Chapter IX

1. These soil components are necessary to sustain plant growth.

- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
- boron
- manganese
- zinc
- nitrates-nitrogen
- organic matter
- soluble salt.
2. Desertification happens when the removal of humus and clay diminshes the nutrients
and the water-holding capacity of the soil. Agricultural activities like installment of
irigation and other crop-related mechanisms to help achieve the food demands destroy
these soil.
3.
3.1 Temperature- Rocks exfoliate due to change of temperature. Exfoliation causes the
outer layer of the rocks to peel off.
3.2 Change of Pressure- Rocks are cracked when there is change of pressure. The cracks
are formed due to pressure reduction of called joints. When landmasses are uplifted the
rocks are exposed from deep burial. The decrease in pressure causes the rocks to expand.
3.3. Running Water- As in case of river or stream pushes and drags rocks causing the
edges of rocks to wear-off making them smooth and round.
3.4 Carbonation- carbonation produces carbonic acid. These carbonic acid reacts and
dissolves rocks creating an underground spacing called caves. It also causes the walls of
the caves to collapse forming natural bridges. When the roof of the caves collapses it
creates a sinkhole.
3.5 Wind- As the wind blows, it carries load of particles that abrades the exposed surface
of the rocks. The abrasion of the rocks creates a various ventifacts.
This element also carries around sand to certain places.
3.6 Waves and current- water waves erode and the current remove fragments. Erosion and
deposition of sand along the shore form sand beaches. The waves and current cuts out
bays and deposits sediments forming barrier and other island. Sea cliff, sea arches and sea
slacks are examples.

Chapter X
1. Nature copes with these pollutants by diluting and assimilating them to threshold level.
A.) forest fires releases large amounts of nitrous oxide.
B.) natural vegetation produces ethylene gases.
2.
2.1 Ionosphere- a 258 km thick is rich with charged particles or ions that come from the
dissociation of gaseous molecules. This layer plays an important role in radio and
telecommunication transmissions of earth.
2.2 Ozone layer- is the protective shield of earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet
rays emitted by the sun
3. Auroras are formed when there is disturbances in the suns atmosphere.
4. Secondary pollutants are formed when there is chemical reaction from the primary
pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and volatile organic
compounds which are powered by solar radiation.