A

form of fije-hand sketching; a sketch used

some

ohject;

words

By

fail

fiictorial

adjunct

to

dearly and (|uickly

EDWARD

H.

to help descriij.j

conversation; used where

to describe

an ohject.

FREEDMAN

UNIVERSITY
OF FLORIDA

LIBRARIES

Architecture and Fine Arts

Library

O'p

CONVERSATIONAL
DRAWING
A

form

of free-hand sketching; a sketch used

to help describe

some object;

a pictorial

adjunct to conversation; used where words

fail clearly

and quickly

to describe

an object

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

LYRASIS

2011 with funding from

IVIembers and Sloan Foundation

http://www.archive.org/details/conversationaldrOOfree

By

EDWARD

H.

FREEDMAN

FARRAR, STRAUS AND COMPANY

New York

1949

CONVERSATIONAL DRAWING
COPYRIGHT, 1949, BY FARRAR, STRAUS AND COMPANY
PRINTED IN THE

U.S.A.

FIRST EDITION

To

My Dad and Mother

II

Here

WRITING" PICTURES
is

presented, for the

first

time, a uniquely simple

method for learning to make your own conversational drawings

so

uniquely simple that

name, for you begin

giving

it

becomes as easy as writing your

to write expressive pictures,

new form and greater dimension

to

your thoughts.

Yes, the Conversational Drawing method

simple that you will wonder

why someone

quickly

is

simple, so

hadn't thought of

it

long, long ago. But like most worth-while ideas, this invention-

in-teaching

is

no overnight thought.

It

came and was formed out

Edward H. Freedman,

of years of practical experiences for

and

the method's inventor, has been a well-known idea creator

director of art for

"Freedy," as

commerce for some

thirty-five years.

have called the inventor of talk-in-pictures

for at least thirty of his thirty-five working years, tells

his

method

is

me

"not art" but just conversational drawing.

that

can-

if we accept the
modern lexicographer's definition of art as being "the skillful
and systematic arrangement or adaptation of means for the
attainment of some end" then we have here the essential means
for the use of workaday art for millions of our people. Especially do we have useful art for our youngsters.

not wholly believe in his modest opinion, for

Yes, this

is

conversational drawing but

it is

more,

it

simple, vital, living art. Truly graphic art in action.

LESTER DOUGLAS
Director of Art and Printing
Nation's Business and the

of

Commerce

Chamber

of the United States.

is

PREFACE
There's a

new game

my house. We call it which. One

lamp or a flowerpot or something

in

of us draws a chair or a

and he scores a point

else,

if

the others identify

immediately.

it

The remarkable thing about this game is that we players

knew positively a month ago that we couldn't draw anything.
Now we take a quick look at an object, break it down in oval
or rectangular shapes, make a few connecting lines, and there

we have it!
To me this newly acquired

skill

means more than a game.

my
my

Since dreaming up ideas and conveying them are part of

job,

had long

got

me

nowhere.

exasperated with the inadequacy of

felt

descriptive powers.
I'll

Waving my arms and pounding

never be an

artist, like

my friend

the desk

Freedy,

but with the few fundamental skills which his system taught

me

can now convey

It's

my

pages of Freedy's book.

if

he had written

for

ideas

more

clearly

and

faster.

been a great piece of luck having an early look at the

knew

it

It

would have been even greater luck

a quarter century ago,

then, as

know now,

when

was

in school,

the importance of graphic

presentation.

word of

caution, don't try to squeeze all of the fun

good out of the book

in

one night.

It's

much more fun

and

to

go

slowly and build on a surer foundation. But whatever your

pace,

you are about

to

have the time of your

life.

result? You'll hardly believe your eyes!

DWIGHT VAN AVERY

Associate Editor of

Adventures Ahead

And

the

CONTENTS
"WRITING PICTURES", by

Lester Douglas

PREFACE, by Dwight Van Avery

INTRODUCTION
"I

WISH

7
8
10

KNEW HOW TO DRAW!"

