Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA (September 4, 1846 June 1, 1912) was an

American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for
the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a
number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D.C. He
also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building of triangular
shape in New York City,[1] Union Station in Washington D.C., the Continental Trust
Company Building tower skyscraper in Baltimore (now One South Calvert Building),
and a number of notable skyscrapers in Chicago.

An excerpt from
Th e Pl an of C h ic ago
Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City
C a rl S m ith

Chicagos swampy and low-lying setting led to its being

literally raised several feet. Some buildings were not only
lifted but also moved to different locations. In this view
of Lake Street in 1855, which building contractors used
as an advertisement, the work goes on in the background
as the cosmopolitan passersby seem to pay little mind.
Edward Mendel, Chicago Historical Society (ICHi00698). Larger image

Sunnyside is a working and middle-class neighborhood in the Western portion of the New York
City borough of Queens. It shares borders with Hunters Point and Long Island City to the
west, Astoria to the north, Woodside to the east and Maspeth to the south. The neighborhood is part
of Queens Community District 2, served by Queens Community Board 2.[1]
The name "Sunnyside" originates with the Bragraw family, French Huguenots who had purchased the
land in 1713 and named their estate "Sunnyside Hill".[2][3] Sunnyside was a rural hamlet mostly
consisting of small farms and marshland. It was incorporated into Long Island City in 1870, and
developed into a bedroom community after the Queensboro Bridge was completed in 1909. A large
portion of the neighborhood is six-story apartment buildings constructed during the 1920s and 1930s.

Sunnyside Sunnyside Gardens Historic

District

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. Historic district

A typical brick row house along 39th

Avenue.

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map of New York

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Location in New York City

Location

Roughly bounded by
Queens Blvd., 43rd
and 52nd Sts. Barnett
and Skillman
Aves., New York, New
York

Coordinates

404449N73553
W

Area

53 acres (21 ha)

Built

1924

Architect

Stein,Clarence;
Wright,Henry

Architectural style Colonial Revival, Art

Deco

NRHP Reference
#

84002919
[4]

Added to NRHP

September 7, 1984

Sunnyside Gardens, listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places,[2][5] is
among the first planned communitiesin the U.S.
Sunnyside Gardens includes one-, two-, and three-family homes, and a few apartment buildings, all
made of Hudson brick (it was inexpensive, durable, and available). Each private residence has a small
front garden facing the street and a private garden in the rear. The rental units in the two- and threefamily houses enjoy private terraces overlooking the gardens. There are two configurations: the
courtyard condition and the mews condition; at the edges of the community some homes simply line
the street, with a common walkway running the length of the row. Homes in the courtyard blocks
enclose an inner courtyard that was designated a common, landscaped but not used for recreation.
Each homeowner actually owned, and paid taxes on, the part of the common in the block and lot, even
if it was not used. The mews houses face a common front court and back on alleys; each mews house
also has a private rear yard.
This model allowed for denser residential development, while also providing ample open/green-space
amenities. Clarence Stein andHenry Wright served as the primary architects and planners for this
development (Frederick L. Ackerman designed some of the mews houses), and the landscape
architect was Marjorie Sewell Cautley. As an amenity for the residents, the City Housing Corporation
reserved lots on the northern edge of the development abutting the railroad yards for a private park.
This is one of only two private parks in the city, the other being Gramercy Park. These well-planned
garden homes are now listed as a historic district.[6][7]
Early history
The area was first development in the United States patterned after the ideas of the garden city
movement initiated in England in the first decades of the twentieth century by Ebenezer
Howard and Raymond Unwin, specifically Hampstead Garden Suburb andLetchworth Garden City.
Covering 77 acres between Queens Boulevard and the Sunnyside Railroad Yards, Sunnyside Gardens
was constructed between 1924 and 1928 by the City Housing Corporation, founded by
developer Alexander Bing, and architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. The project grew out of
discussions in the early 1920s about housing and planning; Lewis Mumford was a leading participant.
In the early years of the Great Depression, nearly 60 percent of the residents lost their homes to
foreclosure.[8] Those difficult years saw organized resistance by residents who forcefully resisted
efforts by city marshals to evict families. The character of Sunnyside Gardens was protected by 40year easements which protected the integrity of the courtyards and common walkways and controlled
changes to the exterior of every property, extending to even paint color. Those covenants lapsed in the
mid-1960s, and some homeowners rushed to claim their property, erecting fences into the middle of
some courtyards. In response, in 1974 the Department of City Planning designated Sunnyside
Gardens a special planned community preservation district, together with Fresh
Meadows,Parkchester, and the Harlem River Houses. With that designation came rules protecting the
inner courts and landscaping, and prohibiting driveways and curbcuts, rear sheds, and additions.

