AMTECH ELECTRONICS

INDIA LIMITED
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The internship opportunity I had with Amtech Electronics India Limited

was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore,
I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an
opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to
meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this
internship period.
I express my deepest thanks to Dy.Gen.Manager for taking part in useful
decision & giving necessary advices and guidance. I choose this moment
to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest
sense of gratitude to one of the employee for his careful and precious
guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically
and practically.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career
development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best
possible way, and I will continue to work on improvement, in order to
attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of
you in the future.
Finally I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to
have a good training.
Knowledge is power and unity is strength.

Sincerely,
________________

OVERVIEW ABOUT COMPANY

AM American + TECH Technology = Amtech.

Amtech Electronics India Limited is in the Motion control,
Automation, Power quality and Industrial Electronics business.
Amtech is dedicated to provide quality product and services that
enhance our customer's success.
The company was incorporated in 1987 with a factory located at
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Manufacturing is divided in 5 category
Motion control : VFD drives & Soft starters
Automation : PLC, SCADA, HMI, Excess control system
Power quality & energy conservation :
Industrial electronics: Under this category they supply
products to IPR, BARC, etc. PWM DC drive is one of such kind
of product, which use in traction in USA.
Renewable sector: In this category they manufacture Solar &
Wind inverter.
Amtech use PSIM software for the simulation.
Amtech has 300 employees.
Amtech is ISO, UL & CE certified company.
Advantage of choosing Amtech
Innovative solutions and DSIR certified in-house R&D
Core competence in AC drives and customised solutions
Highly qualified and experienced professionals
Approval of renowned consultants in various industries
Manufacturing excellence and fast turnaround capacity
Quality system certified as per ISO 9001:2008 standard
Wide installation base covering major industries
Strong understanding of the Indian and global market
Competitive pricing
Robust dealer/system house network in India
Prompt customer service network across the country

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE

COMPANY

Amtech is very advance and ahead of others companies. Amtech

has following achievements.
1991: First to Launch IGBT and Microprocessor based Digital Drive
in India.
1995 :Designed and Installed 500 HP Drive on Fermentor
application
1999 :Quality System ISO 9001:1994 Certification
2003 :Designed & Developed 80 kV, 130 A Switched Power Supply
2005 : Designed, Developed & Exported IGBT based Digital Traction
Drive to USA
2006 :Developed DSP based Axpert-Eazy Series AC Drive with
vector control
2007 :Became the 1st Indian manufacturer to get UL 508C listing &
CE marking of Axpert-Eazy Series AC Drive
2009 : Developed & Commercialized Wind Power Converter for
variable speed synchronous
Generator & Launched Axpert-Eazy Series 690 V AC Drive and
Axpert-Hivert Series Medium Voltage Drive (3.3 kV, 4.16 kV, 6.6 kV
& 11 kV)
2010: Installed one of the largest of its kind in Asia Medium Voltage
Drive of 7.7 MW/11 kV for blower application in metal industry.
2011: Became the 1st Indian manufacturer to get UL 508 listing &
Amtech became an UL listed panel shop.
2012: Successfully Provided Complete Automation Solution for High
Speed Multilayer 350 TPD Paper Mill.
2013 : Designed, Developed & Supplied 695 V, 190 A SPS modules
for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), INDIA

Managine Director (MD): Mr. Piyush I Patel

Corporate office: Amtech Electronics India Limited, Rd Number
6, Sector 26,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382027
Plant office: Amtech Electronics India Limited, Rd Number 6,
Sector 26, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382027

Total staff strength: 300 employees

HR Details:

Name: S.B.Mahajani
Designation: DY.GEN.Manager (DGM)
Mail id: sbm@amtechelectronics.com
Expansion Plans: Expansion Plans & Officies are shown in map.

