SEE4433FINALEXAMINATIONANSWERSCHEME

Page1of15

Question1.

(a) Withtheaidofdiagrams/schematic,describethefunctionalityofRCDSnubberscircuit.Statetheimpactof
havingalargesizeofcapacitorintheRCDsnubber.

[6marks]
RCDSnubberscircuit:

(2m)

9 Asnubberisputacrosstheswitch.
9 AnexampleofasnubberisanRCDcircuitturnoffsnubber
9 Snubbercircuitsmoothenedthetransitionandmaketheswitchvoltagerisemoreslowly.In
effectitdampensthehighvoltagespiketoasafevalue.Oranelectricalcircuitusedtosuppress
("snub")electricaltransients.
9 Ingeneral,snubbersareusedfor:
Turnon:tominimiselargeovercurrentsthroughthedeviceatturnon
Turnoff:tominimizelargeovervoltagesacrossthedeviceduringturnoff.
9 Stressreduction:toshapethedeviceswitchingwaveformsuchthatthevoltageandcurrent
associatedwiththedevicearenothighsimultaneously.

(3m)
Theimpactofhavinglargesizeofcapacitance:
o Slowriseoftheinitialstartup,avoidinglargevoltageovershoot.
o Hence,thepowerlossduringturnoffisreduced.

(1m)

FigureQ1(b)

(b) BasedonFigureQ1(b),giventhattheinductorvalueis0.04H,theresistorvalueis20ohmsandthecircuit
isoperatingat50Hz.Fromtheoutputobservation,itcanbeidentifiedthattheoutputcurrentstarttorise
att=2.5msanddecaytozeroatt=12.06msduringthefirstcycle.Giventhattheoutputcurrentis

i(t ) =

Vm
Z

sin(

)
sin(

)
e

for t

Determinetheexpressionfortheoutputcurrent,io(t).
L=0.04H,

R=20ohms
f=50Hz,thusperiodT=

[5marks]

1
1
=
= 0.02 s
f 50

Giventhefiring/extinctionangleintime,convertintoangleorrad/s:
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2.5 ms
360 o = 45 o = 0.785 rad
20 ms
12.06 ms
tdecaytozero=12.06ms =
360 o = 217.08 o = 3.789 rad
20 ms

trise

=2.5ms

= 2f = 100
Vm = 240 2 = 339.4 V

Z = R 2 + ( L )2 = 20 2 + ( 100 40 m )2 = 23.62

= tan 1

L
1 100 40 m
= tan
= 0.561 rad
20
R

L 40 m
= =
= 2 ms
R
20

( ) = 45o 32.14o = 0.224 rad

i(t ) =

(2m)

or 32.14 o

(0.5m)
(0.5m)

(0.5 m)

t 0.785

339.4
100 2 m
sin(

t
0
.
561
)
sin(
0
.
224
)
e

A
23.62

t 0.785

i(t ) = 14.37 sin(t 0.561) 0.222e 0.628 A

i(t ) = 0A Otherwise

for t

for t

(1m)

(0.5m)

FigureQ1(c)

(c) FigureQ1(c)showsaFullBridgerectifierusingSCRs.Giventhatthefiringangleis50andtheextinction
angle,=210.
i.
Sketchtheoutputvoltageandtheoutputcurrentwaveforms.Labelclearly.(2Cycles)

[3marks]

Vm

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ii.

IfaFreeWheelingdiodeisconnectedinparallelwiththeload,sketchtheoutputvoltageand
theoutputcurrentwaveforms.Labelclearly.(2Cycles)

[3marks]
Theoutputcurrentwaveformbecomescontinuous(CCM)
Thenegativepartsoftheoutputvoltagewaveformdisappears

Vm

iii.

IfthereisnoFreeWheelingdiode(FWD)added,statetheconditiontoimprovediscontinuous
currenttocontinuouscurrentwaveform.

[1marks]
Forcontinuouscurrentmode(CCM):

tan 1

iv.

WithoutFWD,calculatetheaverageDCoutputvoltageifthecurrentbecamecontinuous,
whereL>>R.

[2marks]
LargeLContinuousCurrentMode

2Vm
cos

2(240 2 )
Vo =
cos 0.873 = 138.89 V
Vo =

v.