12

LESSON

Drawing Ovals

16

LESSON

II

Helpful Hints

24

LESSON

III

Construction

30

LESSON

IV

Construction

44

LESSON

V - Drawing

Rectangles

54

LESSON

VI

Helpful Hints

62

LESSON

VII

Construction

70

LESSON

VIII

Optical Illusions

76

LESSON

IX

Orientation

X-

Orientation

LESSON
LESSON

XI

-Shading

.82
Rooms

94
Il>2

TRAINING EXERCISES

108

DRAWING AT RANDOM

148

INTRODUCTION
This course of instruction

everyone

some time

at

written for everyone because

is

in his life

has

felt the

need

to express

his ideas in concrete graphic form.

Here

is

the quick

and easy-to-learn method of Conversa-

tional Drawing. It enables

to

make

you

instantly,

and without

effort,

pictures of objects your conversation fails adequately

to describe.

Any mental

picture,

any graphic idea or creation,

which your mind formulates, can simply and correctly be put

on paper
There

in picture
is

All drawing

form that anyone can understand.

a definite distinction between drawing

is

not art, but all art has

Art in a picture

is

sketch has none of these qualities, and

simply a drawing minus

However, these

art.

the result of creative thought, emotion,

When

need have none,

it

composition, color, craftsmanship and technique.

is

and

basis in drawing.

its

it

art.

artless

drawings

tell

a story.

They are

and become very important when used as an

adjunct to conversation. This book will teach you how to draw,
to make sketches for conversational use by means of a simple
descriptive

basic formula which uses an oval and a rectangle as the only

letters, so to

speak, in

its

alphabet.

We use the term "rectangle"

throughout the course (rather than "quadrangle") since the

four-sided form

we use

is in

reality a rectangle in perspective.

The chapter entitled "I Wish I Knew How To Draw" gives

you a briefing of the method employed in teaching Conversational Drawing. After studying the four pages devoted to
it,

you

will discover that

group of very simple

you are immediately able

objects.

to the

draw a

This accomplishment will cause

an exuberance which may urge you

and rush

to

to skip the

back of the book. Don't do

10

order of lessons

it!

The method

is

simple, but the

number

of points or phases

must be explained are many, and they must be described

that

and absorbed

proper order to achieve the

in

The basic form

The

rectangular solids.

lessons will teach

ovals and rectangles in all objects and

You

maximum

result.

of all objects can be traced to cylinders and

you

how

to recognize the

employ them.

to

are taught to draw without learning the rules of per-

spective, as

you are taught

method without learning

its

speak a language by the direct

to

grammar."

The chapter on "Shading" does not discuss the source of

because that is of no concern. At most you can see only

light

three sides of an object at one time.

way

to

You

are taught the simple

employ two tones and achieve greater

reality in

your

drawing.

Read

carefully the chapter on "Optical Illusions" and

you will discover that it will help you when too many lines
seem to cause confusion.
Conversational Drawing is not art in any finished form.
Yet, in another sense,

it is

art as

much

as the cave drawings

of our ancestors, the hieroglyphics of Chaldea.

basic art, the

first

graphic steps and, as such,

It is

may

actually

be taught

in the public schools, beginning with the first grade. It is of

the utmost importance to

men

in industry, salesmen, engineers,

furniture men, doctors, lawyers, and every business person.

Even

the housewife will find

every day.

And

measure

attested to

Now,

is

it's

at last,

it

brings inestimable rewards

value as a therapeutic and psychological

by eminent medical

authorities.

every man, every woman, every child can

talk in pictures.

11

THE

ANSWER TO

//

Reprinted from

ADVENTURES AHEAD

petmission of General Electric Company.

WOULD

like to learn to draw,

you

easily and quickly, in just no time

at all?

Then follow closely. I am going to

show you how to put down on paper the
objects you see, and the objects yo\i
have pictures of

You've
hard

it

your mind.

in

heard people say how

all

seemed

to drive a car the first

time in the driver's

seat.

So many dials

so many knobs so many gadgets!

It's just that way about learning to
draw.

will tell

use and

how to

ber what

you what gadgets

to

use them. If you remem-

I tell

you, you will be able

to draw.

Pick up the pencil you have in your

pocket or on your desk, that simple
pencil for adding columns of figures,

or writing
cil

letters.

Take

that very pen-

and with a free and easy arm move-

ment [don't

rest

your wrist on the

paper) draw a page

full of ovals.

a lot of them. In fact

with ovals

fill

Draw

several sheets

narrow ones, broad ones,

skinny ones, fat ones, just keep swinging your

arm

freely

and draw

ovals.