Products:
MOTION CONTROL:

AXPERT-EAZY SERIES AC DRIVE:

Range: 55 kW (75 HP) to 1800 kW (2415 HP)
Voltage: 415 V, 575 V & 690 V
AXPERT-VT240S SERIES AC DRIVE:
Range: 0.37 kW (0.5 HP) to 45 kW (60 HP)
Voltage: 230 V & 415 V
AXPERT-OPTI TORQUE SERIES SOFT STARTER:
Range: 30 kW (40 HP) to 900 kW (1200 HP)
Voltage: 230 V, 415 V, 575 V, 690 V
AXPERT-HIVERT SERIES MVD:
Range: 200 kW (270HP) to 12500 kW (16750 HP)

Voltage: 3.3 kV, 4.16 kV, 6.6 kV & 11 kV

BATTERY BACK UP SYSTEM FOR AC DRIVE

AUTOMATION:

Amtech Jetter Process PLC

Jetlink
Jetweb
Servo Stepper, Motors & Controllers

POWER QUALITY:

Active harmonic filter

Active front end converter
Harmonic reactor
Static harmonic converter
EMI/RFI filter
Sinus filter

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS:

Traction drive
High voltage power supply
Grid connected Solar inverter
Solar pump inverter
Heater controller
Wind power converter

TURNOVER : 120 Core

Expansion Plans: Company is currently expanding in USA &

other cities of India

Competitors:

ABB
Siemens
Allen Bradely
Hitachi Hirel
Danfoss
Vacon

VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVE
A variable-frequency
drive (VFD)
(also
termed adjustable-frequency
drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a
type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems
to
control AC
motor speed and
torque by
varying
motor
input frequency and voltage.

Lower Rating Drive

Higher Rating Drive

VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest
of mine mill drives and compressors. However, around 25% of the world's
electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications,
which are especially conducive for energy savings using VFDs in
centrifugal load service and VFDs' global market penetration for all
applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights
significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and
new VFD installations.

BASIC DIAGRAM OF VFD DRIVE

DRIVE WITH FREE WHILING DIODE

Drive type

DC

AC
VFD

AC
VFD

AC
VFD

AC VFD

Control
platform

Brush type DC

V/Hz
contr
ol

Vecto
r
contr
ol

Vector
contro
l

Vector
control

Control
criteria

Closed-loop

Openloop

Openloop

Closed
-loop

Openloop w.
HFI

Motor

DC

IM

IM

IM

Interior
PM

Typical
speed
regulation
(%)

0.01

0.5

0.01

0.02

0-100

Typical
0-100
speed range
at constant
torque (%)

10-100 3-100

0-100

Min. speed Standstill

at
100%
torque (% of
base)

8%

Standst Standstill
ill
(200%)

2%

Multiplemotor
operation
recommend
ed

No

Yes

No

No

No

Fault
Fused only
protection
(Fused only
or inherent
to drive)

Inhere
nt

Inhere
nt

Inheren Inherent
t

Maintenance

(Brushes)

Low

Low

Low

Low

Feedback
device

Tachometer or enc
oder

N/A

N/A

Encode
r

N/A

BENEFITS:
1. Controlled Starting Current -- When an AC motor is started
"across the line," it takes as much as seven-to-eight times the motor
full-load current to start the motor and load. This current flexes the
motor windings and generates heat, which will, over time, reduce the
longevity of the motor. An Adjustable Speed AC Drive starts a motor at
zero frequency and voltage. As the frequency and voltage "build," it
"magnetizes" the motor windings, which typically takes 50-70% of the
motor full-load current. Additional current above this level is
dependent upon the connected load, the acceleration rate and the
speed being accelerated, too. The substantially reduced starting
current extends the life of the AC motor, when compared to starting
across the line. The customer payback is less wear and tear on the
motor (motor rewinds), and extended motor life.

2. Reduced Power Line Disturbances -- Starting an AC motor

across the line, and the subsequent demand for seven-to-eight times
the motor full-load current, places an enormous drain on the power
distribution system connected to the motor. Typically, the supply
voltage sags, with the amplitude of the sag being dependent on the
size of the motor and the capacity of the distribution system. These
voltage sags can cause sensitive equipment connected on the same
distribution system to trip offline due to the low voltage. Items such as
computers, sensors, proximity switches, and contactors are voltage

sensitive and, when subjected to a large AC motor line started nearby,

can drop out. Using an Adjustable Speed AC Drive eliminates this
voltage sag, since the motor is started at zero voltage and ramped up.

