Brain Tumor

Brain tumor facts*

Primary brain tumors can be either malignant (contain cancer cells) or benign (do not
contain cancercells). A primary brain tumor is a tumor which begins in the brain. If a
cancerous tumor which starts elsewhere in the body sends cells which end up growing
in the brain, such tumors are then called secondary or metastatic brain tumors. This
discussion is focused on primary brain tumors.

Brain tumors can occur at any age.

The exact cause of brain tumors is not clear.

The symptoms of brain tumors depend on their size, type, and location.

The most common symptoms of brain tumors include headaches; numbness or

tingling in the arms or legs;seizures, memory problems; mood and personality
changes; balance and walking problems; nausea and vomiting; changes in speech,
vision, or hearing.

Physicians group brain tumors by grade (the way the cells look under a microscope).
The higher the grade number, the more abnormal the cells appear and the more
aggressively the tumor usually behaves.

Brain tumors are classified as grade I, grade II, or grade III, or grade IV

The most common type of primary brain tumors among adults are astrocytoma,
meningioma, and oligodendroglioma.

The most common type of primary brain tumors in children are medulloblastoma,
grade I or II astrocytoma, (or glioma) ependymoma, and brain stem glioma.

Studies have found risk factors for brain tumors to include ionizing radiation from
high dose X-rays (for example, radiation therapy where the machine is aimed at the
head), and family history.

Brain tumors are diagnosed by the doctor based on the results of a medical history and
physical examination and results of a variety of specialized tests of the brain and
nervous system.

Treatment of a brain tumor depends on the type, location, and size of the tumor, as
well as the age and health of the patient.

Options for brain tumor treatment include surgery, radiation therapy,

and chemotherapy (or a combination of treatments

What are the tumor grades and types?

When most normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesn't need them, and
old or damaged cells don't die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass
of tissue called a growth or tumor.

Primary brain tumors can be benign or malignant:

Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells:

Usually, benign tumors can be removed, and they seldom grow back.

Benign brain tumors usually have an obvious border or edge. Cells from benign
tumors rarely invade tissues around them. They don't spread to other parts of the body.
However, benign tumors can press on sensitive areas of the brain and cause serious
health problems.

Unlike benign tumors in most other parts of the body, benign brain tumors are
sometimes life threatening.

Benign brain tumors may become malignant.

Malignant brain tumors (also called brain cancer) contain cancer cells:

Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious and often are a threat to life.

They are likely to grow rapidly and crowd or invade the nearby healthy brain tissue.

Cancer cells may break away from malignant brain tumors and spread to other parts
of the brain or to the spinal cord. They rarely spread to other parts of the body.

Tumor grade
Doctors group brain tumors by grade. The grade of a tumor refers to the way the cells look
under a microscope:

Grade I: The tissue is benign. The cells look nearly like normal brain cells, and they
grow slowly.

Grade II: The tissue is malignant. The cells look less like normal cells than do the
cells in a Grade I tumor.

Grade III: The malignant tissue has cells that look very different from normal cells.
The abnormal cells are actively growing (anaplastic).

Grade IV: The malignant tissue has cells that look most abnormal and tend to grow
quickly.

Cells from low-grade tumors (grades I and II) look more normal and generally grow more
slowly than cells from high-grade tumors (grades III and IV).
Over time, a low-grade tumor may become a high-grade tumor. However, the change to a
high-grade tumor happens more often among adults than children

Types of primary brain tumors

There are many types of primary brain tumors. Primary brain tumors are named
according to the type of cells or the part of the brain in which they begin. For

example, most primary brain tumors begin in glial cells. This type of tumor is called a
glioma.
Among adults, the most common types are:

Astrocytoma: The tumor arises from star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes.
It can be any grade. In adults, an astrocytoma most often arises in the
cerebrum.
o Grade I or II astrocytoma: It may be called a low-grade glioma.
o Grade III astrocytoma: It's sometimes called a high-grade or an
anaplastic astrocytoma.
o Grade IV astrocytoma: It may be called a glioblastoma or malignant
astrocytic glioma.

Meningioma: The tumor arises in the meninges. It can be grade I, II, or III. It's
usually benign (grade I) and grows slowly.

Oligodendroglioma: The tumor arises from cells that make the fatty
substance that covers and protects nerves. It usually occurs in the cerebrum.
It's most common in middle-aged adults. It can be grade II or III.

Among children, the most common types are:

Medulloblastoma: The tumor usually arises in the cerebellum. It's sometimes

called a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. It is grade IV.

Grade I or II astrocytoma: In children, this lowgrade tumor occurs anywhere

in the brain. The most common astrocytoma among children is juvenile
pilocytic astrocytoma. It's grade I.

Ependymoma: The tumor arises from cells that line the ventricles or the
central canal of the spinal cord. It's most commonly found in children and
young adults. It can be grade I, II, or III.

Brain stem glioma: The tumor occurs in the lowest part of the brain. It can be
a low-grade or high-grade tumor. The most common type is diffuse intrinsic
pontine glioma

What are the risk factors for brain tumors?

When you're told that you have a brain tumor, it's natural to wonder what may have caused
your disease. But no one knows the exact causes of brain tumors. Doctors seldom know why
one person develops a brain tumor and another doesn't.
Researchers are studying whether people with certain risk factors are more likely than others
to develop a brain tumor. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of getting a
disease.
Studies have found the following risk factors for brain tumors:

Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation from high dose x-rays (such as radiation
therapy from a large machine aimed at the head) and other sources can cause cell

damage that leads to a tumor. People exposed to ionizing radiation may have an
increased risk of a brain tumor, such as meningioma or glioma.

