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Ecological Indicators
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Article history:
Received 25 April 2016
Received in revised form 23 June 2016
Accepted 29 June 2016
Keywords:
Cluster analysis
Indicator species analysis
Plant community
Species composition
Two way cluster analysis
Vegetation mapping
Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD)
a b s t r a c t
Questions: Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with
edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in
relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to
vegetation classication support conservation planning?
Location: Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were
measured using a randomly stratied design to identify the major plant communities and indicator
species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 2.5 2 and
0.5 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were
also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along
eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The
altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between
species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA)
and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results: A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identied. TWCA and ISA recognized
ve plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical
conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species
relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions: An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests
Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach conrmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identied
indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in
conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit
similar sort of environmental conditions.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Across a range of different scales, vegetation structure is
controlled by environmental gradients (Leonard-Barton, 1988).
Discovering and understanding the association between the biotic
and environmental components of an ecosystem and particularly
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: shuja60@gmail.com, smkhan@qau.edu.pk,
smulkkhan@gmail.com (S.M. Khan).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.059
1470-160X/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
the variation in species diversity and abundance along environmental gradients, are critical branches of ecological research
(Daubenmire, 1968; Grytnes and Vetaas, 2002; Tavili and Jafari,
2009). For example, the effect of soil pH on the species composition and richness of plant communities is a well-known ecological
phenomenon (Ellenberg 1988 Moldan et al., 2012; Haberl et al.,
2012; Ullah et al., 2015), while in mountainous regions, aspect and
altitude show the greatest effects in limiting plant species and community types (Chawla et al., 2008; Khan and Ahmad, 2015). In terms
of identifying the effects of environmental gradients on vegetation,
2. Study area
The Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) encompasses the
Galis Forest Division of Abbottabad, the east Siran Forests Division,
the north Muzaffarabad & Garhi Habibullah in the south Abbottabad
sub forests division and the east Berangali forests range, between
3329 to 3421 North latitude and 7255 to 7329 East longitude
(Fig. 1).
337
The TsFD covers an area of 24987 ha in which 2484 ha are classied as Reserve Forests and 947 ha as Guzara Forests (Khan et al.,
2012a,b). The whole area is protected under the Guzara Forests
Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government in order to preserve the valuable ora and fauna of the area. The highest point is
Thandiani top (Sikher) having an elevation of 2626 m. The dominant
vegetation cover is pine forest which may be divided into three elevation ranges namely upper range (22002600 m), medium range
(1700 m2200 m) and lower range (1200 m1700 m). This study
was designed to record species composition pattern, quantify the
abundance of plant species across this elevation range and to establish the plant communities based on robust statistical approaches
in order to understand the environmental factors responsible for
determining the distribution of both species and communities with
special focus on indicator species. The research hypothesis was that
altitude, aspect, soil electrical conductivity and soil pH all have a
signicant impact on species and community diversity of vascular
plants in the TsFD of the western Himalayas, Pakistan.
338
Fig. 1. GIS generated map showing location of the study area with reference to the Western Himalayas of Pakistan.
ST
6.7
S
cator Species Analysis evaluated each species for the strength of its
response to the environmental variables, from the environmental
matrix (50 stations 7 environmental gradients). A threshold level
of indicator value of 30% with 95% signicance (p value 0.05) was
chosen as the cut off for identifying indicator species (Dufrene and
Legendre, 1997; Ter Braak and Prentice 1988) and the identied
indicator species were used for naming the communities.
5. Results
In total, 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identied, comprising 51 trees, 48 shrubs and 153 herbs. Cluster and
Two Way Cluster Analyses broadly divided the plant species into 5
habitat types/communities which could be clearly seen in two main
branches of the dendrogram; (i) a lower altitude (1290 m1900 m)
cluster including 3 communities/habitat types dominated by subtropical vegetation and (ii) a higher altitude (1900 m2626 m)
cluster including 2 communities/habitat types dominated by moist
temperate elements (Figs. 3 and 4 ).
Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) identied indicator species for
each habitat type under the inuence of variables responsible
for those communities. The ISA results show that aspect, soil
pH and soil electrical conductivity have the strongest inuence
on species occurrence. The results also show the strength of the
environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
The ve plant communities/habitat types established in TsFD are
described below, along with respective environmental variables.
5.1. Melia azedarach, Punica granatum and Euphorbia
helioscopia community
This community occurred at 12 stations (360 quadrats/releves)
at the lowest elevations (12991591 m asl). The tree, shrub and
herb layers were characterized by Melia azedarach, Punica granatum
and Euphorbia helioscopia respectively, which are the top diagnostic
(indicator) species (Table 1). Other indicator species of this community are Ziziphus vulgaris Lam. Euclaptus globulus, Rosa moschata,
Zanthoxylum alatum, Cnicus argyracanthus, Medicago denticulata,
Poa annua, Themeda anathera, Rumex hastatus, Taraxacum ofcinale
339
Fig. 2. Cluster Dendrogram of 50 stations based on Sorensen measures showing 5 plant communities/habitat types (For more details see Table 8).
Table 1
The indicator species of the Melia azedarach, Punica granatum and Euphorbia helioscopia Community with their indicator values.
Table 2
The indicator species of the Ziziphus vulgaris, Zanthoxylum alatum and Rumex
nepalensis Community with their indicator values.
IV
P*
IVI
TIVI
IV
P*
IVI
TIVI
Melia azedarach L.
Punica granatum L.
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
85.7
58.9
40.3
0.0406
0.0008
0.0222
36.53
80.1
103.98
61.11
69.5
72.14
40.4
60.9
52.2
0.0126
0.0006
0.0188
43.4
63.26
97.52
41.9
62.08
74.86
and Cynodon dactylon (Figs. 24 and Tables 7 and 8). The most
important environmental variables determining the gradient of this
community were low electrical conductivity (0.261.03dsm1 ), low
soil organic matter content (0.5%1.24%) and low soil pH (4.85.5),
coupled with associated co-variables of aspect (W-S), soil phosphorous content (58 ppm) and soil texture (silty loam) (Figs. 24 and
Tables 67).
Being located at lower elevations this community occurs in the
vicinity of human settlement and is therefore under pressure from
a range of anthropogenic activities, i.e., deforestation for fuel wood
and timber, expansion of agricultural land, grazing and multipurpose plant collection.
5.2. Ziziphus vulgaris, Zanthoxylum alatum and Rumex
nepalensis community
This community was found at the altitudinal range of
16001900 m asl and was represented by 16 different stations (480
quadrats). The tree, shrub and herb layers are characterized by the
indicator species Ziziphus vulgaris, Zanthoxylum alatum and Rumex
nepalensis (Table 2).
Other indicator species of this community are Abies pindrow,
Punica granatum, Rosa moschata, Rubus fruticosus, Achillea millefolium, Cnicus argyracanthus, Poa annua, Rumex hastatus, Nepeta
erecta, Taraxacum ofcinale, Medicago denticulata, Senecio chrysan-
340
Fig. 3. GIS map showing the 3D-DEM View (SRTM) of project areaThandiani sub forests division with sampling localities (GIS based, stations distribution), graph and
elevation prole for the stations of all altitudinal transacts.