Bacon's Elements of Involvement

Bacon identifies eight elements of 'Involvement' in Architecture and Urban Design. To identify these
elements, Bacon utilizesFrancesco Guardi's painting Architectural Capriccio. Describing these
elements as functions of design, he argues the urban designer should be aware of these elements and
use them as tools when developing a 'design idea' of what the city or place ought to look like. [2]
Meeting the Sky

Meeting the Sky

Bacon points to akroterion of Greek temples as an excellent example of how buildings and built form
meet the sky. He points to a revival of this style in the Baroque and Victorian period, and comments
that this element is an identical to a city skyline, which he identifies as a city's signature.
Meeting the Ground

Meeting the Ground

Bacon argues that this second element is where built mass meets the ground to act as a pedestal for
built form. This pedestal allows the involved to scale buildings and relate their size to one another.
Bacon points to buildings that utilized staircases as pedestals in the Renaissance period, and notes
that many of these were placed at the focal point of cities, such as city squares and town commons.
Points in Space

Points in Space
Bacon's third element is used to create tension and relief between elements. He argues great places
have prominent points in space that are identifiable work to interplay with other elements.
Recession Planes

Recession Planes
Recession planes are used in urban form to heighten dramatic power of structures. This is done by
allowing the involved viewer to have a reference to scale, frame and position relative to the viewer.
Design in Depth

Design in Depth
Relating two arches to one another allows the involved viewer to understand the depth of buildings,
provide scale for that depth, and identify egress areas. Designing in depth creates urban movement,
that allows space to be understood from multiple perspectives. It also lends further credence to the
determination and coherence of scale.
Ascent and Descent

Ascent and Descent

By varying levels of floor, designers have the ability to toy with emotions of the involved viewer.
Upward movement has can symbolize power, achievement, or anticipation. Downward movement can
symbolize the depth and grandeur of space. Bacon argues that as citizens change levels, new aspects of
the urban form reveal themselves and as mechanical design elements work to replicate sequences of
urban form. Furthermore, these two aspects of the same element exist in duality and also aid in
creating spatial tension.
Convexity and Concavity

Convexity and Concavity

Much like ascent and descent, these mirrored aspects of the same element heavily rely on one
another. Working with the depth of built form, convexity and concavity act as connector and divider
of urban space. They inform the volume of urban form and can be taken advantage of to make urban
form more dramatic.
Relationship to Man

Relationship to Man
One of the most critical pieces of Bacon's work is the identification and reiteration of built forms
relationship to man. Bacon argues that our urban built form should be reflective of our human scale
and aid in establishing a connection between built environment and man. If this is done artfully,
buildings and their relationship to man benefit urban form.

Le Corbusiers contemporary city (1925)

Frank Lloyd Wright

Born

Frank Lincoln Wright

June 8, 1867
Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States

Died

April 9, 1959 (aged 91)

Phoenix, Arizona, United States

Nationality

American

Alma mater

University of WisconsinMadison

Occupation

Architect

Sketches for Broadacre City project by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd
Wright throughout most of his lifetime. He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in
1932. A few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve by twelve foot (3.7 3.7 m) scale model
representing a hypothetical four square mile (10 km) community. The model was crafted by the
student interns who worked for him at Taliesin, and financed by Edgar Kaufmann. It was initially
displayed at an Industrial Arts Exposition in the Forum at theRockefeller Center starting on April 15,
1935. After the New York exposition, Kaufmann arranged to have the model displayed inPittsburgh at
an exposition titled "New Homes for Old", sponsored by the Federal Housing Administration. The
exposition opened on June 18 on the 11th floor of Kaufmann's store. [1] Wright went on to refine the
concept in later books and in articles until his death in 1959.
Many of the building models in the concept were completely new designs by Wright, while others
were refinements of old ones, some of which had been rarely seen.

