CHAPTER 10

CLASS XI (Biology)

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

1. Differentiate between cytokinesis in plants and animals.

Animal cytokinesis
i) occurs by cleavage
cell plate method
ii) cleavage begins at the periphery and
the centre and
proceed inwards.
iii) spindle begins to degenerate soon after anaphase
during cytokinesis
iv) cleavage starts by the contraction of peripheral
golgi apparatus fuse to
rings of microfilament.
new cell membrane
v) New cell membrane is usually derived from ER.
is derived from the

Plant cytokinesis
i) commonly occurs by

ii) cell plate appears at

extend outwards.
iii) spindle usually persists

iv) vesicles derived from

form cell plate and

v) The new cell membrane

vesicles of the

golgi apparatus.
2. List the significance of mitosis.
A. i) Growth : new somatic ells are formed by mitosis. So it helps in growth and
development of multicellular organisms.
ii)Maintenance of size : it helps in maintaining a proper cell size by dividing all
overgrown somatic cells
iii) Maintenance of chromosome number : it ensures equal number of
chromosomes in all cells.
iv) Reproduction : it is a method of reproduction in unicellular organisms. In plants
vegetative propagation involves only mitotic division.
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v) Healing and regeneration : it produces new cells which help in healing and
regeneration.
3. List the significance of meiosis.
A. i) Meiosis produces gametes that are essential for sexual reproduction.
ii) It ensures the maintenance of a constant chromosome number of a particular
species generation after generation.
iii) The crossing over in meiosis results in variation of genetic characters in the
offsprings which bring about evolution.
iv) Due to random assortment of chromosomes, offsprings show appearance of
hidden characters which are not expressed in parents.
4. Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis

Meiosis

1. Diagrammatic
representation

2n
2n

2n
2n

n
n

2. Occurrence

n
n

May occur in haploid, diploid

or polyploidy cells.
Somatic cells and some
spores
Two daughter cells

Occurs only in diploid and

polyploids
Germ cells.

5. General process

Whole process completes in

one sequence with DNA
replication only once in
interphase

6. Prophase

i) shorter duration without

sub stages.
ii) homologous chromosomes
remain separate.
iii) no crossing over and
chiasmata formation.

Process completes in 2
successive divisions which
occur one after the other
with DNA replication only
once during interphase I.
i) longer duration with 5 sub
stages

3. Kind of cell
4. Number of cells formed

7. Metaphase

Chromatids of a chromosome
line up on the equator.

Four daughter cells

ii) homologous chromosomes

pair up to form bivalents.
iii) crossing over and
chiasmata formation.
Chromatids of a pair of
homologous chromosomes
line up to equator in meiosis I
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8. Anaphase

i) centromeres divide
ii)chromatids separate

iii) chromatids are identical

9. Telophase

i) same number of
chromosomes as in parent
cell
ii) both the homologous
chromosomes are present.

i) centromeres divide during

meiotic division II
ii) chromatids separate
during meiotic division II only
and chromosomes separate
in meiotic division I
iii) separated chromosomes
may not be identical due to
crossing over.
i) chromosome number is
half as compared to parent
cell.
ii) only one of each pair of
homologous chromosomes
present.

Stages of mitosis
Interphase

Early prophase

Late prophase

Metaphase

Early anaphase

Late anaphase

Telophase

Karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis

2 new daughter cells are formed.

Stages of meiosis
5

A.

Meiosis I

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

B.

Meiosis II

Prophase II

Anaphase II

Metaphase II

Telophase II