Table 3
The indicator species of the Quercus incana, Cornus macrophylla and Viola biora
Community With their indicator values.
Table 4
The indicator species of the Cedrus deodara, Viburnum grandiorum and Achillea
millefolium Community with their indicator values.
IV
P*
IVI
TIVI
IV
P*
IVI
TIVI
42.7
48.6
54.4
0.018
0.021
0.008
36.78
41.38
47.17
39.74
44.99
50.79
34.5
49.9
47.2
0.0574
0.0016
0.019
88.2
31.44
47.43
61.35
40.67
47.315
and herb layers, respectively (Table 4). Abies pindrow was the other
notable indicator tree found in this community. The most important
environmental variables responsible for the formation of this community are mildly acidic soil pH (6.36.8), high soil organic matter
(1.07%1.25%), low soil electrical conductivity (0.260.73dsm1 ),
moderate soil phosphorous contents (56 ppm) and a sandy loam
soil texture (Figs. 24 and Tables 68).
The main anthropogenic pressure observed on this community
was the collection of medicinal and fodder plants.
341
Fig. 4. Two Way Cluster Dendrogram generated through PC-ORD Version 5 based on Sorensen measures, showing distribution of 252 plant species in 50 stations and 5 plant
communities (associations).
Table 5
The indicator species of the Abies pindrow, Daphne mucronata and Potentilla fruticosa
Community with their indicator values.
Top Indicator of the community
IV
P*
IVI
TIVI
40.5
75
44.4
0.007
0.0002
0.0102
179.18
31.43
89.27
109.84
53.215
66.835
6. Discussion
The multivariate analyses carried out as part of this study established ve distinct plant communities in the TsFD study area. Being
located in the Western Himalayan Province, the vegetation was
mainly Sino-Japanese in nature and the communities were classied on the basis of environmental factors/gradients i.e., soil pH,
soil organic matter, soil phosphorous contents, soil texture, aspect,
altitude and soil electrical conductivity. This allows our results to
be compared with the studies already undertaken in other adjacent locations in the Sino Japanese Region (Takhtadzhian, 1997; Ali
and Qaiser 1986; Champion et al., 1965 Khan et al., 2011a,b, 2014;
Mehmood et al., 2015; Shaheen et al., 2015). At lower elevation
ranges the vegetation was of a sub-tropical nature with indicator species including Dodonea viscosa, Punica granatum, Berberis
lyceum and Pinus roxburghii. A similar community was described by
Siddiqui et al. (2009) during a phytosociological survey of the lesser
Himalayan and Hindu Kush ranges of Pakistan. At upper altitudinal ranges, the vegetation contains characteristic species of moist
temperate types of forests, e.g., Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow,
Aesculus indica, Prunus padus, Indigora heterantha, Viburnum grandiorum, Paeonia emodi, Bistorta amplexicaule, Euphorbia wallichii
and Trifolium repens; which could be compared with the assemblage reported in the moist temperate Himalaya by Saima et al.,
2009 and Ahmed et al., (2006). Species diversity reached an optimum at middle elevations (1700 m2200 m), as compared to the
lower locations where there was greater impact of anthropogenic
activities, while at high elevations (2200 m2626 m) diversity was
lowest mainly due to extreme conditions. Such kinds of species
distributional phenomena have also been observed in other mountainous ecosystems (Anderson et al., 1992; Ahmad et al., 2015).
Moreover an increase in herbaceous vegetation is positively correlated to increase in elevation which seems to be a function of
eco-physiological processes associated with these higher eleva-
342
Table 6
Inuence of various environmental variables on top indicator species of each community.
1st Community
BN
SNO
Aspect
1
Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.
Cnicus argyracanthus (DC) Hk.f.
2
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
3
Poa annua L.
4
Soil Electrical Conductivity
1
Melia azedarach L.
2
Themeda anathera (Ness) Hack.
Soil organic matter Content
Punica granatum L.
1
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
2
Soil Phosphorous
Cnicus argyracanthus (DC) Hk.f.
1
2
Taraxacum ofcinale Weber.
Soil pH
Euclaptus globulus L.
1
Punica granatum L.
2
3
Rosa moschata non J. Herrm.
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
4
Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.
5
Cynodon dactylon L.
6
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
7
8
Medicago denticulata Willd.
Poa annua L.
9
10
Rumex hastatus D.Don.
2nd Community
Aspect
Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.
1
Chenopodium album L.
2
3
Cnicus argyracanthus (DC) Hk.f.
Poa annua L.
4
Soil Electrical Conductivity
Themeda anathera (Ness) Hack.
1
Soil Organic matter contents
Punica granatum L.
1
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
2
Soil Phosphorous
Cnicus argyracanthus (DC) Hk.f.
1
2
Taraxacum ofcinale Weber.
Soil pH
Abies pindrow Royle.
1
2
Punica granatum L.
Rosa moschata non J. Herrm.
3
4
Rubus fruticosus Hk.f.
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
5
Achillea millefolium L.
6
Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.
7
Cynodon dactylon L.
8
Medicago denticulata Willd.
9
Poa annua L.
10
Rumex hastatus D.Don.
11
Soil texture
Achillea millefolium L.
1
Nepeta erecta Bh Bth.
2
Senecio chrysenthemoides DC.
3
3rd Community
Aspect
Quercus incana Roxb.
1
Soil organic matter contents
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
1
Soil phosphorous
Quercus incana Roxb.
1
Soil pH
Abies pindrow Royle.
1
Cornus macrophylla Wall. Ex Roxb.
2
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
3
Achillea millefolium L.
4
Actaea spicata L.
5
Chrysanthimum cenarifolium Trey
6
Euphorbia wallichii Hk.f.
7
Plantago lanceolata Linn.
8
Viola biora L.
9
(IV)
P*
I.V.I-1
T.I.V.I
40.4
35.5
40.3
43.3
0.0126
0.0488
0.0222
0.014
40.66
71.49
103.98
91.00
40.53
53.50
72.14
67.15
85.7
85.7
0.0406
0.0358
36.53
114.72
61.11
100.21
38.7
52.2
0.039
0.0188
80.11
125.71
59.40
88.96
34.6
39
0.0324
0.047
71.49
127.33
53.05
83.16
51.3
58.9
53
60.9
54.7
60.8
50.2
55.8
54.1
48.6
0.006
0.0008
0.001
0.0006
0.017
0.0008
0.0316
0.0006
0.0158
0.0348
44.41
80.11
51.86
33.29
48.63
115.76
103.98
92.86
91.00
73.75
47.85
69.50
52.43
47.09
51.66
88.28
77.09
74.33
72.55
61.17
40.4
37.9
35.5
43.3
0.0126
0.0328
0.0488
0.014
43.4
82.08
62.66
47.63
41.9
59.99
49.08
45.465
85.7
0.0358
36.5
61.1
38.7
52.2
0.039
0.0188
54.04
97.52
46.37
74.86
34.6
39
0.0324
0.047
62.66
83.28
48.63
61.14
40.5
58.9
53
41.9
60.9
47.2
54.7
60.8
55.8
54.1
48.6
0.007
0.0008
0.001
0.0364
0.0006
0.019
0.017
0.0008
0.0006
0.0158
0.0348
98.94
54.04
56.38
42.54
63.26
58.45
56.95
55.92
83.36
47.63
81.3
69.72
56.47
54.69
42.22
62.08
52.825
55.825
58.36
69.58
50.865
64.95
44.9
45.4
36.8
0.0276
0.0196
0.0428
58.45
68.16
50.25
51.675
56.78
43.525
35
0.0306
36.79
35.89
52.2
0.0188
40.41
46.31
37.3
0.0392
36.79
37.04
40.5
48.6
49.9
47.2
42.9
60.9
58.3
44.2
42.9
0.007
0.021
0.0016
0.019
0.0362
0.0044
0.0006
0.0186
0.0384
133.84
41.38
52.64
92.76
46.94
35.00
89.31
36.74
47.17
87.17
44.99
51.27
69.98
44.92
47.95
73.80
40.47
45.04
343
Table 6 (Continued)
Soil texture
Quercus incana Roxb.