WithoutFWD,ifL>>R,theR=20andL=15mH,calculatethepowerdissipatedattheload.

[2marks]
LargeLapproximationofIrmstoIo

Vo 2Vm
=
cos = 6.9445 A
R .R
2
Po = I rms
R = I o2 R = 964.5 W

I rms = I o =

vi.

IfonlySCR2andSCR3arereplacedwithuncontrolleddiode,explainthedifferentobservations
ascomparedtoallSCRsbridge.

[3marks]
IfSCR2andSCR3arereplacedbydiodes,thecircuitbehavesliketheconditionwithFWD
connectedinparallelwiththeload.Thenegativepartoftheoutputwaveformiseliminated
sincecurrentcanflowthroughbothdiodesduringbothSCRsareOFF.Thecurrentbecomes
continuous(CCM).

Sketchingofwaveformscanalsobeaccepted.

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Question2.

(a) ListTHREEadvantagesofswitchmodepowersupply(SMPS)ascomparedtolinearpowersupply.
i.
HIGHEFFICIENCY

(1MARK)
ii.
LIGHTWEIGHT

(1MARK)
iii.
SMALLERSIZE

(1MARK)

(b) Withtheaidofsuitablediagrams,describetheoperationofFlybackconverter.
i.
SWITCHCLOSEDCONDITION
0

is=iLM
iLM

Vd

N1

N2
v2
+

Vo

v1=Vs

ii.

+
v1

(DIAGRAM:1MARK)
CURRENTATSECONDARYSIDEISZEROBECAUSEDIODEISREVERSEBIASED.SINCETHEN,I1ATPRIMARYSIDEISALSOZERO.
THEREFOREMAGNETIZINGINDUCTANCECURRENT,ILMISEQUALTOCURRENTSUPPLY,IS.INTHIDCONDITION,VOLTAGEAT
PRIMARYSIDEV1(VOLTAGEACROSSMAGNETIZINGINDUCTANCE)=VOLTAGESUPPLY,VD.
(1.5MARKS)
SWITCHOPENCONDITION
iD

iLM

Vs

N1
+
v1

N2

v2= VS
+

+ vSW

+
Vo

(DIAGRAM:1MARK)
WHENSWITCHISOPEN,LMINDUCEDCURRENTATTHEPRIMARYSIDE.THEREFORE,I1=ILM.DIODEATSECONDARY
SIDEISINFORWARDBIASED.THUS,V2=VOANDV1=VO(N1/N2).
(1.5MARKS)

(c) ForFlybackconverter,derivetherelationshipbetweentheoutputvoltageandinputvoltage.
WHENSWITCHISCLOSE,

di Lm
dt
diL m iL m iL m V d
=
=
=
dt
dt
DT
Lm
V DT
i Lm
= d
closed
Lm

On the load side of the transform er,

v1 = V d = Lm

N
N
v 2 = v1 2 = V d 2
N1
N1
N
v D = Vo V d 2 < 0, i.e. diode turned off
N1
Therefore,
i2 = 0 and i1 = 0

(1MARK)

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WHENSWITCHISOPEN,
N
v1 = Vo 1
N2
But
v2 = Vo
N
N
v1 = v2 1 = Vo 1
N
2
N2
di
N
v1 = Lm L m = Vo 1
dt
N2
diL m
dt

iL m
dt

iL m

(1 D )T

Vo N1

Lm N 2

V (1 D )T N1
(iL m )open = o

Lm
N2
Voltage across the switch :
N
vSW = Vd + Vo 1
N2

(1MARK)

FORSTEADYSTATEOPERATION:

(iL )closed + (iL )opened = 0

m

(1MARK)

V DT Vo (1 D )T N1
d

= 0
Lm
Lm
N2
D N 2
Vo = Vd

1 D N1

(1MARK)

(d) BasedontheanswerobtainedinQ2(c),calculatethedutyratio(D),giventhe15vs=15V,
N1:N2=1:1,R=10andoutputpowerP=100W.

GIVEN,PO=100WATTANDR=10,VS=15V.CALCULATED

v o2
,=>VO= 1000 =31.62V
R
D N 2
USING v o = v d

1 D N1
Po =

HENCE,THEDUTYCYCLE:
D=0.678

(1MARK)

(1MARK)

WHEREN2/N1=1

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(e) FigureQ2(e)showsoneofSMPStopologies.Basedonthecircuit,answerthefollowingquestions:

i.