Felino A. Palafox, Jr. is a prominent Filipino architect, urban planner and environmentalist. He is
the Principal Architect-Urban Planner and Founder of Palafox Associates, [1]
Arch. Palafox is in the field of planning and architecture for four decades serving both the government
and private sector. He was educated in Christ the King Seminary, University of Santo Tomas,
and University of the Philippines. For continuing education, he took up an Advanced Management
Development Program for Real Estate at Harvard University and attended seven other special
courses.
He has lectured in Harvard University, MIT, and in 16 other countries in Asia, Europe, and North
America. He also actively participated in conferences, lectures, seminars and fora organized by
international groups, of which he is an associate/member, like the American Institute of
Architects (AIA), U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Urban Land Institute (ULI), and
the American Planning Association (APA). He is the Country Representative for the Council for Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH).
On July 1, 2013, CTBUH headquartered in Chicago has elected Architect Palafox as one of its two new
Fellows worldwide. Architect Palafox was also cited by Forbes Asia Magazine as one of the 48 Heroes
of Philanthropy in Asia, one of four in the Philippines.
Arch. Palafox led and managed his firm Palafox Associates in the planning of more than 16 billion
square meters of land and the design and architecture of more than 12 million square meters of
building floor area in 38 countries. The firm has also received more than 200 awards and recognitions
in the past 25 years, most notably as the first Filipino architectural firm included in the Top 500
Architectural Firms in the World of the London-based World Architecture Magazine in 1999, the only

Southeast Asian architectural firm included in the list. For 2012, Palafox Associates ranks 89th in the
list of the worlds largest practices and Top 8 in Leisure projects. BCI Asia has awarded Palafox
Associates BCI Asias Market Leader in Architecture in the Philippines for nine consecutive years,
from 2005 to 2013.
He is the first architect-urban planner president of the Management Association of the Philippines
(MAP) in 2011 and president of the Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP) for 2013
and 2014. He is a Fellow of the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP).
Aside from his duties in his architectural firm, he also serves as a member of the board of
directors[2] in Asian Terminals, Inc. from 2009 to present, chaired professional and civic
organisations such as PIEP,[3] MAP[4] and Rotary Club of Manila
A Sustainable Master Plan for Dubai's Winning World Expo 2020 Bid

HOK was lead designer for a team that developed the master plan for the Dubai Expo
2020, which is expected to draw more than 25 million visitors to the emirate and wider
United Arab Emirates.
The design looks to the future while drawing on traditional Emirati community planning concepts.
With its mixture of education, innovation and entertainment, the plan reflects the wonderful qualities
of Dubai and the form and spirit of a World Expo. The site is on the southwestern edge of Dubai in
Jebel Ali, near Dubais new Al Maktoum International Airport and Jebel Ali Port, the worlds thirdbusiest port.
The design features three separate pavilions symbolizing opportunity, sustainability and mobility,
with innovation pods and best practice areas in each thematic zone. These three zones emanate
from a central plaza named the Al Wasl, the historic Arab name for Dubai meaning the connection.
Inspired by the layout of a traditional Arabic souk, or marketplace, the design places larger pavilions
to the perimeter while clustering smaller exhibit spaces toward the center of the site. This creates a
smooth pedestrian flow while encouraging interaction among visitors.
The team planned the Expo site to create a sustainable benchmark for events in the Middle East. An
iconic photovoltaic fabric structure covers the main walkways, acting as a solar-powered sun shade

and combining with photovoltaic panels on building facades to capture enough sunlight to generate at
least half of the Expos energy requirements onsite. Other sustainable strategies include recycling
wastewater, reusing materials and monitoring the Expos carbon footprint.
HOK teamed with Populous and Arup on the master plan.
Based on their experience creating the blueprint for Dubais successful Expo bid, detailed knowledge
of the project and experience with other large international events, an HOK-Arup consortium
was selected to design the host venue. The 1,082-acre site includes the dedicated, gated 370-acre
Dubai Expo 2020 area and an additional surrounding residential, hospitality and logistics zone.

