Professional Documents
Culture Documents
c
Copyright
2016
Dr Diyashvir Kreetee Rajiv Babajee
Atish Appadu
Tel : 00(230) 57527479
Email: dkrbabajee@gmail.com
This chapter is extracted from the book A Simple and Alternative Approach to Pure
Mathematics (P1, P2 and P3) by D K R Babajee & A R Appadu written to cover the
Pure Mathematics Syllabus (P1, P2, P3) for A level Principal.
Each chapter contains 10 miscellaneous exercises which are most exam-typed
questions. Also, the challenging questions are denoted by *. The author is grateful
to Mr Girish Gansam for preparing some notes and exercises.
All diagrams are generated using the Geogebra software.
Dr D K R Babajee wrote most notes with explanations and prepared the exercises.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the author.
Contents
Contents
ii
18 Complex Numbers
18.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2 Idea of complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3 Operations involving complex numbers . . . . . . .
18.4 Polynomial with real coefficients . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5 Simultaneous equations involving complex number
18.6 Square roots of a complex number . . . . . . . . . .
18.7 Modulus and Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.8 Geometrical Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.9 Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.10Miscellaneous Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Answers
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1
1
2
2
4
6
7
8
11
17
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ii
C HAPTER 18
Complex Numbers
18.1
Objective
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CHAPTER 18.
18.2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
18.3
18.3.1 Powers of i
If i =
1
i
= 2 = i.
i
i
z1 z2 = 3 + 2i (1 i) = (3 1) + (2 + 1)i = 2 + 3i
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
z1 z2 = (3 + 2i)(1 i)
= 3 3i + 2i 2i2 = (3 + 2) 3i + 2i = 5 i
p
x2 + y 2 .
z1
.
z2
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
z2 = 1 + i, |z2 |2 = 12 + (1)2 = 2
z1
z1 z2
(3 + 2i)(1 + i)
=
=
2
z2
|z2 |
2
z1
3 + 3i + 2i + 2i2
3 2 + 3i + 2i
1 + 5i
1 5
=
=
=
= + i
z2
2
2
2
2 2
Exercise 18.1. [Operation on complex numbers]
1. For the following complex numbers z1 and z2 , express the following
z2
z1
(i) z1 + z2 (ii) z1 z2 (iii) z1 z2 (iv) |z1 |2 (v) |z2 |2 (vi)
(vii)
z2
z1
in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers:
(a) z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 3 + 4i,
(b)
18.4
i+1
(v) (1 + 2i)5 (1 2i)5
i
b b2 4ac
z=
2a
2
If b 4ac = k < 0, k > 0
b2 4ac = k = ki
b ki
z=
2a
Example 18.6 Solve z 2 z + 1 = 0 giving your answers in the form a + bi.
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(1) 3i
1
3
z=
=
i.
2
2
2
If z = a + bi is a solution of a quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0, then z = a bi is a
solution of the quadratic equation.
To find p and q, we have
(x z)(x z) = 0
x2 (z + z)x + zz = 0
x2 2Re(z)x + |z|2 = 0
p = 2Re(z), q = |z|2 .
Example 18.7 If 2 + 3i is a root of a quadratic equation, find
(i) the other root,
(ii) the quadratic equation.
Solution
(i) Let z = 2 + 3i. z = 2 3i is the other root.
(ii)
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
x3
x3
x2
2x2
3x2
2x 2
x 1
2x 2
2x
0 +
+4x 2
x2 2x + 4 = 0 x = 1 12 4 = 1 3 = 1 3 i
18.5
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
i3
1i
2
(i 3)(1 + i)
i + i 3 3i
2i 4
v= 2
=
=
= 2 i .....(3)
2
1 + (1)
2
2
replace (3) in (1), u 2 i = i u = 2 + 2i
(1) (2) (1 i)v = i 3 v =
18.6
Solution
Method
1
(18.1)
2
a
(18.2)
2
= 1
a2 = 4 a = 4 = 2, b =
2
3 + 4i = 2 + i, 2 i
Babajee ? developed a simple method for finding the square root of a complex
number.
If a + bi is a square root of z, then (a + bi) is also a root.
a2 =
Re(z) + |z|
,
2
b=
Im(z)
.
2a
Method 2
3+5
Im(z)
4
a2 =
= 4 a = 4 = 2, b =
=
=1
2
2a
2(2)
a + bi = 2 + i, (a + bi) = 2 i
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
7
3
i
(i) 1 + i (ii) 7 2i (iii) 3 2i (iv) 5 + 2i (v) +
4
4
3. For the following values of a and b which are roots of a cubic equation, find the
other root and the cubic equation:
1 4
(i) a = 3, b = 2i (ii) a = 1, b = 4 5i (iii) a = 0, b = i
3 3
4. Show that 1 + 3i is a root of the cubic equation x3 + 6 x + 20 = 0 and find the two
other roots.