1
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
2
3
Achillea millefolium L.
4
Actaea spicata L.
5
Nepeta erecta Bh Bth.
Plantago lanceolata Linn.
6
Viola biora L.
7
4th Community
Soil pH
Abies pindrow Royle.
1
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
2
Achillea millefolium L.
3
Cedrus deodara Rox ex Lamb.
4
Soil texture
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
1
2
Achillea millefolium L.
5th Community
Soil organic matter contents
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
1
Soil phosphorous
Drypteris spp.
1
Soil pH
Abies pindrow Royle.
1
Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.
2
Berberis orthobotyrus Bien. Ex Aitch.
3
Daphne mucronata Royle.
4
5
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
Drypteris spp.
6
Euphorbia wallichii Hk.f.
7
Plantago major L.
8
Potentilla fruticosa L.
9
10
Pteris vittata L.
Soil texture
1
Viburnum grandiorum Wallich.
42.7
44.1
44.9
54.4
45.4
54.4
54.4
0.018
0.0288
0.0276
0.0078
0.0196
0.0082
0.008
36.79
52.64
92.76
46.94
38.40
36.74
47.17
39.74
48.37
68.83
50.67
41.90
45.57
50.79
40.5
49.9
47.2
34.5
0.007
0.0016
0.019
0.0574
66.64
31.44
47.44
88.20
53.57
40.67
47.32
61.35
44.1
44.9
0.0288
0.0276
31.44
47.44
37.77
46.17
52.2
0.0188
61.95
57.07
43.5
0.0184
40.70
42.10
40.5
29
69.5
75
49.9
69.7
58.3
38.7
44.4
72
0.007
0.0352
0.0016
0.0002
0.0016
0.0012
0.0006
0.0308
0.0102
0.0006
179.19
89.07
33.83
31.44
30.60
40.70
36.05
42.10
89.28
37.93
109.84
59.03
51.67
53.22
40.25
55.20
47.18
40.40
66.84
54.97
44.1
0.0288
30.60
37.35
tions. The ndings of this study clearly indicate that the lower
elevational ranges exhibit sub-tropical oristic elements which
gradually change on the one hand to moist temperate types in the
upper ranges, i.e. along the latitudinal gradient, and to subalpine
types near the peaks of the mountains in response to the altitudinal
gradient.
The methods applied in this study allow users to compare multiple classication procedures of the same sites, for authentication of
the information resulting from the analysis. However, in mountainous regions, which are difcult to access, vegetation surveys need
to be conducted rapidly and with limited resources, such as for vegetation mapping. In such situations, it may be desirable to survey
the largest possible number of localities, but simplify the eldwork
protocol by focusing on a small subset of species that have high predictive value. The use of indicator species to monitor environmental
conditions or to determine habitat or community types is a rmly
established technique for both theoretical and applied purposes
in vegetation ecology in the recent past. Such indicators are used
as indicative of a specic microclimatic condition or environmental
change. The use of a suite of multispecies ecological or environmental indicators rather than single indicators has been recommended
to increase the reliability of bio-indication systems (Carignan and
Villard 2002; McGEOCH, 1998; Niemi and McDonald 2004; Butler
et al., 2012; Mouillot et al., 2013). In order to determine indicator
species, the characteristic to be predicted is represented in the form
of a classication of the sites, which is compared to the patterns of
distribution of the species found at the sites. For this purpose, Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) takes into account the fact that species
have different niche breadths.
Another important application, of this paper is illustration of
vegetation classication schemes according to the modern rules.
Vegetation types are often dened using the complete composition of vascular plants (Cceres et al., 2012). When complete
composition is available, there are several alternatives for assign-
S NO
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
64.6
46.2
38.7
29.2
18.7
75
38.7
14.6
8.3
72.9
22.9
29.2
27.1
6.2
87.3
29.2
16.7
64
51
14.6
12.5
16.7
25
85.7
81.4
33.3
18.7
37.5
52.1
38.7
6.2
38.7
20.8
36.4
33.3
35.4
10.4
43.7
10.4
31.2
65.8
4.2
29.2
38.7
10.4
31.2
4.2
2.1
14.6
0.1394
0.1212
0.2861
1
1
0.1292
0.2907
1
1
0.0828
1
1
1
1
0.0364
1
1
0.3373
0.2373
1
1
1
1
0.0406
0.0686
0.5541
1
0.3279
1
0.2917
1
0.2971
1
0.3627
0.4585
0.5445
1
0.4931
1
1
0.2861
1
1
0.2901
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
4
2
1
4
4
1
3
4
4
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
2
4
2
2
1
4
1
1
3
2
3
4
2
1
4
21.4
12
19.6
19.5
9.8
23
8.7
7.5
16.3
30.4
9.3
17.4
11.9
6.6
7.5
13.5
20.1
28.5
28.5
6.7
10.5
8.3
13.7
9.2
14.9
23.8
21
18.6
24.4
40.4
19.7
10.6
6.9
10.2
13.5
21.3
8.3
20.9
15.3
35
26.3
9.2
13.8
21.7
6.9
20.5
12.3
12.5
8.7
0.8276
0.3653
0.2094
0.3041
0.7197
0.2805
0.7584
0.8522
0.2222
0.2208
0.8506
0.3559
0.8758
0.8262
0.9474
0.6741
0.2034
0.1582
0.1482
0.957
0.4767
0.808
0.6839
0.796
0.4901
0.225
0.1094
0.2729
0.7209
0.0086
0.102
0.6185
1
0.7532
0.6791
0.3533
0.6843
0.3993
0.1896
0.0306
0.3315
0.4423
0.6169
0.1264
0.829
0.2977
0.3013
0.2565
0.7199
3
1
4
2
3
1
4
2
4
3
3
6
3
4
2
2
1
3
5
1
3
2
1
1
4
2
2
4
2
1
4
1
3
1
2
4
4
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
3
38
8.7
17
23.6
25.4
14.3
8.3
8
8.5
33.4
23.8
48.6
36.2
4.9
21.5
31
28.6
22.8
4.9
10.7
13.6
17.6
20.5
8.6
14.5
28.5
21
14.7
28
13.8
4.9
13.8
24
18.4
16.9
11.9
6.4
21.2
10.4
42.7
16.7
3.4
27.7
8.3
10
37.6
16.6
5.9
11.7
0.0614
0.7578
0.3651
0.2364
0.1576
0.8458
0.9144
1
0.8486
0.1732
0.173
0.021
0.0592
1
0.2539
0.1158
0.1006