Kevin Andrew Lynch (January 7, 1918 April 25, 1984) was an American urban planner and
author. He is known for his work on the perceptual form of urban environments and was an early
proponent of mental mapping. His most influential books include The Image of the City (1960), a
seminal work on the perceptual form of urban environments, and What Time is This Place? (1972),
which theorizes how the physical environment captures and refigures temporal processes.
A student of architect Frank Lloyd Wright before training in city planning, Lynch spent his academic
career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, teaching there from 1948 to 1978. He
practiced site planning and urban design professionally with Carr/Lynch Associates, later known as
Carr, Lynch, and Sandell.

The Image of the City is one of the most representative works of Kevin Lynch. It is a book about the
look of cities, and whether this look is of any importance, and whether it can be changed. Lynch
revealed a new approach of how to analyse and improve the visual forms of cities, which is still widely
used in urban design studies nowadays.
The book has a clear structure with a straightforward topic. In the first section, new concepts of
legibility and imageability are presented to lay the theoretical foundation of the entire book. Followed
by that, Lynch introduced three cities as examples to reveal his outcomes of field reconnaissance, and
then made comparisons between each other. In the third section, five elements and their

interrelationships are summarized from previous researches which act as the core content of the
book. Afterward, specific design processes and approaches are demonstrated in order to achieve
strong and continuous imageability in cities and even larger metropolitan scales. Lynch pointed out
the form of the metropolis is a sophisticated system rather than a static hierarchy. At last, research
methodologies are presented in appendices for the readers reference.
In Lynchs view, image can be explained as a picture especially in the mind, a sentimental
combination between objective city image and subjective human thoughts. The productions of
environment images are influenced by a two-way process between the observer and the observed. The
observer, with great adaptability and in the light of his own purposes, selects, organizes, and endows
with meaning what he/she sees. Therefore, the specific image can be totally different from the
different perspective of observers, just like there are a thousand Hamlets in one thousand peoples
eyes.
A well designed environment image will improve the sense of security for people and set up a
harmonious relationship between the outer world and themselves. Environmental images may be
analyzed into three components: identity, structure and meaning. First of all, identity defines the
identification of an object which implies its distinction from other things. Second, the image must
include the spatial or pattern relationship of the object to the observer and to other objects. Finally,
this object must have some meaning for the observer, whether practical or emotional. A highly
imageable city should be well formed, distinct and remarkable, even daily lives of people can also be
redefined and given brand new meanings.

In the next chapter, three totally different cities are presented to explain Lynchs theory. As for
methodology, on the one hand, he explored the city with field research and demonstrated the image
condition through unique maps. Along with this, questionnaires and interviews were given to citizens
to evoke their own images of the physical environment. In my opinion, Boston represents the so called
European style cities with a long history and rich culture, while this thematic vividness is typically
associated with formlessness or confusing arrangements. As for Jersey City, the comment is
completely negative. There is nothing but a complete confusion of an uncoordinated street system,
with formlessness of space and heterogeneity of structure that mark the blighted areas of America.
Los Angeles, on the contrary, is the example of newly developed cities in America, its straightforward