5. (i) Verify that 1 + 2i is a root of the polynomial x4 + 4x2 + 4x + 15 = 0 and write
a second complex root of the equation.
(ii)
18.7
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1st
+ve
x < 0, y > 0
2nd
+ve
x < 0, y < 0
3rd
-ve
x > 0, y < 0
4th
-ve
y
tan1
x
y
tan1
+
x
y
tan1
x
y
tan1
x
2
(i) (1, 2) is in the 1 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
= 1.107
1
3
1
nd
(ii) (1, 3) is in the 2 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
+ = 1.893
1
1
1
rd
(iii) (4, 1) is in the 3 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan
= 2.900
4
2
1
th
= 0.381
(iv) (5, 2) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan
5
st
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(i) r = |z| =
(ii)
(iii)
12 + (1)2 =
2.
1
3
2
(1, 3) is in the 3rd quadrant and is -ve. So = tan1
= .
1
3
2
2
2
2
+ 2 sin
i = 2 cos
2 sin
i.
Polar form: 1 3i = 2 cos
3
3
3
3
2
Exponential form: 1 3i = 2e 3 i .
r = |z| = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5.
4
1
st
(3, 4) is in the 1 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
= 0.927.
3
Polar form: 3 + 4i = 5 cos (0.927) + 5 sin (0.927)i.
Exponential form: 3 + 4i = 5e0.927i .
th
1
is independent of .
z
Solution
(i)
p
(1 cos 2)2 + (sin 2)2 = 1 2 cos 2 + cos2 2 + sin2 2
p
p
p
= ,
2
2
sin
cos
2
=
since tan
=
= cot .
2
sin
cos 2
|z| =
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(ii)
z = 1 cos 2 i sin 2, |z|2 = (2 sin )2 = 4 sin2
1
1 cos 2 i sin 2
z
= 2 =
z
|z|
4 sin2
1 cos 2
1
2 sin2
1
=
=
= which is a constant.
Re
2
2
z
2
4 sin
4 sin
18.8
Geometrical Interpretation
18.8.1 Addition
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
18.8.2 Multiplication
The complex numbers can be written in polar form:
z1 = r1 ei1 and z2 = r2 ei2 , where r1 and r2 are the magnitudes of z1 and z2 and 1 and
2 are the arguments of z1 and z2 respectively.
z1 z2 = r1 ei1 r2 ei2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
= r1 r2 cos (1 + 2 ) + ir1 r2 sin (1 + 2 )
Therefore we have |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | and arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) .
18.8.3 Division
z1
r1 ei1
r1 i(1 2 )
=
=
e
z2
r2 ei2
r2
r1
r1
= cos (1 2 ) + i sin (1 2 )
r2
r2
z1 |z1 |
z1
= arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) .
Therefore we have =
and arg
z2
|z2 |
z2
z1
b
The last property tells us that P OQ = arg
= |arg(z1 ) arg(z2)| .
z2
b = 2 |arg(z1) arg(z2 )|
In case |arg(z1 ) arg(z2 )| is reflex, obtuse P OQ
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example
18.16
If
O,
P
and
Q
represent
the
origin,
the
complex
numbers
1
+
3i and
b (between 0 and ).
3 + i, respectively. Find the angle P OQ
Solution
i) = /6,
b = |arg(1 + 3i) arg( 3 + i)| = /3 /6 = /6
P OQ
Conjugate
Let z = x + iy = r cos + i(r sin ), where r is the magnitude of z and is the argument
of z respectively. Then z = x iy, |z| = r and arg(z) = . If P represents z, Q
represents z and O is the origin, then Q is the reflection of P in the real axis and
b = 2.
OPQ is an isosceles triangle with P OQ
Example 18.17 Let z = 1 + i.
12 + (1)2 =
2.
r = |z| = 12 + (1)2 = 2.
th
1
= .
1
4
1
1
= .
4
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CHAPTER 18.
(ii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
b = arg(z) arg(z) = .
Since |z| = |z|, OP = OQ. P OQ
2
Equilateral Triangles
3
1
i.
Let P represents any complex number z and u = +
2
2
z
Let Q represents the complex number q = zu and R the complex number r = .
u
Then OPQ and OPR are equilateral.
Example 18.18 Let P represents the complex number 3 + i, Q represents the complex
number a + bi and O represents the origin. If OPQ is equilateral, find the possible
values of a and of b where a and b are real and exact.
Solution
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1
3
z
Let z = 3 + i and u = +
i. Then the possible values of Q are zu and :
2
2
u
!
!
!