0.6981
1
0.6019
0.2869
0.3257
0.3115
0.8574
0.6681
0.1678
0.2803
0.4597
0.6961
0.4455
1
0.4461
0.207
0.3643
0.5319
1
1
0.4907
0.6963
0.018
0.933
1
0.1248
0.8554
0.8286
0.056
0.2394
0.5203
0.4947
7
4
4
6
7
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
5
3
6
6
5
6
5
4
5
5
5
6
4
4
7
6
5
5
7
7
5
6
6
5
4
6
7
6
6
5
7
7
40.5
29
17.6
33.5
44.3
32.7
17.5
33.3
10.6
34.5
34.7
48.6
20.1
6.2
16.3
23.9
51.3
38.1
21.9
10.7
28.6
7.9
10.1
32.8
25.1
21.9
21.7
17.9
30.2
17.7
10.5
13.9
47.6
21.8
18.3
60
17.1
21.9
10.2
27.2
18.4
12.8
40.7
14
15.1
32.5
2.6
33.3
17.9
0.007
0.0352
0.2747
0.0696
0.0082
0.0912
0.2833
0.0728
0.5415
0.0574
0.0954
0.021
0.3229
1
0.3527
0.3055
0.006
0.1156
0.3052
0.776
0.0556
0.9198
0.8922
0.1062
0.2753
0.4245
0.15
0.211
0.1942
0.2623
0.5263
0.6587
0.0056
0.2156
0.4079
0.0008
0.3649
0.5643
0.5075
0.2402
0.9662
0.3253
0.0266
0.6089
0.4537
0.0796
1
0.0608
0.2627
7
4
4
6
7
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
5
3
6
6
5
6
5
4
5
5
5
6
4
4
7
6
5
5
7
7
5
6
6
5
4
6
7
6
6
5
7
7
40.5
29
17.6
33.5
44.3
32.7
17.5
33.3
10.6
34.5
34.7
48.6
20.1
6.2
16.3
23.9
51.3
38.1
21.9
10.7
28.6
7.9
10.1
32.8
25.1
21.9
21.7
17.9
30.2
17.7
10.5
13.9
47.6
21.8
18.3
60
17.1
21.9
10.2
27.2
18.4
12.8
40.7
14
15.1
32.5
2.6
33.3
17.9
0.007
0.0352
0.2747
0.0696
0.0082
0.0912
0.2833
0.0728
0.5415
0.0574
0.0954
0.021
0.3229
1
0.3527
0.3055
0.006
0.1156
0.3052
0.776
0.0556
0.9198
0.8922
0.1062
0.2753
0.4245
0.15
0.211
0.1942
0.2623
0.5263
0.6587
0.0056
0.2156
0.4079
0.0008
0.3649
0.5643
0.5075
0.2402
0.9662
0.3253
0.0266
0.6089
0.4537
0.0796
1
0.0608
0.2627
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
BOTANICAL NAME
344
Table 7
Results of Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) through PC-ORD, showing top Indicator plant species (with bold font) of each of the ve plant communities (15) at a threshold level of Indicator 30% and Monte Carlo tests of signicance
for observed maximum indicator value of species (P value 0.05).
Table 7 (Continued)
S NO
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2.1
38.7
22.9
45.8
16.7
29.2
63.2
25
12.5
10.4
10.4
25
38.7
16.7
20.8
14.6
20.8
8.3
16.7
35.3
36.4
8.3
22.9
67.6
35.4
10.4
35.3
33.3
22.9
4.2
12.5
38.7
12.5
10.4
68.6
25
29.2
30.8
18.7
8.3
12.5
10.4
12.5
16.7
12.5
22.9
50
18.7
28.6
40
1
0.2951
1
0.5013
1
1
0.3557
1
1
1
1
1
0.3043
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.4151
0.3637
1
1
0.2498
0.5485
1
0.3987
0.5533
1
1
1
0.039
1
1
0.2296
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.4963
1
1
0.2561
3
2
4
3
3
4
2
1
2
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
2
3
3
2
4
1
4
4
3
4
3
1
4
3
2
3
4
2
4
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
2
4.5
40.4
25.5
19.6
13.8
10.5
25.1
16.2
8.9
5.1
9
11.2
18.3
9.2
15.9
6.7
17.9
7.9
6.9
10.3
17.2
9.2
19.4
29.1
17.6
16.2
7.9
14.7
17.5
4
4.7
20.8
8.1
13.3
28.9
12.9
13.9
22.9
14.4
9.2
10.5
14.6
7.3
11.1
8.5
7.1
20.5
16.2
60.9
24.7
1
0.0126
0.1018
0.5621
0.3895
0.9616
0.4101
0.3685
0.6181
1
0.5985
0.8686
0.2611
0.6717
0.4223
0.9576
0.2631
0.7516
0.8824
0.7688
0.3503
0.5683
0.1806
0.1618
0.5315
0.1512
0.9562
0.6105
0.2609
1
1
0.4205
0.7493
0.3341
0.183
0.7676
0.6003
0.2585
0.4645
0.5689
0.4841
0.2252
0.8886
0.5403
0.7175
1
0.4685
0.4049
0.0006
0.055
1
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
4
4
2
1
3
3
4
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
5.9
7.4
9.9
30.1
22.8
23
25.9
18.1
61.9
10.4
10.3
22.2
18.3
34.3
52.3
24.2
24
6.9
23.1
30.6
10
12.3
35.9
17.4
17.6
20
7
24.8
7.1
8.3
9.4
29.7
12.7
26.1
17.7
19
13.4
16.7
55.3
11.7
9.4
10
9.4
11.2
9.8
20.1
44.1
21
22.2
9.1
0.5067
1
0.7802
0.189
0.2224
0.2623
0.3625
0.4527
0.0026
0.6967
0.7341
0.243
0.2869
0.033
0.0072
0.18
0.1772
1
0.1912
0.0726
0.7027
0.4141
0.0594
0.8532
0.5917
0.1654
1
0.229
0.9468
0.6773
0.8308
0.1894
0.3991
0.1036
0.8222
0.3845
0.8316
0.6253
0.005
0.5573
0.8312
0.8306
0.8406
0.5235
0.7273
0.3045
0.0288
0.2781
0.3861
0.7568
5
4
6
6
4
6
5
7
6
6
7
6
6
5
6
4
7
5
6
6
5
6
4
5
7
4
5
4
6
6
6
4
6
6
4
6
6
4
7
6
5
7
4
6
6
6
7
7
4
5
5
33.3
27.3
37.6
17.7
23.1
28.7
69.5
28.6
23.8
21
20.8
14.6
10.2
30.2
19.2
75
5.1
11.2
20.8
21.8
19
28
28.8
32
7.6
13
22.1
17.1
9.5
28.6
58.9
28.6
23.8
53
25
18.2
41.9
15.5
10.6
7.7
91.3
38.6
16.7
28.6
11.9
49.9
44.1
60.9
19.3
0.5763
0.0962
0.2022
0.098
0.2621
0.3347
0.3465
0.0016
0.058
0.0546
0.239
0.2753
0.4987
0.8562
0.1184
0.1854
0.0002
1
0.8064
0.2753
0.2128
0.2555
0.1786
0.23
0.0844
1
0.6315
0.3799
0.3257
0.6573
0.0584
0.0008
0.0576
0.0516
0.001
0.2412
0.4655
0.0364
0.3913
0.5459
0.8068
0.0004
0.0488
0.2883
0.059
0.6743
0.0016
0.0242
0.0006
0.1232
5
4
6
6
4
6
5
7
6
6
7
6
6
5
6
4
7
5
6
6
5
6
4
5
7
4
5
4
6
6
6
4
6
6
4
6
6
4
7
6
5
7
4
6
6
6
7
7
4
5
5
33.3
27.3
37.6
17.7
23.1
28.7
69.5
28.6
23.8
21
20.8
14.6
10.2
30.2
19.2
75
5.1
11.2
20.8
21.8
19
28
28.8
32
7.6
13
22.1
17.1
9.5
28.6
58.9
28.6
23.8
53
25
18.2
41.9
15.5
10.6
7.7
91.3
38.6
16.7
28.6
11.9
49.9
44.1
60.9
19.3
0.5763
0.0962
0.2022
0.098
0.2621
0.3347
0.3465
0.0016
0.058
0.0546
0.239
0.2753
0.4987
0.8562
0.1184
0.1854
0.0002
1
0.8064
0.2753
0.2128
0.2555
0.1786
0.23
0.0844
1
0.6315
0.3799
0.3257
0.6573
0.0584
0.0008
0.0576
0.0516
0.001
0.2412
0.4655
0.0364
0.3913
0.5459
0.8068
0.0004
0.0488
0.2883
0.059
0.6743
0.0016
0.0242
0.0006
0.1232
345
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
BOTANICAL NAME
346
Table 7 (Continued)
S NO
Acmountainea millefolium L.