roads and undifferentiated grid patterns are also the general models of almost all the newly-built
cities in developing countries. However, except by minute attention to the distant background, it
would be hard to distinguish L.A. from the centres of many other cities.
After his field reconnaissance, Lynch summarized the physical form of city image into five elements:
paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks.
Paths are the dominant elements in urban space. Typical spatial characters, unique faade
decorations are both helpful to strengthen the image of particular path. First and foremost, a path
must be identifiable, and then followed by its continuity. Moreover, paths with clear and well-known
origins and destinations have stronger identities and help tie the city together. After the directional
qualities are determined, the next step is to consider the scale characters of paths. A series of nodes
and landmarks are the most common way to achieve it. In general, it is impossible to create a clear
city image while its paths remain confused and disordered.
Edges are boundaries which separate two districts with visually predominant and continuous form.
While continuity and visibility are crucial, strong edges are not necessarily impenetrable. Many edges
should be defined as unity seams rather than isolating barriers, some of them are often paths like
highways and rivers which become effective orientation elements as well.

Districts are relatively large city areas with common characters which observers can mentally go
inside of. The physical characteristics that determine districts are thematic continuities which may
consist of an endless variety of components: texture, space, form, detail, symbol and so on. These
components are imaged and recognized in a characteristic cluster in order to establish a striking
contrast. Besides, a certain reinforcement of clues is needed to produce a strong image of an entire
district.
Nodes are strategic foci which observers can enter, which are not only small points but also squares,
linear shapes and central districts etc. Basically, there are two types of nodes: junctions of path and
concentrations of characteristics. A successful node should have unique features inside, and intensify
some surrounding characters as well.
Landmarks are reference points external to observers, which can be defined as simple physical

elements may vary widely in scale. Singularity is the key physical characteristic of landmarks, creating
spatial predominance through contrast with surrounding elements, making them unique or
memorable in urban context

Alexander Garvin

Alexander Garvin (born March 8, 1941) is a noted American urban planner, educator, and
author. He is currently in private practice at AGA Public Realm Strategists in New York City
and is also an adjunct professor at the Yale School of Architecture, where he has taught since
1967.[1] He is widely known for creating the master plan of Atlanta's proposed greenbelt park
system, the Atlanta BeltLine, devising New York Citys 2012 Olympic Games bid, and
overseeing efforts to redevelop lower Manhattan after the September 11th attacks with the
Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Garvin has also written a number of books on the
subject of planning including The Planning Game: Lessons from Great Cities and The
American City: What Works, What Doesn't. Garvin has also served in a variety of positions in
New York City government including director of comprehensive planning.

Shelby Farms Park in Tennessee

Amanda Burden

Amanda Jay Mortimer Burden (born 1944) is a Principal at Bloomberg Associates, an

international consulting service founded by Michael Bloomberg as a philanthropic venture to
help city governments improve the quality of life of their citizens. She was the director of the

New York City Department of City Planning and Chair of the City Planning Commission under
Mayor Michael Bloomberg from 2002 to 2013.

Location of Battery Park City,

North End Avenue at Vesey Street,

marked in yellow on the map

looking north

Greenery at South Cove

The esplanade

Yacht harbor at North Cove,

next to the World Financial Center

Southern part of Battery Park City;

Millennium Point is shown

Northern part of Battery Park City; The Solaire (left) is seen, from the Nelson A. Rockefeller Park.

Jane Jacobs OC OOnt (born Jane Butzner; May 4, 1916 April 25, 2006) was an AmericanCanadian journalist, author, and activistbest known for her influence on urban studies. Her
influential book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) argued thaturban renewal did
not respect the needs of most city-dwellers. The book also introduced sociological concepts such as
"eyes on the street" and "social capital".[1][2]
Jacobs was well known for organizing grassroots efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum
clearance" and particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses in his plans to overhaul her
neighborhood, Greenwich Village. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower
Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through SoHo and Little Italy, and was
arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on the project. After moving to Toronto in
1968, she joined the opposition to the Spadina Expressway and the associated network of expressways
in Toronto planned and under construction.
As a mother and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of urban planning, Jacobs
endured scorn from established figures. She did not have a college degree or any formal training in
urban planning, and was criticized for lacking such credentials and being imprecise. She was also
accused of inattention to racial inequality, and her concept of "unslumming" has been compared
with gentrification.

Lower Manhattan Expressway,