viejo

ms viejo
mayor

el ms viejo
el mayor

4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS


(FORMACIN DE COMPARACIONES)
Para realizar comparaciones entre dos
sustantivos en ingls se utiliza la siguiente
estructura:

English
Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so good
as she is/ as her. *

How to make comparisons

I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. **


SUST + VERBO +

adjetivo en
grado
+ THAN + SUST
comparativo

Examples:

Spanish
Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tan
buena como ella.

English
You are stronger than me.

No soy tan perezoso como t.

My sister is taller than your mother.

* Ntese que en la segunda parte de


la estructura comparativa la construccin
she is se puede sustituir por el
pronombre personal her.
** Ntese que en la segunda parte de
la estructura comparativa la construccin
you are se puede sustituir por el
pronombre personal you.
-38-

You love him more than me, and less than her.

Spanish
(T) eres ms fuerte que yo.
Mi hermana es ms alta que tu madre.
(T) lo quieres (a l) ms que yo, y menos que ella.

5.-THE ADVERB I
(EL ADVERBIO I)

d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo


"to be" y a los verbos anmalos;
Examples:

5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB


(COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO)

English

A la hora de colocar los adverbios en ingls


hay que tener en cuenta una serie de
consideraciones:

Spanish

He is never in time.

Nunca llega a tiempo.

I could hardly read it.

Apenas pude leerlo.

a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adverbio sigue inmediatamente al verbo;


5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION
(CLASIFICACIN DE LOS ADVERBIOS)
b) si tiene complemento y ste es corto,
Los adverbios en ingls segn su significado
puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio; se dividen en:
Examples:
English

Spanish

He reads well.

(l) lee bien.

She walks quickly.

(Ella) anda deprisa.

English
Manner

Place

Time

Quantity

here

early

so

only

there

late

quickly

rather

in

before

certainly

almost

out

after

thus

much

near

still

far

soon

Examples:
English
I shall read your letter now.

Spanish
Spanish
Time
Manner

Place

Leer su carta ahora.

Put your hat on, please. Pngase el sombrero, por favor.

c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido y


algunos de modo preceden generalmente al
verbo;

Quantity

aqu

pronto

as

slo

all

tarde

deprisa

bastante

en

antes

ciertamente

casi

fuera

despus

as

mucho

cerca

hasta

lejos

pronto

Examples:
Examples:
English

Spanish

I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el peridico.

He briefly told the news.

(l) dijo las noticias


brevemente.

English

Spanish

My sister is so nice!

Mi hermana es tan simptica!

Your house is very far from Tu casa est muy lejos de


here.
aqu.

-39-

DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-ON THE PHONE


(AL TELFONO)
Is that Teresa?
Nuria:
Nuria:

Is that Teresa?
Es usted Teresa?

Alicia:
Alicia:

Who's calling?
Quin llama?

Nuria:
Nuria:

This is Nuria.
Soy Nuria.

Alicia:

She isnt here at the moment.


Do you want to leave a message?
No se encuentra aqu en estos momentos.
Quiere dejar un mensaje?

This is Nuria

Alicia:

Nuria:
Nuria:

Alicia:
Alicia:

Yes, please. Could


you tell her that I
called?

Whos calling?

She isnt here at


moment. Do you
want to leave a
message?

Yes, please. Could you tell her


that I called?
S, por favor. Podra decirle que la
he llamado?
Does she have your phone number?
Tiene su nmero de telfono?

Does she have your


phone number?

4
Yes, I think she does. Im
going to give you my
number just in case. Do you
have a pen and a piece of
paper with you?

Nuria:
My phone number is:
0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6
Nuria:

Thank you
very much

Yes, I do
OK, shell call you
back later
You are welcome

-40-

Yes, I think she does. Im going to


give you my number just in case.
Do you have a pen and a piece of
paper with you?
S, creo que lo tiene. De todas maneras
le voy a dar mi nmero de telfono.
Tiene bolgrafo y papel?

Alicia:
Alicia:

Yes, I do.
S.

Nuria:
Nuria:

My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6.


Mi nmero de telfono es: 098 23 47 96.

Alicia:
Alicia:

OK, shell call you back later.