Achyranthus spp
Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf
Actaea spicata L.
Adiantum venustum Linn. Sraj,
Aegopodium burttii E.
Ainsliaea aptera DC.,
Ajuga bracteosa L.
Anemone falconeri T. T. in Hk.,
Anemone tetrasepaqla Royle.
Anemone vitifolia Ham. DC.
Aquilegia missouriensis Royle.
Aquilegia pubiora Wall ex Royle
Argemone mexicana L.
Arisaema avum Forrsk.
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume.
Arisaema utile Hk.f.,
Artemisia absinthium L.
Aster molliusculus (DC.)
Atropa acuminata Royle.,
Bergenia ciliata (Haw) Sternb.
Bistorta amplexicaule (D.Don) Greene.
Bupleurum candollei Wall. Ex DC.,
Bupleurum falcatum L.
Bupleurum jacundum Kurz.,
Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. Ex DC.,
Calamintha vulgaris (L.)
Cannabis sativa L.
Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.
Capsicum annuum L.
Caryopteris odorata (Ham) B. L
Chenopodium album L.
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Trey
Cichorium intybus Linn.
Cirsium argyracanthum DC.
Cnicus argyracanthus (DC) Hk.f.
Colchicum luteum Baker
Convolvulus prostratus Forssk
Conyza canadensis (L.)
Coriandrum sativum Linn.
Corydalis diphylla Wall.,
Corydalis stewartii Fedde,
Cynodon dactylon L.
Cyperus rotundusL.
Datura stramonium L.
Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees in Wall.,
Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.
Dipsacus sativus (Linn.) Honck.
Dipsacus strictus D.Don.,
Dryopteris spp
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
47.9
20.8
31.6
18.7
14.6
2.1
16.7
39.6
34.3
27.1
18.7
10.4
20.8
10.4
18.7
16.7
4.2
80
16.7
4.2
18.7
25
38.7
14.6
18.7
12.5
10.4
80
30
10.4
12.5
50
29.2
8.3
8.3
73.8
14.6
4.2
14.6
6.2
4.2
16.7
73.8
20.8
10.4
11.4
4.2
6.2
44.4
25
0.4871
1
0.5137
1
1
1
1
0.5121
0.4315
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.0772
1
1
1
1
0.3021
1
1
1
1
0.0742
1
1
1
0.4993
1
1
1
0.135
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1414
1
1
1
1
1
0.1632
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
4
3
1
1
3
2
3
4
4
1
1
3
1
3
3
2
1
2
4
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
3
2
4
3
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
22.3
7.7
12.9
8.2
12.5
4.5
7.9
20.3
12
14.9
12.4
6.9
14
22.7
9.9
8.4
9.1
14.4
9.2
13.3
16.5
17
8.4
9.4
9.9
8.9
13.3
26.8
23
28.7
11.9
37.9
20.6
5.5
9.2
35.5
7.5
13.3
12.3
13.7
4
18.3
34
17.6
18.2
17.2
4
9.9
7.9
16.6
0.3395
0.911
0.7417
0.826
0.3813
1
0.8616
0.4591
0.8062
0.4967
0.5475
0.8228
0.5655
0.1182
0.6905
0.7846
0.6235
0.5495
0.6837
0.2693
0.3785
0.2999
0.7776
0.6151
0.6775
0.6757
0.3453
0.1288
0.2625
0.0528
0.4107
0.0328
0.2851
1
0.5719
0.0488
0.8028
0.2767
0.4241
0.1622
1
0.2691
0.0756
0.2937
0.1282
0.1182
1
0.5557
0.7455
0.3279
3
2
2
3
2
4
3
1
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
3
1
2
4
4
2
2
4
4
5
1
2
4
3
44.9
15.6
25.5
54.4
8
4.2
8.7
17.8
34.5
19.1
29.1
13.9
7.3
39.6
30.3
8.3
8.3
13.4
8.5
8.3
7.4
19.5
8.3
28.3
16.5
9.9
10.3
17.4
32.5
51.4
9.4
35.8
23.4
12.3
11.7
17.3
8.8
3.4
24.9
4.9
8.3
34.8
22.8
9.2
6.4
9.2
3.4
14.1
16.7
20.9
0.0276
0.5213
0.1904
0.0078
1
1
0.7536
0.5785
0.071
0.3817
0.1042
0.3295
1
0.0116
0.0714
0.8468
0.6669
0.8054
0.803
0.6591
1
0.3529
0.8526
0.0924
0.4129
0.6347
0.7329
0.5403
0.1162
0.0052
0.8358
0.086
0.2216
0.4313
0.4487
0.6019
0.85
1
0.1574
1
0.6663
0.0284
0.3449
0.7634
1
0.8634
1
0.3019
0.1658
0.3021
6
7
5
6
5
6
6
4
5
6
6
6
6
4
7
6
6
5
6
6
6
7
5
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
6
5
7
6
6
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
4
7
6
6
5
6
5
7
47.2
12.4
14.4
42.9
8.7
4.8
29
31.6
20.8
23
18.7
15.1
30.2
7.7
15.5
16.7
9.5
32.5
29
9.5
20.3
35.1
15.9
33.3
14.8
19.7
8.4
28.8
54.7
23.1
12.5
23.3
60.9
10.6
19
31.6
11.7
2.6
7.9
6.2
9.5
29
60.8
14.4
15.1
14.4
2.6
14.3
11.4
69.7
0.019
0.7686
0.6675
0.0362
0.841
1
0.1094
0.109
0.2643
0.3027
0.2132
0.4635
0.1156
0.8108
0.3897
0.2875
0.6489
0.0922
0.1038
0.6601
0.1814
0.0624
0.4691
0.0764
0.5059
0.2068
0.7457
0.1992
0.017
0.1236
0.6353
0.3339
0.0044
0.5469
0.2639
0.1054
0.7119
1
0.9102
1
0.6507
0.1076
0.0008
0.4945
0.4707
0.4945
1
0.3277
0.4325
0.0012
6
7
5
6
5
6
6
4
5
6
6
6
6
4
7
6
6
5
6
6
6
7
5
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