They needn't be perfect ovals. There

is no special way for you to hold your
pencil. The way that's natural for you
is

the right way.

When you

can make the ovals with

a free and easy motion, each oval with

a single stroke, then you are ready for
the next phase.

12

by

Draw two

ovals one above the other like

this:

These two ovals are innocent looking

and may not mean much to you or

anybody else. But now coonect the
ends of the ovals with single

lines.

You have now made something

that is
recognizable; a three dimensional object. Call it a cylinder if you will. Isn't
that simple?

Now draw two

of these shapes that

some

far apart,

look alike, one above the other:

some where

the top oval

is

smaller than the

CD

bottom one,

and others where the top oval

is

HERE

IS

Draw

CD

THE NEXT STEP:

first pair of ovals and

you have a frying pan.

the sides to the

add a handle.

Now

Add sides and a handle

you have a pot.

Add

larger.

to the

sides to the third set

Draw curved

second pair and

and you have a lamp shade.

sides to the fourth set

and you have a bowl.

13

You
For

many

objects.

material look at the objects in

home,
that

can already draw

draw any cylindrical object

or,

comes

When

your

to

your mind.

concentrating on objects to

draw think of them in terms of ovals;

draw the sides, handles, or other
details. You will become more and

then

more conscious of the fact

round objects, as you look

that

all

at them,

have ovals. These ovals are your

start-

ing point.
It's

to

easy to draw ovals, and

it's

easy

connect these ovals with lines. That's

all there is to

it.

Everything I've said about round

objects

is

true about rectangular ob-

jects. Let's start

paper.

Now

with a fresh sheet of

we'll

draw rectangular

shapes like these:

As before draw them with

deliberate

freehand

strokes, swinging

straight,

strokes,

your arm

single

freely. Fill

several pages with these shapes.

14

Now draw

two

Add

of these shapes that

look alike, one above the other:

Draw a number of sets

some close

vertical lines connecting

the related corners; you have

solid rectangular block.

of

some

far apart.

rectangles,

together.

some

and others that are very

that look like squares,

HERE

IS

long.

THE NEXT STEP:

Going back to the first set, connect the related

and you have a tray or baking tin.

corners

Add

To the second set join the corners,

continue the rear line

and

join

Take the

upward

and you have a

add a few more lines,

and you have a night table.

third set, connect

add a few more lines, and

see what you have, a cabinet.

The fourth set has great

possibilities. Join the corners,

that

using you imagination your will

you are able

to

draw many

now

objects.

find

You

already have a mental picture of a flower pot, or

an ink

settee.

them.

the corners.

By

a few more lines of detail

bottle, a

water glass, a book, a clock, a

room, a cigar box, a bushel basket, an ash

ing point of a drawing. If you have absorbed this

lesson,

with

diff"erent eyes, in

and you

just learned

will

Keep on

how

be able

will see objects

terms of ovals aud squares,

to

draw what you

see.

tray,

a bed or a vase.

You have

from now on you

first

to find the start-

And

15

it's

practicing. Practice

loads of fun

makes

perfect.

^a<^cm^

Hold

Do
in

in

which you are accustomed.

not rest your wrist on the paper.

The oval must be made

one stroke with one direct and quick swing of the hand.

Any

size will do.

to free

and

DRAWING OVALS

manner

the pencil in the

The immediate purpose of

your hand and arm;

to take the

this exercise is

kinks out of your swing

you confidence. You should learn

to give

to

draw ovals

without hesitation in a fraction of a second. Continue the

exercise filling sheets of paper (any kind of cheap paper will
do, even

wrapping paper) with hundreds of

exercise

is

you

ovals. This simple

one of the two most important factors in teaching

to talk in pictures.

16

17

Don't try

to

progress too

fast. Start this

lesson only

when you

have overcome any possible hesitation or kink in your swing

Draw a column of thin

make them about the same

of the pencil.

one under the

Which ever oval

make those
underneath it about the same size as the first. The idea in this
lesson is to develop control over your hand. The ovals need
not be exactly alike; merely try to make them resemble one

Try
you draw
other.

CONTROL

ovals,

to

first at

another.