3. Lower Power Demand on Start -- If power is proportional to

current-times-voltage, then power needed to start an AC motor across
the line is significantly higher than with an Adjustable Speed AC Drive.
This is true only at start, since the power to run the motor at load
would be equal regardless if it were fixed speed or variable speed. The
issue is that some distribution systems are at their limit, and demand
factors are placed on industrial customers, which charges them for
surges in power that could rob other customers or tax the distribution
system during peak periods. These demand factors would not be an
issue with an Adjustable Speed AC Drive.

4. Controlled Acceleration -- An Adjustable Speed AC Drive starts

at zero speed and accelerates smoothly on a customer-adjustable
ramp. On the other hand, an AC motor started across the line is a
tremendous mechanical shock both for the motor and connected load.
This shock will, over time, increase the wear and tear on the
connected load, as well as the AC motor. Some applications, such as
bottling lines, cannot be started with motors across the line (with
product on the bottling line), but must be started empty to prevent
breakage.

5. Adjustable Operating Speed -- Use of an Adjustable Speed AC

Drive enables optimizing of a process, making changes in a process,
allows starting at reduced speed, and allows remote adjustment of
speed by programmable controller or process controller.

6. Adjustable Torque Limit -- Use of an Adjustable Speed AC Drive

can protect machinery from damage, and protect the process or
product (because the amount of torque being applied by the motor to
the load can be controlled accurately). An example would be a
machine jam. With an AC motor connected, the motor will continue to
try to rotate until the motor's overload device opens (due to the
excessive current being drawn as a result of the heavy load). An
Adjustable Speed AC Drive, on the other hand, can be set to limit the
amount of torque so the AC motor never exceeds this limit.

7.
Controlled Stopping -- Just as important as controlled
acceleration, controlled stopping can be important to reduce
mechanical wear and tear -- due to shocks to the process or loss of
product due to breakage.

8. Energy Savings -- Centrifugal fan and pump loads operated with

an Adjustable Speed AC Drive reduces energy consumption.
Centrifugal fans and pumps follow a variable torque load profile, which
has horsepower proportional to the cube of speed and torque varying
proportional to the square of speed. As such, if the speed of the fan is
cut in half, the horsepower needed to run the fan at load is cut by a
factor of eight (1/2)3 = 1/8. Using a fixed speed motor would require
some type of mechanical throttling device, such as a vane or damper;
but the fact remains that the motor would still be running full load and
full speed (full power). Energy savings can be sufficient to pay back
the capitalized cost in a matter of a couple of years (or less),
depending on the size of the motor.

9. Reverse Operation -- Using an Adjustable Speed AC Drive

eliminates the need for a reversing starter, since the output phases to
the motor can be electronically changed without any mechanical
devices. The elimination of a reversing starter eliminates its
maintenance cost and reduces panel space.

10. Elimination of Mechanical Drive Components -- Using an

Adjustable Speed AC Drive can eliminate the need for expensive
mechanical drive components such as gearboxes. Because the AC
Drive can operate with an infinite variable speed, it can deliver the
low- or high-speed required by the load, without a speed-increasing or
reduction devices between the motor and load. This eliminates
maintenance costs, as well as reducing floor-space requirements.

SOFT STARTER

A motor soft starter is a device used with AC electrical motors to

temporarily reduce the load and torque in the power train and electric
current surge of the motor during start-up. This reduces the mechanical
stress on the motor and shaft, as well as the electrodynamics stresses on
the attached power cables and electrical distribution network, extending
the lifespan of the system.

It can consist of mechanical or electrical devices, or a combination of

both. Mechanical soft starters include clutches and several types
of couplings using a fluid, magnetic forces, or steel shot to transmit
torque, similar to other forms of torque limiter. Electrical soft starters can
be any control system that reduces the torque by temporarily reducing
the voltage or current input, or a device that temporarily alters how the
motor is connected in the electric circuit.