6
5
7
6
6
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
4
7
6
6
5
6
5
7
47.2
12.4
14.4
42.9
8.7
4.8
29
31.6
20.8
23
18.7
15.1
30.2
7.7
15.5
16.7
9.5
32.5
29
9.5
20.3
35.1
15.9
33.3
14.8
19.7
8.4
28.8
54.7
23.1
12.5
23.3
60.9
10.6
19
31.6
11.7
2.6
7.9
6.2
9.5
29
60.8
14.4
15.1
14.4
2.6
14.3
11.4
69.7
0.019
0.7686
0.6675
0.0362
0.841
1
0.1094
0.109
0.2643
0.3027
0.2132
0.4635
0.1156
0.8108
0.3897
0.2875
0.6489
0.0922
0.1038
0.6601
0.1814
0.0624
0.4691
0.0764
0.5059
0.2068
0.7457
0.1992
0.017
0.1236
0.6353
0.3339
0.0044
0.5469
0.2639
0.1054
0.7119
1
0.9102
1
0.6507
0.1076
0.0008
0.4945
0.4707
0.4945
1
0.3277
0.4325
0.0012
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
BOTANICAL NAME
Table 7 (Continued)
S NO
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
66.7
10.4
6.2
8.3
2.1
4.2
6.2
42.9
40.3
10.4
37.5
8.3
27.1
31.6
12.5
8.3
2.1
16.7
6.2
4.2
4.2
6.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
10.4
8.3
4.2
12.5
8.3
16.7
2.1
4.2
3.2
16.7
4.2
6.2
25
12.5
70.6
42.9
2.1
10.4
2.1
28.6
2.1
47.9
8.3
7.3
4.2
0.2735
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.198
0.0222
1
0.5433
1
1
0.5245
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.188
0.1886
1
1
1
1
1
0.4927
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
3
4
1
3
2
1
4
1
1
2
1
4
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
1
2
4
1
4
1
2
3
3
3
2
1
4
1
3
2
2
4
4
3
3
4
1
4
4
3
27.5
5.1
5.2
16.3
4.5
13.3
6.6
6.9
40.3
16.2
21.9
5.5
15
27.5
27.5
5.9
4.5
22.8
5.2
4
4
13.6
4
6.7
12.5
9.9
7.9
9.2
11.9
17.3
6.2
4.5
9.1
8.1
6.2
8.2
9.9
17
10.5
30.5
9.4
6.7
5.1
4.5
16.9
6.7
23.2
16.3
15.3
9.1
0.2392
1
1
0.2104
1
0.2693
0.8248
0.8234
0.0222
0.1448
0.3387
1
0.4825
0.0882
0.0236
0.8762
1
0.077
1
1
1
0.2442
1
0.5607
0.2669
0.5267
0.7518
0.4437
0.4019
0.1608
0.9486
1
0.6281
0.5281
0.9432
0.7357
0.5499
0.2963
0.4733
0.136
0.5883
0.5475
1
1
0.6419
0.5607
0.2975
0.2204
0.2104
0.6299
2
2
3
2
4
4
4
3
4
2
3
4
3
2
3
1
3
2
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
3
2
4
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
1
3
2
3
2
4
4
2
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
33.6
10.9
17.8
11.7
4.2
8.3
12.5
66.1
15.2
10.4
31.3
8.5
21.1
15.3
9.4
6.9
25
17.9
4.9
8.3
8.3
14.1
15.5
4.2
4.2
13.9
11.7
8.3
36.6
16.7
11.3
20
13.9
21
10.2
3.4
18.7
14.4
9.4
23.8
6.4
4.2
10.9
4.2
45.4
4.2
25.2
8.5
4.5
50
0.1124
0.5645
0.1696
0.5537
1
0.6591
0.5849
0.0012
0.7281
0.7003
0.1468
0.8264
0.3017
0.6819
0.8522
1
0.0856
0.3011
1
0.6773
0.6613
0.3179
0.3165
1
1
0.3377
0.5535
0.6679
0.0266
0.162
0.5151
0.1836
0.3299
0.1936
0.6793
1
0.0976
0.6871
0.8428
0.3863
1
1
0.5533
1
0.0196
1
0.4055
0.8464
1
0.0052
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
7
4
6
5
6
6
6
5
4
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
5
6
6
7
4
6
4
4
5
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
39.1
23.8
14.3
19
4.8
9.5
14.3
8.4
50.2
7.6
58.3
25.8
20.1
32.7
8.9
10.6
4.8
15.9
10.4
9.5
9.5
14.3
10
4.8
4.8
23.8
19
9.5
28.6
9
17.5
4.8
9.5
9.2
7.2
9.5
25.9
13.5
12.5
55.8
23.1
5
15.1
4.8
19.4
4.8
18.6
19
4.8
9.5
0.0944
0.0562
0.3287
0.2643
1
0.6601
0.3333
0.7469
0.0316
1
0.0006
0.0612
0.3107
0.0804
0.7117
0.5383
1
0.4655
0.5833
0.6573
0.6503
0.3277
0.4787
1
1
0.0538
0.2563
0.6635
0.0522
0.5709
0.2795
1
0.6633
0.5709
1
0.6603
0.0778
0.5689
0.6399
0.0006
0.116
0.5753
0.4595
1
0.6119
1
0.7864
0.2549
1
0.6529
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
7
4
6
5
6
6
6
5
4
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
5
6
6
7
4
6
4
4
5
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
39.1
23.8
14.3
19
4.8
9.5
14.3
8.4
50.2
7.6
58.3
25.8
20.1
32.7
8.9
10.6
4.8
15.9
10.4
9.5
9.5
14.3
10
4.8
4.8
23.8
19
9.5
28.6
9
17.5
4.8
9.5
9.2
7.2
9.5
25.9
13.5
12.5
55.8
23.1
5
15.1
4.8
19.4
4.8
18.6
19
4.8
9.5
0.0944
0.0562
0.3287
0.2643
1
0.6601
0.3333
0.7469
0.0316
1
0.0006
0.0612
0.3107
0.0804
0.7117
0.5383
1
0.4655
0.5833
0.6573
0.6503
0.3277
0.4787
1
1
0.0538
0.2563
0.6635
0.0522
0.5709
0.2795
1
0.6633
0.5709
1
0.6603
0.0778
0.5689
0.6399
0.0006
0.116
0.5753
0.4595
1
0.6119
1
0.7864
0.2549
1
0.6529
347
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
BOTANICAL NAME
Table 7 (Continued)
Oxalis corniculata L.