18

size.

the top of the column, try to

19

CONSTRUCTION

OVALS

IN SETS

Draw

OF

TWO

a set of two ovals, one under the other.

Draw many

sets,

Take

this

varying the space between the ovals in each

lesson seriously because from here on
objects that contain ovals,

set.

will be

drawing

and the relationship of the ovals

to each other will be important.

20

you

21

Draw

CONSTRUCTION

time vary the sizes and distances between the ovals and then

draw

MAKING A CYLINDER

several sets of ovals as in the preceding lesson. This

vertical lines to join the ends of the ovals.

will be cylinders of varying proportions.

become

The

result

These cylinders

body forms of the objects you will soon be

drawing. The ease with which you can draw these cylinders
is a forerunner of how easily and quickly you will learn
the basic

Conversational Drawing.

22

23

^^(m^

z
A
HELPFUL HINTS

cylinder consists of two same size ovals plus two straight

lines.

Other

common

shapes can be drawn as quickly by vary-

ing the side lines connecting the ovals.

lesson

is to

the basic

form of such

24

The purpose of

teach you to determine quickly

objects.

how

this

to arrive at

t
Some

objects that are based on cylinders consist of

two same

EXAMPLES

size ovals plus

two

sides that are not

straight.

-t

)(

25

Here you have a continuation of

page, the only change

HELPFUL HINTS

a small one. Observe

is in

the exercise of the previous

the use of a large oval beloW

how many common

objects

fit

into this

form. The knowledge that the most complicated forms actually break

down

into this simple basic

you great confidence

this course.

26

formula should give

in the rapid progress

you

will

make with

/\
Some round
EXAMPLES

objects

and a large oval

have a small oval at the top

two curved sides.

at the bottom plus

Mf^/\
/\

=
=

n=
27

You

are

now awakened

have their beginning

From

to the fact that countless objects

in cylinders or

here on your eyes will

drawn a cylinder of

tell

fit

naturally into cylinders.

you whether or not you have

the right proportions.

cylinderstherefore you can draw

You can now draw

tall ones, short ones,

nar-

row or wide ones.

After you have drawit the kind of cylinder that looks like
the body of your object, you can then easily draw the trimmings which identify the object. By this method you talk
in pictures.

To accomplish the description of these objects by words

would be almost impossible to most people. The Conversational Drawing method is easier and most accurate. Everybody can be taught

to use

it.

29

^^(7/0

3
CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING OBJECTS WITH

HORIZONTAL OVALS

Look

at the objects

on

have one thing in

1.

Draw

the ovals

2.

Draw

the sides

3.

Add any other lines

its

description.

30

page and you will see that they

commonhorizontal

all

in

this

that

you

ovals.

see in the ohject that will help

31

UKAWINV7 bcTb Or OVALS

ON A SLANT

Draw
Make

sets of

oblique or slanted ovals leaning to the right.

you can.
on page 35.

the two ovals of each set as nearly alike as

This exercise will help you to draw the objects

32

33

CONSTRUCTION

At

DRAWING OBJECTS WITH

objects.

LEANING OVALS

glance

first

it

would seem you could never draw these

But you can do so now! Follow the steps

in the order

as shown:
1.

Draw

the ovals

2.

Draw

the sides

3.

Add

the trimmings

describe.

34

and any other points you wish

to

^o

35

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING
OVALS ON

OF
A SLANT

SETS

These ovals are slanted, leaning

make

to the left.

Draw them and

the ovals of each set as nearly alike as

will aid

you

36

in

you can. They

drawing the pictures on page 39.

37

At

first

objects.

would seem you could never draw these

But you can do so now! Follow the steps in the order
glance

it

CONSTRUCTION

as shown:

DRAWING OBJECTS

1.

Draw

the ovals

2.

Draw

the sides

3.

Add

WITH LEANING OVALS

the trimmings

and any other points you wish

describe.

NOTE: The
The

38

third set combines 2 sets of ovals.

fifth set

combines 3

sizes of ovals.

to

^^

o
^\^ ^

^
<^

39

Draw
U^JINdlKUv.llv^l>i

DRAWENG VERTICAL OVALS

making the ovals of each set as

You may wish to draw an object of

vertical ovals in sets,

nearly alike as possible.

cylindrical

form

that is lying perfectly horizontal (see p.