Across-the line starting of induction motors is accompanied by inrush

currents up to 7 times higher than running current, and starting torque up
to 3 times higher than running torque. The increased torque results in
sudden mechanical stress on the machine which leads to a reduced
service life. Moreover, the high inrush current stresses the power supply,
which may lead to voltage dips. As a result, lifespan of sensitive
equipment may be reduced.
A soft starter eliminates the undesired side effects. Several types based
on control of the supply voltage or mechanical devices such as slip
clutches were developed. The list provides an overview of the various
electric start-up types. The current and torque characteristic curves show
the behavior of the respective starter solution. Torque surges entail high
mechanical stress on the machine, which results in higher service costs
and increased wear. High currents and current peaks lead to high fixed
costs charged by the power supply companies (peak current calculation)
and to increased mains and generator loads.
A soft starter continuously controls the three-phase motors voltage
supply during the start-up phase. This way, the motor is adjusted to the
machines load behavior. Mechanical operating equipment is accelerated
smoothly. This lengthens service life, improves operating behavior, and
smooth work flows. Electrical soft starters can use solid state devices to
control the current flow and therefore the voltage applied to the motor.
They can be connected in series with the line voltage applied to the
motor, or can be connected inside the delta () loop of a delta-connected
motor, controlling the voltage applied to each winding. Solid state soft
starters can control one or more phases of the voltage applied to the
induction motor with the best results achieved by three-phase control.
Typically, the voltage is controlled by reverse-parallel-connected siliconcontrolled rectifiers (thyristors), but in some circumstances with threephase control, the control elements can be a reverse-parallel-connected
SCR and diode.
Another way to limit motor starting current is a series reactor. If an air
core is used for the series reactor then a very efficient and reliable soft
starter can be designed which is suitable for all types of 3 phase induction
motor [ synchronous / asynchronous ] ranging from 25 kW 415 V to 30 MW
11 kV. Using an air core series reactor soft starter is very common practice
for applications like pump, compressor, fan etc. Usually high starting
torque applications do not use this method.

APPLICATIONS

Soft starters can be set up to the requirements of the individual

application. In pump applications, a soft start can avoid pressure surges.
Conveyor belt systems can be smoothly started, avoiding jerk and stress
on drive components. Fans or other systems with belt drives can be
started slowly to avoid belt slipping. Soft starts are seen in electrical R/C
helicopters, and allow the rotor blades to spool-up in a smooth, controlled
manner rather than a sudden surge. In all systems, a soft start limits the

inrush current and so improves stability of the power supply and reduces
transient voltage drops that may affect other loads.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOFT STARTER:

Advantages of Soft Starter

Soft starters are used on high tension motors for the following
advantageous features:
1. Smooth starting by torque control for gradual acceleration of the drive
system thus preventing jerks and extending the life of mechanical
components.

2. Reduction in starting current to achieve break-away, and to hold back

the current during acceleration, to prevent mechanical, electrical,
thermal weakening of the electrical equipment such as motors,
cables, transformers & switch gear.
3. Enhancement of motor starting duty by reducing the temperature rise
in stator windings and supply transformer.
4. The microprocessor version of the Soft starter has a software
controlled response at full speed which economizes energy, whatever
may be the load. Because of the tendency to over specify the motor
rated power, this feature has benefits for most installations- not only
those where load is variable.
5. The power factor improvement is a self-monitoring in built feature.
When the motor is running at less than full load, the comparative
reactive component of current drawn by the motor is unnecessarily
high due to magnetizing and associated losses. Hence the voltage
dependent losses are minimized with the load proportional active
current component and as a result the power factor also improves
simultaneously.

Areas of Soft Starter application

These are main applications of Soft starter:

Steel industries (Rolling mills and processing lines)

Cement industries

Sugar plants

Paper and pulp

Rubber and plastic

Textile industries

Machine tool applications

Power sector

Water supply scheme

And various process control applications

HARMONICS
Harmonic voltages and currents in an electric power system are a result of
non-linear electric loads. Harmonic frequencies in the power grid are a
frequent cause of power quality problems. Harmonics in power systems
result in increased heating in the equipment and conductors, misfiring in
variable speed drives, and torque pulsations in motors. Reduction of
harmonics is considered desirable.
Current harmonics
In a normal alternating current power system, the current varies
sinusoidally at a specific frequency, usually 50 or 60 hertz. When a linear
electrical load is connected to the system, it draws a sinusoidal current at
the same frequency as the voltage (though usually not in phase with the
voltage).