3
3 3
1+3 3
1
zu = (3 + i)
+
i =
+
i
2
2
2
2
!
!
3+i
13 3
z
3+ 3
=
=
+
i
1
u
2
2
+ 3i
2
z1
b = .
and prove that P OQ
z2
4
(iii)
(iv)
1
1
b = arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) = arg
P OQ
= tan
= .
z2
1
4
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i) z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 + 3i
(ii) z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 + 3i
(iii) z1 = 1 i, z2 = 1 + 3i (iv) z1 = 1 i, z2 = 1 3i
5. Let z = 1 3i.
(i) Find the modulus and arguments of z and z,
(ii)
7.* Let P represents the complex number 1 + 3i, Q represents the complex number
a + bi and O represents the origin. If OPQ is equilateral, find the possible
values of a and of b.
8.* Given that z1 = 4 2i and z2 = 1 + 3i,
(i) find in the form x + iy, where x and y are real, the complex numbers z1 + z2 ,
z1
z1 z2 and .
z2
(ii) find the arguments of z1 , z2 and z1 z2 and verify that
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1) + arg(z2 ).
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(iii)
18.9
Loci
18.9.1 Circle
The equation of a circle with centre (p, q) and radius r is given by (xp)2 +(yq)2 = r 2 .
Consider the equation |z a| = r, then |z a|2 = r 2 which gives
|(x p) + i(y q)|2 = r 2 (x p)2 + (y q)2 = r 2 .
1. |z a| = r is the equation of a circle centre a and radius r.
2. |z a| < r is the region inside a circle centre a and radius r.
3. |z a| > r is the region outside a circle centre a and radius r.
Example 18.20 Draw and describe the locus of points for the following:
(i) |z + 1| = 2,
(ii) |z| 3,
(iii) |z (1 + i)| > 4.
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(i) |z (1)| = 2 is a circle with centre A(1, 0) and radius 2.
(ii)
(iii)
|z| 3 is the region inside the circle with centre A(0, 0) and radius 3.
|z (1 + i)| > 4 is the region outside the circle with centre A(1, 1) and radius 4.
Note the dotted line because of strict inequality >.
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 18.21 Draw and describe the locus of points for the following:
(i) |z| = |z 2|,
(ii) |z 3| < |z + 1|,
(iii) |z 1 + i| |z 2 + 3i|.
Solution
(i) A(0, 0) and B(2, 0). |z| = |z 2| represents the perpendicular bisector of A and
B with AP = P B.
(ii)
|z 3| < |z (1)|. A(3, 0) and B(1, 0). |z 3| < |z + 1| represents the region of
the left on the perpendicular bisector of A and B with AP < P B.
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CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
yq
y = tan x p tan + q
xp
Example 18.22 Draw and describe the locus of points for the following:
(i) arg(z) =
,
4
,
3
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(i) arg(z) =
(ii)
(iii)
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
AP = AQ = r and OA = |a|.
The least value of |z| is given by OP = OA AP = |a| r and the greatest value is
given by OQ = OP + P Q = |a| + r.
We draw the tangents OB and OD.
The greatest value of arg(z) is given by the greatest angle between the x-axis and a
line joining the origin to a point on the circle.
r
1
b = arg(a) + sin
The greatest value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) + AOD
.
|a|
r
1
b
.
The least value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) AOB = arg(a) sin
|a|
Example 18.23 (i) Draw and describe the locus of points for |z (3 + 4i)| = 2.
(ii) Determine the greatest and least value of |z| in this region.
(iii) Determine the greatest and least value of arg(z) in this region.
Solution
(i) |z (3 + 4i)| = 2 is a circle with centre A(3, 4) and radius r = 2.
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CHAPTER 18.
(ii)
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 18.24 Calculate the greatest value of |z| in the region whose the points
represent the complex number z satisfying both inequalities |z i| 1 and
0 arg(z + 1) /4.
Solution
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CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(iii)
6. Calculate the greatest value of |z| in the region whose the points represent the
complex number z satisfying both inequalities |z 2i| 1 and
0 arg(z + 2) /4.
7.* (i) Sketch, on an Argand diagram, the locus of the complex number z satisfying
arg(z) = /6.
4
(ii) If z represents the point (x, y) in part (i), show that |z+4 3i|2 = x2 + 8x + 48.
3
18.10
Miscellaneous Exercises
3 + i is denoted by w.
(i) Express w in the form r(cos + i sin ) where r > 0 and < .
Hence or otherwise find the modulus and arguments of w 2 and w 3 .
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(iii) Sketch an Argand diagram showing points representing complex numbers i and
w. Shade the region whose points represent every complex number z satisfying
both inequalities |z i| 1 and arg(z) arg(w).
Solution
q
= arg(a) = tan
= .