The ovals will then appear

you to draw objects in that

40

vertical.

position.

This exercise

will,

43)
help

41

This page shows several objects that

start

with overlapping

CONSTRUCTION

ovals, as in the case of the rings. It is just as easy to

DRAWING OBJECTS WITH

-!|^PP-g ^^^^ ^
1. Draw the ovals

VERTICAL OVAIS

^ ^,^
3.

Add

,,^

'' '^

42

^-^

^^^^ ^P-^-

,y^^

the trimmings

describe.

draw

and any other

details

you wish

to

(m

f/^f^^.

43

0^O7C^

4
CONSTRUCTION

When drawing these

DRAWING A SET OF OVALS

ONE SMALL, ONE LARGE

*^^ larger one underneath

ovals.
this

You

way.

44

ovals,

make
it,

the small one

making a

will find that the objects

set of

first,

then draw.

small and large

on page 47 are made

45

These objects are

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING OBJECTS
WITH SMALL AND
LARGE OVALS

all

very familiar to you and easy to draw.

The coffee-maker looks like

down into a series of ovals.
1.

Draw

2.

Add

the sides

Add

the trimmings

3.

a toughie, but

it's

not. It

breaks

the ovals

describe.

46

and any other

details

you wish

to

fll

.:>

c:^

&

J^

47

u.

In this exercise the large oval

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING A

SET

is

on top or above the small

Draw many sets with varying sizes and spaces between

OVALS ^^ ovals. You will notice that the objects on page 51 are drawn
oval.

OF

with large ovals on top and small ones below. The straight or

V^IMc LAKV7C, yJrtt 9/VlALL

curved sides will help

48

to describe the objects.

49

You have

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING OBJECTS WITH

LARGE

AND SMALL OVALS

them

all of these objects in

1.

Draw

2.

Add the sides

Add the trimmings and

3.

your home and you can draw

all.

Drawing

the ovals

other points for further description.

isn't so difficult after all.

50

51

You have now completed one phase of the course which is

planned to make it possible for you to draw any and all objects
which are based on the oval. Hereafter you will be very
conscious of the shapes of objects. The ovals will force themselves forward in

your vision of the object and you will say:

"I can draw that

be making

it's

the objects

on a piece of paper!

easy!"

And what

you see or have

If

you have gone

in

The next
it

is

factual.

section of this course

is

to life

this far in the course,

You may be one

never could draw. But now you can.
that statement

a thrill that will

mind come

of those people

who

extremely intriguing for

takes in that other half of your world of objects those based

on rectangles.

53

^(^O/t,

5
Follow the steps

THE FIRST EXERCISE IN

DRAWING RECTANGLES

Use

1234

a fast single stroke for

direct in your strokes.

plenty of attention.

page face

Do

The

right, those

and you

each

line.

will

Do

draw a

rectangle.

not hesitate.

Be very

not use an eraser. Give this exercise

rectangles on the upper half of the

on the lower

half, left.

The rectangle

forms the basis of thousands of more objects that you will

find easy to draw.

54

55

UVi/NTK\JL

Draw columns

UKAWIIMV7 KfcCI AINVjLcd

OF THE SAME SIZE

column as nearly the same

in control.

56

of rectangles.

Make

size as

all the rectangles in

you can. This

is

one

an exercise

57

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING RECTANGLES
IN PAIRS

^y drawing two
other,
tells

it

made

you show
to do.

rectangles of the
control.

sets of ovals.

58

Your hand

This exercise

is

same
is

size,

one above the

doing what your mind

similar to the one in which you

59

CONSTRUCTION
AXkiiKir* BP^vA&i^iii A %
DRAWING
RECTANGULAR
r\t

COl inc

Draw

sets of rectangles as

you did on the preceding page;

Lo and

then join the identical corners with straight lines.

u, v
v, rectangular
i
r
Denold!
You have drawn a solid
object in a tew
.

seconds the basis of thousands of

60

objects.

ig the
^

same

set of

simply by changing

draw many

objects

mple when you recog-

-Y

Some boxes have two same

size rectangles plus four

curved sides.

EXAMPLES

-t-

-+

On
63

The problem

HELPFUL HINTS

is just

as easy

than the bottom one.