Current harmonics are caused by non-linear loads. When a non-linear

load, such as a rectifier, is connected to the system, it draws a current
that is not necessarily sinusoidal. The current waveform can become quite
complex, depending on the type of load and its interaction with other
components of the system. Regardless of how complex the current
waveform becomes, as described through Fourier series analysis, it is
possible to decompose it into a series of simple sinusoids, which start at
the power system fundamental frequency and occur at integer multiples
of the fundamental frequency.

Further examples of non-linear loads include common office equipment

such as computers and printers, Fluorescent lighting, battery chargers and
also variable-speed drives.
Voltage harmonics
Voltage harmonics are mostly caused by current harmonics. The voltage
provided by the voltage source will be distorted by current harmonics due
to source impedance. If the source impedance of the voltage source is
small, current harmonics will cause only small voltage harmonics.
Harmonics fundamentals

Harmonics provides a mathematical analysis of distortions to a current or

voltage waveform. Based on Fourier series, harmonics can describe any
periodic wave as a summation of simple sinusoidal waves which are
integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Harmonics are steady-state distortions to current and voltage waves and

repeat every cycle. They are different from transient distortions to power
systems such as spikes, dips and impulses.

PROBLEMS
CURRENTS

CAUSED

BY

HARMONIC

1. Neutral conductor over-heating

In a three-phase system the voltage waveform from each phase to the

neutral so that, when each phase is equally loaded, the star point is
displaced by 120 combined current in the neutral is zero.
When the loads are not balanced only the net out of balance current flows
in the neutral. In the past, installers (with the approval of the standards
authorities) have taken advantage of this fact by installing half-sized
neutral conductors. However, although the fundamental currents cancel
out, the harmonic currents do not in fact those that are an odd multiple
of three times the fundamental, the triple-N harmonics, add in the
neutral.
The third phase currents, are introduced at 120 harmonic of each phase is
identical, being three times the frequency and one-third of a
(fundamental) cycle offset.
The effective third harmonic neutral current is shown at the bottom. In this
case, 70% third harmonic current in each phase results in 210% current in
the neutral.
Case studies in commercial buildings generally show neutral currents
between 150% and 210% of the phase currents, often in a half-sized
conductor!
There is some confusion as to how designers should deal with this issue.
The simple solution, where single-cored cables are used, is to install a
double sized neutral, either as two separate conductors or as one single
large conductor.

The situation where multi-cored cables are used is not so simple. The
ratings of multi-core cables (for example as given in IEC 603645-523
Table 52 and BS 7671 Appendix 4) assume that the load is balanced and
the neutral conductor carries no current, in other words, only three of the
four or five cores carry current and generate heat. Since the cable current
carrying capacity is determined solely by the amount of heat that it can
dissipate at the maximum permitted temperature, it follows that cables
carrying triple-N currents must be de-rated.
In the example illustrated above, the cable is carrying five units of current
three in the phases and two in the neutral while it was rated for three
units. It should be de-rated to about 60% of the normal rating.
IEC 60364-5-523 Annex C (Informative) suggests a range of de-rating
factors according to the triple-N harmonic current present. Figure 13
shows de-rating factor against triple-N harmonic content for the de-rating
described in IEC 60364-5-523 Annex C and for the thermal method used
above.

2. Effects on transformers

Transformers are affected in two ways by harmonics.

Firstly, the eddy current losses, normally about 10% of the loss at full load,
increase with the square of the harmonic number.
In practice, for a fully loaded transformer supplying a load comprising IT
equipment the total transformer losses would be twice as high as for an
equivalent linear load.
This results in a much higher operating temperature and a shorter life. In
fact, under these circumstances the lifetime would reduce from around 40
years to more like 40 days! Fortunately, few transformers are fully loaded,
but the effect must be taken into account when selecting plant.
The second effect concerns the triple-N harmonics. When reflected back to
a delta winding they are all in phase, so the triple-N harmonic currents
circulate in the winding.
The triple-N harmonics are effectively absorbed in the winding and do not
propagate onto the supply, so delta wound transformers are useful as
isolating transformers. Note that all other, non triple-N, harmonics pass
through. The circulating current has to be taken into account when rating
the transformer.

3. Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers

Residual current circuit breakers (RCCB) operate by summing the current

in the phase and neutral conductors and, if the result is not within the
rated limit, disconnecting the power from the load. Nuisance tripping can
occur in the presence of harmonics for two reasons.
Firstly, the RCCB, being an electromechanical device, may not sum the
higher frequency components correctly and therefore trips erroneously.
Secondly, the kind of equipment that generates harmonics also generates
switching noise that must be filtered at the equipment power connection.
The filters normally used for this purpose have a capacitor from line and
neutral to ground, and so leak a small current to earth.
This current is limited by standards to less than 3.5mA, and is usually
much lower, but when equipment is connected to one circuit the leakage
current can be sufficient to trip the RCCB. The situation is easily overcome
by providing more circuits, each supplying fewer loads.
Nuisance tripping of miniature circuit breakers (MCB) is usually caused
because the current flowing in the circuit is higher than that expected
from calculation or simple measurement due to the presence of harmonic
currents.
Most portable measuring instruments do not measure true RMS values
and can underestimate non-sinusoidal currents by 40%.

4. Over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors

Power-factor correction capacitors are provided in order to draw a current

with a leading phase angle to offset lagging current drawn by an inductive
load such as induction motors.
The effective equivalent circuit for a PFC capacitor with a non-linear load.
The impedance of the PFC capacitor reduces as frequency rises, while the
source impedance is generally inductive and increases with frequency. The
capacitor is therefore likely to carry quite high harmonic currents and,
unless it has been specifically designed to handle them, damage can
result.
A potentially more serious problem is that the capacitor and the stray
inductance of the supply system can resonate at or near one of the
harmonic frequencies (which, of course, occur at 100 Hz intervals). When
this happens very large voltages and currents can be generated, often
leading to the catastrophic failure of the capacitor system.

Resonance can be avoided by adding an inductance in series with the

capacitor such that the combination is just inductive at the lowest
significant harmonic. This solution also limits the harmonic current that
can flow in the capacitor. The physical size of the inductor can be a
problem, especially when low order harmonics are present.

5. Skin effect

Alternating current tends to flow on the outer surface of a conductor. This

is known as skin effect and is more pronounced at high frequencies.
Skin effect is normally ignored because it has very little effect at power
supply frequencies but above about 350 Hz, i.e. the seventh harmonic and
above, skin effect will become significant, causing additional loss and
heating. Where harmonic currents are present, designers should take skin
effect into account and de-rate cables accordingly.
Multiple cable cores or laminated busbars can be used to help overcome
this problem. Note also that the mounting systems of busbars must be
designed to avoid mechanical resonance at harmonic frequencies.

PROBLEMS
VOLTAGES

CAUSED

BY

HARMONIC

1. Voltage distortion

Because the supply has source impedance, harmonic load currents give
rise to harmonic voltage distortion on the voltage waveform (this is the
origin of flat topping).
There are two elements to the impedance: that of the internal cabling
from the point of common coupling (PCC), and that inherent in the supply
at the PCC, e.g. the local supply transformer.
The distorted load current drawn by the non-linear load causes a distorted
voltage drop in the cable impedance. The resultant distorted voltage
waveform is applied to all other loads connected to the same circuit,
causing harmonic currents to flow in them even if they are linear loads.
Solution: The solution is to separate circuits supplying harmonic
generating loads from those supplying loads which are sensitive to

harmonics, as shown in Figure 16. Here separate circuits feed the linear
and non-linear loads from the point of common coupling, so that the
voltage distortion caused by the non-linear load does not affect the linear
load.
When considering the magnitude of harmonic voltage distortion it should
be remembered that when the load is transferred to a UPS or standby
generator during a power failure the source impedance and the resulting
voltage distortion will be much higher.
Where local transformers are installed, they should be selected to have
sufficiently low output impedance and to have sufficient capacity to
withstand the additional heating, in other words, by selecting an
appropriately over sized transformer.
Note that it is not appropriate to select a transformer design in which the
increase in capacity is achieved simply by forced cooling such a unit will
run at higher internal temperatures and have a reduced service life.
Forced cooling should be reserved for emergency use only and never
relied upon for normal running.