Vale, ya la llamar ella ms tarde.

Nuria:
Nuria:

Thank you very much.


Muchas gracias.

Alicia:
Alicia:

You are welcome.


De nada.

CIVILIAN

VOCABULARY

1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK


(DAS DE LA SEMANA)
English

Spanish

Monday

lunes

Tuesday

martes

Wednesday

mircoles

Thursday

jueves

Friday

viernes

Saturday

sbado

Sunday

domingo

En ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en


espaol, los das de la semana y los meses del
ao reciben el tratamiento que se da a los
nombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada uno
de ellos siempre aparece en mayscula:
Examples:
English
The third day of the week is Wednesday.
The last month of the year is December.
Spanish

2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR


(ESTACIONES DEL AO)

El tercer da de la semana es mircoles.


El ltimo mes del ao es diciembre.

4.-DATES
(FECHAS)
spring

autumn/ fall

What is the date today?


Whats the date today?

summer

first

January

2000

Today is the
Todays the

second

Febrary

2001

(BrE)

fourth

April

2003

...

...

...

January

first

2000

second

2001

winter

3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR


(MESES DEL AO)
English

Spanish

January

enero

February

febrero

March

marzo

April

abril

May

mayo

June

junio

July

julio

August

agosto

September

septiembre

October

octubre

November

noviembre

December

diciembre

third

Today is the Febrary


Todays the March
(AmE)

of

the

March

third

of

of

2002

2002

April

fourth

2003

...

...

...

5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000)


(NMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])
101
102
103
110
125
130

-41-

one
one
one
one
one
one

hundred
hundred
hundred
hundred
hundred
hundred

and
and
and
and
and
and

one
two
three
ten
twenty-five
thirty

145
150
165
170
185
190
200

one hundred
one hundred
one hundred
one hundred
one hundred
one hundred
two hundred

and
and
and
and
and
and

forty-five
fifty
sixty-five
seventy
eighty-five
ninety

1 000
1 100
1 101
10 000
100 000
1 000 000
2 000 000

Ntese que en ingls entre la decena y la


unidad (forty-five, cuarenta y cinco) no se
emplea la conjuncin "and" (y) como ocurre en
espaol. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta que
despus de million, "thousand" y "hundred"
los nmeros inferiores a cien deben ir
precedidos por la conjuncin "and" (1 304, "one
thousand three hundred and four").

one thousand
one thousand and a hundred
one thousand one hundred and one
ten thousand
one hundred thousand
one million
two million

"Million", "thousand" y "hundred" son


invariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singular
aunque su traduccin en espaol pueda ser plural.
Sin embargo, s que tienen forma de plural cuando
se utilizan como sustantivos:

Examples:
English

Spanish

Are there many books here?

Hay muchos libros aqu?

Yes, there are several hundreds.

S, hay varios centenares.

READING

COMPREHENSION

1.-HOLIDAYS
(VACACIONES)
In Great Britain, Ireland and the United States
of America there are quite a few important
holidays. Families get together to celebrate these
important holidays. The 25th of December is
Christmas and the 31st of the same month New
Year's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14th of
February) some men give roses and presents to
their girlfriends or wifes

2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.


(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) What do people celebrate on the 25th of
December?
2) What is the biggest party for Irish people?
3) What are the most important dates at Easter?

In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day on


the 17th of March, for Irish people it is the biggest
party.
People don't work in bank holidays, Easter and
Mother's and Father's Day. The date of these
holidays changes every year. The most important
dates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, Good
Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday.
In the United States of America people
celebrate the Independence Day on the 4th of
July and Thanksgiving Day in November.