And

when

the top rectangle is smaller

to find out

what would happen

if

the top rectangle were larger and the bottom one smaller,

simply turn the page upside down.

It's

the

drawing of the sides

that changes the appearance of the object.

64

-t-

Some

rectangular objects consist of a small rectangle

at the top

EXAMPLES

and a large rectangle

plus four curved sides.

-t-

-H

-t

65

at the bottom

To draw

a box inside of another box, study the sketches on

die opposite page.

box, you must

and

draw a rectangle representing the position

smaller box. The sketches best describe the

to follow to

66

place the smaller box within the larger

first

size of the

procedure

To

complete the smaller box.

The inside box parallel

to the outside box.

The inside box not parallel

to the outside box.

Other Positions

67

To draw

a cylinder inside of a box, proceed according to the

sketches.

The routine

68

is

the

same as on

the preceding page.

cylinder standing in a box.

cylinder lying in a box.

OTHER POSITIONS.

69

^^cm^

7
CONSTRUCTION

Follow the steps carefully. Look at the object and recognize

the rectangles in

DRAWING OBJECTS

FACING

2.

LEFT

I.

3.

t.,,,

Draw

Add
Add

it.

Then

rectangles
the ...ta.^i.c
,.

the sides
the trimmings, indicating those special features in

which you are

70

interested.

71

Here, again, you see several familiar objects.

You can draw

CONSTRUCTION

all of

DRAWING OBJECTS

1.

Draw

FACING RIGHT

2.

Add

the sides

Add

the trimmings, giving special interest to the points

3.

them.
the rectangles

you wish

72

to

emphasize.

73

This

CONSTRUCTION

DRAWING OBJECTS
WITH VERTICAL RECTANGLES

another approach to drawing rectangular subjects.

is

The top and bottom

rectangles are not readily recognizable.

In these objects the front and back rectangles are very apparent.

Therefore we

start that

way.

1.

Draw

2.

Connect them with straight lines

3.

Add

the rectangles

the trimmings

74

and

details

you wish

to describe.

75

^^a<^o?t

Z
ELIMINATING CONFUSION

OR OPTICAL

You have been

how

ILLUSIONS

taught to draw a cylinder with two ovals and

two straight lines for the sides. The illustrations demonstrate

the

same ovals can be made

of the cylinder:
1.

Looking down on the cylinder

2.

Looking up at the cylinder

76

to

show two

different views

Lo<7k\na ai ttte too

A-Draw

the ovals lightly.

B Draw

the lower halves

of the ovals thicker.

C-Draw

the

same ovals as

in A.

D-Draw

the upper lines of

ovals thicker.

Look\nc| QT

77

tte

hmom

The overlapping of

front

and rear construction

lines

may

ELIMINATING CONFUSION

tend to cause confusion. This can be avoided by erasing the

OR OPTICAL

rear lines or by strengthening the front lines, which then has

ILLUSIONS

a tendency to force the front edges of the object forward.

will notice that

by making the

You

front edges of the rectangles

darker you create the illusion of looking down on the object.

78

YouL

can

6-0 "HvVs

\o

79

ELIMINATING CONFUSION

OR OPTICAL

ILLUSIONS

j^^^^

^^^

^j^j ^^^^

^j^^j

^^

j^^j^j^g ^^6 rear lines darker

you

create the illusion of looking at the under part of the object.

80

Darken +Ke +op

of

"Hv

\\y\ts

rec"lav\^| and

UOH $ef fn^ okjecT

81

^^cm^

This lesson demonstrates

where you want

ORIENTATION

it

to be.

how you can draw an

Here we have a chest

be placed in a room, the floor of which

rectangle.

You

is

of drawers to

represented by a

will observe that in placement drawings

best to start with the bottom of the object

82

object exactly

it is

and draw upward.

1.

The

floor of the

room.

2.

Draw a

small rectangle on the

floor to indicate the desired

position.

3.

Draw

the sides of the chest.

Draw

the top rectangle of the

is the same as. the

chest which

5.

83

Add

the details on the chest.

This lesson explains

nPIFNTATIDM

want

it

to be

on a

how

to

draw

a table exactly

floor as represented

the position of the table on the floor

where you

by the rectangle. Spot

by the use of an oval and

complete the cylinder by drawing the sides upward.

ber to work from the bottom up!