Papaver somniferum.Linn
Phalaris minor Retz.,
Phytolacca latbenia (Moq.)
Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.)
Plectranthus rugosus Wall.
Plantago lanceolata Linn.
Plantago major L.
Poa annua L.
Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.
Polygonatum verticillatum All.,
Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don
5
Potentilla fruticosa L.
Potentilla nepalensis Hk. f.
Primula veris L.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Pseudomertensia parviora (Decne.)
Pteris vittata L.
Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex H.
Ranunculus muricatus L.
Reinwardtia indica Dumort.
Rochelia stylaris Bioss.
Rumex dentatus L.
Rumex hastatus D.Don.,
2
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
Salvia Moorcroftiana Wall.ex Benth
Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott.,
Scrophularia robusta Penn.
Scutellaria linearis Bth.,
Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.
Sibbaldia cuneata Kunze.,
Silene vulgaris (Moench.)
Silybum marianum Gaertn.,
Solanum nigrumL.
Sonchus arvensis (DC.)
Strobilanthes alatus Nees non Blume
Swertia alata (D.Don)
Swertia angustifolia Ham. Ex. D.Don.,
Swertia ciliata (G. Don) B. L. Burtt
Tagetes minuta L.
Taraxacum ofcinale Weber.
Thalictrum cultratum Bl
1
Themeda anathera (Ness) Hack.
Trifolium repens L.
Tussilago farfara L.
Urtica ardens Link, Hort.,
Valeriana jatamansi Jones.
Valeriana ofcinalis (non L.) Hk. F.
Verbescum thapsis L.
Verbena bonariensis L.
3
Viola biora L.
Viola canescens Wall ex Roxb.
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
Max val
(IV)
P*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
27.9
2.1
6.2
6.2
2.1
2.1
18.7
25
80
6.2
18.7
8.3
36.4
18.7
16.7
4.2
10.4
4.2
22.9
35.3
22.9
6.2
6.2
42.9
30
36.4
6.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
20.8
2.1
10.4
7.3
10.4
8.3
6.2
6.2
8.3
12.5
38.7
64.9
8.3
85.7
6.2
8.3
6.2
12.5
35.4
36.4
10.4
18.7
20.8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.0778
1
1
1
0.3615
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.3951
1
1
1
0.1928
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2985
0.2995
1
0.0358
1
1
1
1
0.5497
0.3611
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
4
3
4
2
1
1
3
1
4
1
4
1
3
4
3
2
3
4
2
2
0
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
4
21
4.5
5.2
7.2
6.2
6.7
7.5
25.5
43.3
7.2
7.9
9.2
29.9
12.4
8.7
4
14.6
9.1
14.5
15.7
29.4
13.6
9.9
25.1
22.5
52.2
9.9
6.7
6.7
6.7
15.5
4.5
10.8
11.8
50.6
18.2
9.9
6.6
9.2
8.9
21.7
25.2
17.3
18.1
5.2
9.2
5.2
17.6
25
32.2
6.9
11.2
12.7
0.4087
1
1
0.6429
0.5429
0.5553
0.9476
0.1282
0.014
0.6343
0.9032
0.5653
0.0718
0.5305
0.7441
1
0.2318
0.6423
0.6075
0.4507
0.0724
0.2547
0.5593
0.082
0.3023
0.0188
0.5509
0.5607
0.5649
0.5645
0.4733
1
0.4425
0.5425
0.003
0.1228
0.5527
0.8248
0.5645
0.6135
0.1328
0.4297
0.1592
0.2639
1
0.5575
1
0.2034
0.1576
0.0528
0.821
0.5637
0.5969
3
2
2
4
4
1
3
1
2
3
1
3
4
3
2
4
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
4
2
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
3
1
4
3
3
2
14.7
20
14.1
12.5
4.5
5.9
54.4
9.1
16.2
12.7
9.2
15.3
12.9
29.7
17.6
8.3
20
16.6
18.2
19.4
22.3
18.7
8.7
28.6
32.5
23.4
18.7
4.2
5.9
4.2
36.8
4.2
31.2
4.2
6.4
42.9
12.6
17.8
11.7
9
9.9
22.3
11.1
20.4
12.7
15.9
12.5
63
23.8
12.9
38.9
54.4
21.3
0.9402
0.1836
0.3103
0.5735
1
0.5141
0.0082
0.946
0.6035
0.4313
0.784
0.3045
0.6283
0.0908
0.3191
0.6663
0.1768
0.2476
0.4131
0.3667
0.2484
0.087
0.7558
0.1042
0.1152
0.5779
0.0936
1
0.5239
1
0.0428
1
0.0462
1
1
0.0116
0.4659
0.1764
0.4435
0.9432
0.7149
0.7087
0.6589
0.3031
0.4303
0.2523
0.5765
0.003
0.2891
0.6231
0.0242
0.008
0.2272
5
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
4
6
7
4
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
4
6
4
7
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
4
6
6
7
6
5
4
4
7
4
6
5
6
6
7
4
6
6
6
34.6
4.8
14.3
14.3
4.8
4.8
44.2
38.7
54.1
14.3
13.3
8.8
74.3
44.4
14.1
9.5
17.2
9.5
72
40
28
6.2
10.6
20.9
48.6
32
6.2
4.8
4.8
4.8
24.9
4.8
15.1
21.9
41.7
10.6
14.3
25.8
19
7.7
17.5
37.7
23.1
29.5
14.3
11.4
14.3
8.9
27.1
35.6
15.1
42.9
16.8
0.0896
1
0.3355
0.3259
1
1
0.0186
0.0308
0.0158
0.3287
0.5573
0.7936
0.0012
0.0102
0.5227
0.6507
0.3399
0.6557
0.0006
0.0514
0.188
1
0.4023
0.2581
0.0348
0.3243
1
1
1
1
0.1696
1
0.4685
0.1491
0.0322
0.5551
0.3253
0.1372
0.2591
0.817
0.2807
0.1164
0.1944
0.1566
0.3449
0.4227
0.3241
0.7185
0.2851
0.0854
0.4663
0.0384
0.2841
5
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
4
6
7
4
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
4
6
4
7
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
5
4
6
6
7
6
5
4
4
7
4
6
5
6
6
7
4
6
6
6
34.6
4.8
14.3
14.3
4.8
4.8
44.2
38.7
54.1
14.3
13.3
8.8
74.3
44.4
14.1
9.5
17.2
9.5
72
40
28
6.2
10.6
20.9
48.6
32
6.2
4.8
4.8
4.8
24.9
4.8
15.1
21.9
41.7
10.6
14.3
25.8
19
7.7
17.5
37.7
23.1
29.5
14.3
11.4
14.3
8.9
27.1
35.6
15.1
42.9
16.8
0.0896
1
0.3355
0.3259
1
1
0.0186
0.0308
0.0158
0.3287
0.5573
0.7936
0.0012
0.0102
0.5227
0.6507
0.3399
0.6557
0.0006
0.0514
0.188
1
0.4023
0.2581
0.0348
0.3243
1
1
1
1
0.1696
1
0.4685
0.1491
0.0322
0.5551
0.3253
0.1372
0.2591
0.817
0.2807
0.1164
0.1944
0.1566
0.3449
0.4227
0.3241
0.7185
0.2851
0.0854
0.4663
0.0384
0.2841
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
BOTANICAL NAME
348
S NO
349
Table 8
Soil (Edaphic) factor analyses of all the sampling sites (stations) of Thandiani Sub Forests Division, Abbottabadquantication in each of the ve different plant communities.