-42-

MILITARY

TERMS

1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS


(ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)
English

Spanish

light infantry

infantera ligera

field artillery

artillera de campaa

antiaircraft artillery

artillera antiarea

cavalry

caballera

engineers

ingenieros

sappers

zapadores

signals/ communications

transmisiones

recognisance

reconocimiento

logistics

logstica

transportation

transporte

electronic warfare

guerra electrnica

army aviation

FAMET (helicpteros del E.T.)

technical branch

especialidad tcnica

maintenance team

equipo de mantenimiento

supply unit

unidad de abastecimiento

special operations

operaciones especiales

parachutist

paracaidista

Spanish Legion

Legin Espaola

airborne operation

operacin aerotransportada

combat diver

buceador de combate

light infantry
field artillery

cavalry

engineers

communications

army aviation
APC

APC
BMR
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) (transporte de personal)
mechanised infantry

infantera mecanizada

motorised unit

unidad motorizada

armoured

acorazado

military police

polica militar

bugle

corneta [objeto]

bugler

corneta [persona]

vehicle

vehculo

parachutists
vehicle

special operations

Spanish Legion
-43-

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Whats your
branch, Ramrez?

Full Corporal:
Cabo Primero

Whats your branch, Ramrez?


Cul es tu especialidad, Ramrez?

Corporal:

Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted in


the 3rd Rifle Company.
Infantera Ligera, mi Primero. Estoy
destinado en la 3 Compaa de Fusiles.

Cabo:
Light Infantry, Sir.
Im posted in the
3rd Rifle Company

Full Corporal:
Cabo Primero:
Corporal:
Cabo:
Full Corporal:
Cabo Primero:

I need a driver for


this recovery truck

Dont worry, Ill look for a


driver in the
Headquarters Company

Im sorry, Sir, I dont


have the driving license

Corporal:
Cabo:

Certainly, I should
apply for the driving
course

I need a driver for this recovery


truck.
Necesito un conductor para este
camin gra.
Im sorry, Sir, I dont have the
driving license.
Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo el
carnet de conducir.
Dont worry, Ill look for a driver in
the Headquarters Company.
No te preocupes, buscar a un conductor
en la Compaa del Cuartel General.
Certainly, I should apply for the
driving course.
La verdad es que debera solicitar el
curso de conduccin.

EXERCISES
1) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS


SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES.

BY USING

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE


SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.

a) (tall) Peter is taller than John.

a) (good) Only you is the best song in the history


of music.

b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister.

b) (old) My ______ brother is already married.

c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one.

c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class.

d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours.

d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in this


base.

e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one.

e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town.

f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____.

f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer of


English literature.

g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than the

g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth.

year before.
h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.
h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.

i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.


-44-

3) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING


INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES.

6) FILL

a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you.


b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary.

EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BY


INSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION
SHOWN IN COLUMN C.

c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday.

1st month of the year

January

d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo.


5th month of the year

e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain.


f) (cold) April is ______ than January.

William's interview

11th month of the year

g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book.


3rd month of the year

h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary.

4) FILL

THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE


FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.

8th month of the year


4th month of the year

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

hot

hotter

hottest

Spring begins

Sally's holidays

2nd month of the year

good
6th month of the year

Summer begins

9th month of the year

Peter's wedding

least
older
beautiful
12th month of the year

worst
green

greenest

10th month of the year

dirtier
7th month of the year

small

5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB.


a) (aqu) The prices here are very expensive.

Julian's birthday

a) When is Peter's wedding?


a) Peters wedding is in September.
b) When is your birthday?
b) ____________________________.

b) (despus) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema.

c) When is Julian's birthday?


c) ____________________________.

c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in the


morning to go to work.

d) When does Spring begin?


d) ____________________________.

d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock.

e) When is William's interview?


e) ____________________________.

e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are having


lunch in half an hour.

f) When does summer begin?


f) ____________________________.

f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building!

g) When are Sally's holidays?


g) ____________________________.

g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.


-45-

7) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OF


MONTH AND/OR SEASON.

March
SPRING
September
November
June
SUMMER
December

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

10)

WITH WORDS A) TO J).

English terms

Spanish terms

1)

technical branch

a)

equipo de mantenimiento

2)

APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)

b)

Logstica

3)

maintenance team

c)

operaciones especiales

4)

cavalry

d)

unidad motorizada

5)

special operations

e)

FAMET (helicpteros del ET)

6)

parachutist

f)

especialidad tcnica

7)

logistics

g)

acorazado

8)

motorised unit

h)

caballera

9)

armoured

i)

transporte de personal (BMR)

10) army aviation

j)

paracaidista

-46-

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