84

Remem-

The

floor of the

2 Draw an

oval on the floor

on the spot you want the

room.

table to rest.

3 Draw

the sides

upward

4 Draw

the height of the table.

the top oval which

represents the table top.

5-Add

85

the details of the table.

/^DicMTATi^^Ki

place

many

their location

objects in a

on the

senting the objects.

86

floor

room

it is

necessary

first to

mark

by drawing ovals or rectangles repre-

Then follow

the procedure as illustrated.

2 Draw

Draw the floor.

position of

objects.

3 Draw

sides

upward

5 Complete

4 Draw

top
rectangles

and

the details.

ovals.

87

Here you see the pattern

a
\J

IN

IWiN

number of

routine.

It

objects

on a

to follow

when you

tray. It is

not

desire to

difficult; it is

draw

merely

holds the secret of placing lamps on dressing tables

or on end tables,

88

etc.

2 Draw

3 Draw

the sides

1 Draw

top

ovals.

upward.
the tray and

place the objects.

1 Draw

2 Draw

the position of

sides

upward.

objects.

^
3 Draw
and

L
4 Complete

top rectangle

\
the details.

oval.

2 Draw

sides

upward.

1 Draw the rectangle

and position of objects.

^^
3 Draw

top ovals

4 Draw

89

details.

You

will observe that this sectional bookcase consists of two

rectangular forms joined end to end at right angles. Follow

the photograph in

90

making

the subdivisions.

91

The corner of the room and the floor area of the

ORIENTATION

^"

Draw
Draw
Draw

units are

the uprights as in No. 2.

the tops of the units as in No. 3.

the details

92

you wish

to describe, as in

No. 4.

drawn

93

11
1

^^

ORIENTATION - ROOMS

The room scenes that follow are

same simple method.
1.

Draw

^
3.

^''^ *' "P"^^^'

Draw the tops of the

4.

Add

the floor area

all

drawn by means of the

and spot the position of

the objects

objects

the details

For additional

home.

94

practice,

draw the individual rooms

in

your

95

97

99

101

Here
more

is

a simple formula to follow

life to

little

when you want

to

add

your sketches by the application of some shading.

practice will not be time wasted.

102

Draw a complete tone without removing the pencil from the paper.
To draw light lines for a light tone use a light pressure on your
pencil. If you use a pen, draw the lines lightly and keep them
opart.

To draw heavy lines for a dark tone, use more pressure on your
pencil. If you use a pen use more pressure and draw the lines
close together.

In

this

In this exercise start

exercise start

with a heavy pressure

with a light pressure

diminish the pressure.

and gradually increase

the pressure.

103

all objects based

on the rectangle

1 In

leave the top plane

or planes white.

2 Draw

a light tone

on the front plane.

OTHER EXAMPLES

U/Uti

105

3 Draw

a dark tone
on the side plane.

wlit
In objects based on
cylinders leave the

top plane or planes

white.

Shade the
dark to

front

light or

light to dark.

OTHER EXAMPLES

107

from
from

If

you have followed the course carefully

have been trained

eye will

to this point,

to recognize the basic

your

forms of

all

objects as being cylinders or rectangular boxes.

Before drawing an object make note of

its

proportions

and space your ovals or rectangles accordingly. You

TRAINING EXERCISES

will

add

such details to the individual objects as will help you to

describe them

The pages

more

vividly.

that follow supply

you with

objects of

many

kinds for training purposes.

You

will find that

you wish

to describe.

108

you can now draw almost any object

109

=^

111

n
u

113

115

117

s;

^'^^^
119

'''

'^tr^^m-^

121

123

125

rSH

f^
/'

^'

Ux

[.

127

<-__>

00

129

131

n,

r-i

e.

([^

133

On <^
135

T)
iSP^^^'wSf

Vx-

\/J

137

139

The knowledge which you have gained in the preceding pages

and which now permits you to draw any object you have seen,
can also be applied to things you have never seen. Any idea
in

your mind, any combination of forms, can be as easily

drawn as an actual
This

is

object.

creative drawing. Engineers,

anyone who wishes

to

make any

this of the greatest practical

woodworkers in

object of

fact,

any shape, will find

value in every day use.