2. Induction Motors

Harmonic voltage distortion causes increased eddy current losses in

motors in the same way as in transformers. However, additional losses
arise due to the generation of harmonic fields in the stator, each of which
is trying to rotate the motor at a different speed either forwards or
backwards. High frequency currents induced in the rotor further increase
losses.
Where harmonic voltage distortion is present motors should be de-rated to
take account of the additional losses.

3. Zero-crossing noise

Many electronic controllers detect the point at which the supply voltage
crosses zero volts to determine when loads should be turned on. This is
done because switching inductive loads at zero voltage does not generate
transients, so reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and stress on
the semiconductor switching devices.
When harmonics or transients are present on the supply the rate of
change of voltage at the crossing becomes faster and more difficult to

identify, leading to erratic operation. There may in fact be several zerocrossings per half cycle.

4. Harmonic problems affecting the supply

When a harmonic current is drawn from the supply it gives rise to a

harmonic voltage drop proportional to the source impedance at the point
of common coupling (PCC) and the current.
Since the supply network is generally inductive, the source impedance is
higher at higher frequencies. Of course, the voltage at the PCC is already
distorted by the harmonic currents drawn by other consumers and by the
distortion inherent in transformers, and each consumer makes an
additional contribution.

ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER (AHF)

AHF is used for centralized harmonic suppression in a power system. AHF
is an IGBT based power electronics device. It uses IGBT and inverter
technology.

It actively eliminates 100% harmonic distortion and reacts instantly to

varying loads. This is done by injecting additional currents as required in
order to cancel the harmonic components of the non-linear loads.

Every consumer of Electricity Board at 415 V should possess, who

experience harmonic related issues such as:

Overload
Malfunction in control circuitry
Heavy application of electronic drives
Nuisance Tripping & miscoordination of relays
Overheating of system components

An AHF is installed in parallel to the harmonic generating loads. ACT first

measures the current being drawn momentarily by the load. Then filter
control unit analyses this current for amplitude & harmonic order. Then it
feeds a compensation current into system whose amplitude and individual
harmonic order is exactly equal to the current drawn by the load but
which is 180 degree out of phase with it. So the harmonic currents cancel
each other and the supply network only has to supply the fundamental
frequency and is not contaminated with harmonics at the point of
connection.

PANEL OF AHF:

Output of AHF:

DISCOVERIES

Ability to obtain and apply essential standards of science and

designing.

Capability to impart viably.

Ability to recognize, define and show issues and discover designing

arrangement in light of a frameworks approach.

Awareness for wellbeing while working in genuine field.

Understanding of the significance of maintainability and costviability in configuration and improvements of designing
arrangement.

Ability to be a multi-gifted designer with great specialized learning,

administration, authority and enterprise abilities.

Awareness of the social, social, worldwide and ecological obligation

as an architect.

Capability and excitement for self-change through persistent expert

advancement and deep rooted learning.

Such hand on experience we can apply such essential standard

which was taught in addresses.

What we think in classroom is dependably on littler premise yet real

plants are constantly mammoth and complex.

All the information about assembling procedure of VFD drives.

All the thought regarding VFD testing.

Importance of keeping up quality and how that can be accomplish.

How to manage different aggressive environment and how to stand

first among all.

CONCLUSION
With this industrial training, I came to know about real world solution like
VFD, soft starters, active and passive filters, etc. I view this as an
opportunity to learn more, not just academic materials, but also how to
socialise with people. Help was there whenever I need it.
During the time of my training, I developed the habit of self-dependence,
if not all, most of the time. I was advised by my supervisor that working
life is very different from university. Most of the experience gained through
working comes from your own exposure to whatever you do on your own,
through self-learn and socialising. Textbook knowledge is not always
sufficient in this vast and ever-changing society. I am very satisfied to say
that, though difficult, the work I did in Amtech Electronics India Limited
exposed me to how work is done in the actuarial department.
Nevertheless, I manage to apply my knowledge, actuarial and real life
problem solving concepts in my work as an intern, and am delighted to
know that what I learnt in Amtech Electronics India Limited is helpful.