Family history: It is rare for brain tumors to run in a family. Only a very small
number of families have several members with brain tumors.

Researchers are studying whether using cell phones, having had a head injury, or having been
exposed to certain chemicals at work or to magnetic fields are important risk factors. Studies
have not shown consistent links between these possible risk factors and brain tumors, but
additional research is needed.

What are the symptoms of a brain tumor?

The symptoms of a brain tumor depend on tumor size, type, and location. Symptoms may be
caused when a tumor presses on a nerve or harms a part of the brain. Also, they may be
caused when a tumor blocks the fluid that flows through and around the brain, or when the
brain swells because of the buildup of fluid.
These are the most common symptoms of brain tumors:

Headaches (usually worse in the morning)

Nausea and vomiting

Changes in speech, vision, or hearing

Problems balancing or walking

Changes in mood, personality, or ability to concentrate

Problems with memory

Muscle jerking or twitching (seizures or convulsions)

Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs

Most often, these symptoms are not due to a brain tumor. Another health problem could cause
them. If you have any of these symptoms, you should tell your doctor so that problems can be
diagnosed and treated

How are brain tumors diagnosed?

If you have symptoms that suggest a brain tumor, your doctor will give you a physical
exam and ask about your personal and family health history. You may have one or
more of the following tests:

Neurologic exam: Your doctor checks your vision, hearing, alertness, muscle
strength, coordination, and reflexes. Your doctor also examines your eyes to
look for swelling caused by a tumor pressing on the nerve that connects the
eye and the brain.

MRI: A large machine with a strong magnet linked to a computer is used to

make detailed pictures of areas inside your head. Sometimes a special dye
(contrast material) is injected into a blood vessel in your arm or hand to help

show differences in the tissues of the brain. The pictures can show abnormal
areas, such as a tumor.

CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed

pictures of your head. You may receive contrast material by injection into a
blood vessel in your arm or hand. The contrast material makes abnormal
areas easier to see. Your doctor may ask for other tests:

Angiogram: Dye injected into the bloodstream makes blood vessels in the
brain show up on an x-ray. If a tumor is present, the x-ray may show the tumor
or blood vessels that are feeding into the tumor.

Spinal tap: Your doctor may remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid
that fills the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord). This procedure
is performed with local anesthesia. The doctor uses a long, thin needle to
remove fluid from the lower part of the spinal column. A spinal tap takes about
30 minutes. You must lie flat for several hours afterward to keep from getting
a headache. A laboratory checks the fluid for cancer cells or other signs of
problems.

Biopsy: The removal of tissue to look for tumor cells is called a biopsy. A
pathologist looks at the cells under a microscope to check for abnormal cells.
A biopsy can show cancer, tissue changes that may lead to cancer, and other
conditions. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose a brain tumor, learn what
grade it is, and plan treatment. Surgeons can obtain tissue to look for tumor
cells in two ways:
o Biopsy at the same time as treatment: The surgeon takes a tissue
sample when you have surgery to remove part or all of the tumor. See
the Surgery section.
o Stereotactic biopsy: You may get local or general anesthesia and wear
a rigid head frame for this procedure. The surgeon makes a small
incision in the scalp and drills a small hole (a burr hole) into the skull.
CT or MRI is used to guide the needle through the burr hole to the
location of the tumor. The surgeon withdraws a sample of tissue with
the needle. A needle biopsy may be used when a tumor is deep inside
the brain or in a part of the brain that can't be operated on.

However, if the tumor is in the brain stem or certain other areas, the surgeon may not
be able to remove tissue from the tumor without harming normal brain tissue. In this
case, the doctor uses MRI, CT, or other imaging tests to learn as much as possible
about the brain tumor.

What is the treatment for a brain tumor?

People with brain tumors have several treatment options. The options are surgery,
radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Many people get a combination of treatments.
The choice of treatment depends mainly on the following:

The type and grade of brain tumor

Its location in the brain

Its size

Your age and general health

For some types of brain cancer, the doctor also needs to know whether cancer cells
were found in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Your doctor can describe your treatment choices, the expected results, and the
possible side effects. Because cancer therapy often damages healthy cells and
tissues, side effects are common. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team
about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities.
You and your health care team can work together to develop a treatment plan that
meets your medical and personal needs.
You may want to talk with your doctor about taking part in a clinical trial, a research
study of new treatment methods. See the Taking Part in Cancer Research section.
Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. Specialists
who treat brain tumors include neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists,
medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and neuroradiologists.
Your health care team may also include an oncology nurse, a registered dietitian,
a mental health counselor, a social worker, a physical therapist, an occupational
therapist, a speech therapist, and a physical medicine specialist. Also, children may
need tutors to help with schoolwork. (The Rehabilitation section has more
information about therapists and tutors.)
You may want to ask your doctor these questions before you begin treatment:

What type of brain tumor do I have?

Is it benign or malignant?

What is the grade of the tumor?

What are my treatment choices? Which do you recommend for me? Why?

What are the expected benefits of each kind of treatment?

What can I do to prepare for treatment?

Will I need to stay in the hospital? If so, for how long?

What are the risks and possible side effects of each treatment? How can side
effects be managed?

What is the treatment likely to cost? Will my insurance cover it?

How will treatment affect my normal activities? What is the chance that I will
have to learn how to walk, speak, read, or write after treatment?

Would a research study (clinical trial) be appropriate for me?

Can you recommend other doctors who could give me a second opinion about
my treatment options? How often should I have checkups