S.No
Stations
PH
EC (dsm-1)
Melia-Punica-Euphorbia Community
Mandroch
5.2
0.63
1
2
Battanga
5.3
0.29
3
Neelor
5
0.31
Bari Bak
5.3
0.28
4
Mand Dar
5.2
1.02
5
Pkhr Bnd
5.4
0.52
6
Lowr Dna
5.4
0.26
7
8
Bandi TC
4.9
0.92
9
Qalndrbd
4.8
0.54
10
Riala
4.8
0.54
Malch Lw
5.5
1.03
11
Malch Up
5.5
0.41
12
Ziziphus-Zanthoxylum-Rumex Community
1
Danna
5.5
0.62
Uper Dna
5.7
0.35
2
Pejjo
5.5
0.48
3
Lowr Bal
5.9
0.4
4
Upr Balo
6.4
0.36
5
Mera Bun
4.9
0.28
6
7
Lonr Pat
5.2
0.34
Gali Ban
5.8
0.27
8
Riala Ca
4.9
0.61
9
Resrv FC
6.6
0.41
10
Upper GB
6.2
0.24
11
12
Chatrri
6.4
0.43
Terarri
5.1
0.37
13
14
Upr Rial
4.9
0.31
15
Terari C
5.4
0.6
16
Mathrika
5.9
0.45
Quercus-Cornus-Viola Community
1
Mthrka T
6.2
0.22
2
Jabbra
6.3
0.49
3
Darral
5.5
0.2
4
Makali
6.5
0.25
Ladrri
6.1
0.62
5
Upper KP
6.5
0.53
6
7
Kakl RFC
5.8
0.51
8
Parringa
6.6
0.44
9
Satu Top
6.8
0.45
Lower KP
6.4
0.33
10
11
Larri
6.5
0.55
Cedrus-Viburnum-Achillea Community
1
Pallu Zr
6.7
0.41
2
Lari Tra
6.3
0.26
Lari Top
6.8
0.73
3
4
Sawan Gl
6.7
0.38
Lower Th
6.6
0.39
5
Upper TC
6.7
0.57
6
Abies-Daphne-Potentilla Community
Mera RKC
6.6
0.22
1
Mera RKT
6.8
0.34
2
Lwr Nmal
7.1
0.2
3
Upr Nmal
7.2
0.36
4
Sikher
7.2
0.39
5
% O.M
% CaCO3
% Sand
% Silt
% Clay
T.Classes
P (ppm)
K (ppm)
0.55
1.04
1.24
0.85
1.06
0.57
1.32
0.5
0.65
0.55
1.08
1.1
11
6.5
9.7
12
6.3
8.6
8
12.5
13.7
8.5
8.7
7.5
25.8
49.8
37.8
39.4
47.8
26.3
51.8
15.8
17.8
26.4
45.8
35.2
52
36
46
42
36
49.5
36
64
64
49.4
30
34
22.2
14.2
16.2
16.2
16.2
24.1
12.2
20.2
18.2
24.2
24.2
30.2
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
2
8
6
6
7
5
5
6
6
7
5
5
6
155
125
145
140
130
110
130
135
145
110
125
135
1.15
0.72
1.05
1.07
1.1
0.75
0.65
1.2
0.5
1.15
1.06
1.1
0.7
0.72
0.56
1.24
8.3
1.3
8.2
7.7
6.6
13
8
8
12.7
6.8
8.4
9.2
9.5
1.1
11
6.7
33.8
29.2
27.8
45.8
29.9
39.8
35.8
41.8
21.8
37.8
35.8
21.8
40.4
29.8
33.8
29.8
48
60
52
28
40
44
52
44
54
44
40
58
45.4
60
46
56
18.2
10.2
20.2
26.2
32.1
16.2
12.2
14.2
24.2
18.2
24.2
20.2
14.2
10.2
20.2
14.2
4
1
1
2
2
4
1
4
1
4
4
1
1
1
4
1
6
6
5
7
6
7
8
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
135
120
115
145
120
140
150
105
105
110
120
115
135
125
130
135
1.2
1.07
0.6
0.55
0.6
1.05
1.18
0.8
0.55
1.08
1.15
7.4
7.3
13
10.5
9.5
7.2
5.8
7.8
12
6.5
8
55.8
69.6
41.8
35.8
16.8
69.2
29.2
21.8
31.8
29.8
35.8
34
20.1
42
50
58
20.6
44.6
56
58
38
50
10.2
10.1
16.2
14.2
26.2
10.2
26.2
22.2
10.2
32.2
14.2
3
3
4
4
1
3
4
1
1
2
4
7
5
5
6
7
5
5
6
5
6
5
145
120
110
120
130
90
140
120
115
115
110
1.2
1.25
1.07
1.2
1.1
1.15
6.9
7
7.4
6
9.2
9
37.1
57.2
45.8
49.2
53.2
45.2
43
26.2
42
28.6
32
44.2
18.1
16.2
12.2
22.2
14.8
10.2
4
3
4
2
4
4
6
5
6
6
5
5
115
110
125
115
110
105
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.75
10
8
8
6
9
29.8
21.8
35.8
33.8
46.8
44
54
44
60.6
35.2
26.2
24.2
20.2
15.6
18.2
4
1
4
1
1
8
8
6
6
7
140
145
120
125
135
est types that occur there. These forests are, however, under
considerable conversion pressure as land use intensies with
expanding human population and economic development. Conservation strategies based on the geographic patterns of botanical
species richness and diversity, including the identication of meaningful oristic regions and priority areas for conservation, could
improve the effectiveness of forest policy and management. These
strategies should also include current threats of loss due to forest
conversion to address the more urgent challenges for sustainable development. Here, we produce distribution models for 252
plant species using multivariate analysis, collecting geo-referenced
herbarium specimens. Our ndings provide clear priorities for the
development of a sustainable and feasible biodiversity conservation strategy for TsFD through indicator species approach.
7. Conclusions
Plant ecologists have commonly been conscious that vegetation
shows a discrepancy over a broad variety of particular factors and
areas. We have demonstrated that both species composition and
species pattern of vegetation in the TsFD depend more strongly on
soil pH, aspect and soil electrical conductivity than on any other soil
or climatic variables. This relationship even exists across a narrow
range of near-neutral pH values; slopes with north-west and southeast aspects and low electrical conductivity. This study indicates
that environmental factors have a strong inuence on vegetation
gradients and that the association of plant species changed in
response to edaphic, topographic and climatic gradients. There are
three major implications of the current study: (1) How to document
species composition, pattern and abundance at peak growing sea-
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