In addition, psychiatrists and other medical practitioners

have found

this ability to create visually at

random

of utmost

therapeutic value in the treatment of certain specific psychotic

conditions. Its usage as a creative agent has been established

under practical conditions which indicate a wider potential

wherever such creative therapy

DRAWING AT RANDOM

is

indicated.

This exercise becomes fun when you attempt to build a cylinder

^^ ^ cylinder. The method is simple. Start with a large base
cylinder and build up on

140

it

with smaller ones.

1 Draw

the bottom cylinder.

2 Draw

the resting place

of the upper cylinder.

3 Draw

the sides up to the height

you want the upper cylinder

to be.

The procedure can

be reversed in the
following manner.

4 Add

3-

*-

141

the top oval.

Now

hand

at drawing cylinders or pipes coming out

from the main cylinder. Firs', you draw an
oval on the main cylinder which will indicate where the new
pipe is to be fastened (1). Then draw another oval of the
same size indicating where you want the pipe to end (2). Join

try your

at various angles

DRAWING AT RANDUiVl

the ovals with two straight lines

142

and there you have

it.

143

By

DRAWING AT RANDOM

using a

little

imagination you can hook up one cylinder

^^^^ another. The ideas illustrated on the right-hand page are

suggestions.

Try some of your own combinations. This

cise will help to develop

144

your creative power.

exer-

145

DRAWING AT RANDOM

Keep on with this exercise until it becomes easy for you to

draw a cylinder and hook up numerous pipes leading from
it. The suggestion of a wheel on a shaft is indicated at the
bottom of the next page.

146

147

Drawing

at

random was introduced

the simple cylinder and, with very

t%n Atsfift.!^

*T n
A A.irsf\^M
RANDOM

DRAWING AT

Cylinder to
^

it

at

so that

you could draw

little effort,

add another

whatever f
place you choose. This exercise has
}

a tendency to cause

you

so-called gimmicks.

The next page shows how easy

indicate a belt drive. So

words!

148

to

concentrate and to create more

much

it

easier than describing

is to
it

in

149

Start with

DRAWING AT RANDOM

it

any rectangular object and place another one upon

by following the

may

be a

ovals but

little
it's

150

steps described

more

difficult

on the opposite page.

It

than the similar problem with

easy for all that.

1 Drawthe bottom

box.

2-Draw the resting place

of the upper box.

3 Draw

the sides up to the height

you want the upper box

to be.

The procedure can

be reversed in the
following manner.

4 Add

151

the top rectangle.

By

placing a rectangle at the spot (a) where you wish to join

another rectangle you simplify the problem of joining the

DRAWINC AT PANnOM

^^^ objects together. Then by drawing another rectangle which

denotes the length of the attachment and

problem

is

over. All

the comers.

152

you need do

is

draw

its

direction your

the lines that connect

153

Here you

DRAWING AT RANDOM

joined together.

You can copy

these

of your own. Start by completing the

then draw the small attachments.

house by

same height that are

and then create some
largest object first and

see rectangular objects of the

this

154

method.

You can

plan a one story

155

This describes the joining of cylinders and squares.

DRAWING AT RANDOM

of fun and

The easy

it

will lead to developing

It's

your creative

a lot

ability.

direct strokes in this exercise will cause objects to

grow rapidly before you, and

156

it

will bring relaxation.

157

DRAWING AT RANDOM

Again you have examples of joining cylinders and squares.

They might represent factories joined together by huge mains.
See what you can create.

158

159

Date

Due

9P 7
..

4Ali

'68

-Jl

4 '69

FEB

JUL tr'-sf

OCT

;ki;-4S 2uli

r:

JAN 2 4

69

'69'

AWV

.*51

UULSOli
isai'

7r

2 2

r:.c

oS'Tg

'71
.

FEBg.

JUL

7 71

1
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70

JUL 2 9 71

FEB

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MAYS

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\/4

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APR3 0'7S

APR

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Due

'Sf*'

->

OF.f,

Returned

fl

>j.

:ig

WKk'iiM
FB

MAY 2

"ail

ML!

<g^

MAR 1 7
FEB

1983

2 P

nt

F^g

"

",39

Due

Returned

Conversational drawing,

ala

741.4F853C

lEtE D3EDfi &L&3

ARCH &
FINE ARTS

tlBRARV

CM

CM

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