6
3
w = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 .
|w 2 | = 22 = 4, arg(w 2) = 2 arg(w) = .
3
|w 3 | = 23 = 8, arg(w 3) = 3 arg(w) = .
2
(ii)
(iii)
+
4
=
3
+
2
3i
2
3i + 4 = 0.
( 3 + i)2 2 3( 3 + i)
arg(z) is the region above the half-line starting from B(0, 0) and making an
6
angle with the horizontal Real axis. The required region is the intersection
6
of the two regions.
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CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
3. If one root of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 is 2 i. Find the other root and the
value of a and of b.
4. A, B and C are represented by the complex numbers z1 = 2 3i, z2 = 3 + 2i and
z3 respectively.
z1
b = /2 where O is the
and its argument and deduce that AOB
z2
origin.
(i) Find
(i) Express w in the form r(cos + i sin ) where r > 0 and < .
Hence or otherwise find the modulus and arguments of w 2 and w 3 .
(ii)
(iii)
Write down the other complex root of the equation and find the real root.
Sketch an Argand diagram showing point representing complex number u.
Shade the region whose points represent every complex number z satisfying
both inequalities |z| |z 1| and 0 < arg(z u) < 2/3.
CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Sketch on an Argand diagram the points A and B representing the two roots
of the above equation.
b where O is the origin.
Find the value of AOB
2+i
.
3i
(i) Express w in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants.
(ii)
(iii)
3
1
i and w = 1 + i.
10.* The complex number u and w are given by u = +
2
2
(i) Find the modulus and arguments of u and w.
(ii)
(iii)
State the modulus and argument of uw and the modulus and argument of
w
.
u
In an Argand diagram, the points O, P, Q and R represent the origin, w, uw
w
b = 2/3 and P Q = 6. Hence, explain
and , respectively. Show that P OQ
u
why P, Q and R are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
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Answers
Exercise 18.1
1. (a) (i) 4 + 6i
(v) 25
(b) (i) 11 + 9i
(ii) 3 + 15i
(iii) 64 + 27i
(d) (i) 1 + 4 2
(ii) 5 + 2i
(ii) 3 2 2
(iii) 41 + i
(iii) 8 + 2
(iv) 29
(v) 58
(iv) 3
(v) 22
11
2
+ i
25 25
8
69
(vi) + i
25 25
1 1
(vi) + i
2 2
2
5 2
(vi)
i
11
22
(vi)
11 2
i
5
5
8
69
(vii)
i
193 193
(vii)
(vii) 1 i
4 5 2
(vii) +
i
3
3
1. (i) 1 2i (ii) 2 i
1
7
(iii)
i
4
4
(iv) 1 3i (v) 1, 1 i
2. (i) 1 i, x2 2x + 2 = 0
(ii) 7 + 2i, x2 14 x + 53 = 0
3
7
2
(iv) 5 2i, x + 10x + 27 = 0 (v)
i, 2x2 3x + 2 = 0
4
4
2
(vi) 2,
3
11
i
3
(iii) 3 + 2i x2 + 6x + 13 = 0
!
3 2
2
6
2
7. (iii) (4 3i) (iv) (4 + i) (v)
+
i
(vi)
i
2
2
2
2
Exercise 18.3
(ii)
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4. (i) /12 (ii) /12 (iii) 11/12 (iv) 5/12 5. (i) 2, /3, /3
b = 2/3
(ii) OP = OQ, P OQ
13 3
3+ 3
1+3 3
3 3
6. 2, /6, 3 i 7. a =
, b=
; a=
, b=
2
2
2
2
8. (i) 3 + i, 2 + 14i, 1 i
Exercise 18.4
5. (ii) 4, 6 (iii) 2.30, 2.70 6. 2.80
Miscellaneous Exercise 18.1
1. (i) 6 10i (ii) 6 + 17i (iii) 7 24i (iv)
2. (i) z1 = (3 5i), z2 = 3 + 5i (ii) 1,
5. (i) 2(cos (/3) + i sin (/3)), 4, 2/3, 8,
7. (i) 2 + 2 3i
18
1
+ i
13 13
3. 2 + i, a = 4, b = 5
(ii) 1
3i
4. (i) i, /2 (ii) 5 i
6. (i) 6 (ii) 1 + i, 3
(1 + 2 3) (2 3)
(ii) (2 4 3) + (4 + 2 3i) (iii)
+
i
8
8
2
(ii)
,
2 4
2 1
(iii)
+ , 1.15
2
4
2, 11/12, 2, 5/12
b = QPb R = P RQ
b = /3 (iv) 3 1 + 3 1 i, 3 1 + 3 1 i
(iii) P Q = QR = P R, P QR
2
2
2
2
(ii)