Sketchthegatesignalforsw1andsw4sothatthevoltagewaveformatpvisasshowninFigureQ2(e
i).
SIGNALFORSW1

SW 1

T
2

vdc

time( s )

ton

(1.5marks)

SIGNALFORSW4

SW 4

vdc
T
+ ton
2

T
2
ii.

time( s )
T

(1.5Marks)
IfN1:N2=1:1,sketchthevoltagewaveformsatvxandfordiodesD1andD4.Basedonthesketch,what
istheminimumvoltageratingforthediodes?

vx
vdc
ton

T
2

T
+ ton
2

time( s )
T

(1MARK)

D1
T
2
vdc

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T
+ ton
2

time( s )
T

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(1MARK)

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D4

ton

T
2

time( s )

vdc

(1MARK)

BASEDONTHEWAVEFORM,THEMINIMUMVOLTAGERATINGFORTHEDIODESISEQUIVALENTTOVDC.

(1MARK)
iii.

Derivetherelationshipbetweenvoltageinputandvoltageoutput.

IFN1/N2=1,THEN
T
+ ton
ton

2
1

vo = vdc dt + vdc dt
T 0
T

T
+ ton
1
ton
= [ vdc t ]0 + [ vdc t ]T2

T
2

1
T
T
= vdc ton + vdc + vdc ton vdc
T
2
2

(1MARK)

(1MARK)

(1MARK)

(1MARK)

THUS, vo

2vdc ton
2vdc D
T

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Page8of1
15

Quesstion3

(a) Explain
E
brieflly the shoott through fau
ult in halfb
bridge inverteer circuit. Usse suitable diagrams
d
to aid the
explanation.H
e
Howcanthep
problembeso
olved?
5marks]
[5
Shootthroughisacon
nditionwhenbothswitcheesinaninverrterlegwastturningonsim
multaneouslyy.When
this happ
pens, a very high currentt flows in th
he switches (exceeded th
he switches current ratin
ng) and
damagestheswitches..

ome by intro
oducing dead
d time. A deead time will ensure both
h switches wont
w
be
This caan be overco
on/offatthesametim
me.

(b) Theoutputvo
T
oltageofapa
articularinverrterisdescribeedasthefollo
owingFourierrexpression:

vo(tt)=340sin(31
14t)+75sin(15
570t)+24sin(2198t)+6sin
n(2826t)V

alueofthefu
undamentalcomponents
i.. Determineether.m.s.va
[3
3marks]

V1rms=

Vm 340
= 240.4 V
=
2
2

ncyofthefund
damentalcom
mponents
iii. Determineethefrequen

= 2f = 3144 rad / s
f =

314

[2
2marks]

= 500 Hz

iiii. Determineethermsvalu
ueoftheseveenthharmoniics
Th
heseventhhaarmonic= 7 314rad / s = 2198

Vm
V 7 24
=
= 16.97 V
2
2

[3
3marks]

SEE4433FINALEXAMINATIONANSWERSCHEME

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FigureQ3(c)

(c) FigureQ3(c)showstheoutputwaveformofaninverterusingQuasiSquareWavecontrol.Giventhatthe
fundamentalr.m.s.voltageis250V.
i.
Calculatethevalueoftheshiftingangle,.

[2marks]
From the figure, given the VDC = 340; and V1 = 250 Vrms thus, b1 = 250 2 .

bn =

4(VDC )
cos( n )
n

where n = 1, 5, 7,...

Forfundamentalvoltage,n=1,

4(VDC )
cos
n
4(340)
250 2 =
cos

b1 =

= cos (0.8167)
1

= 35.24o

ii.

Giventhattheoutputvoltagetotalharmonicdistortionis

2
on( rms )

THDV =

V1rms

wherenisthenumberofharmonicth.

CalculatetheTHDVbytakingintoaccountthefirstthreenonzeroharmonics.

[4marks]

2
on ( rms )

THDV =

V1rms

for 3 non zero harmonic b1 , b3 , b5 , b7

4(VDC )
cos( n )
where n = 1, 5, 7,...
n
4(340)
b3 =
cos(3 35.24o ) = 39.1 V
3
b
b3rms = 3 = 27.65V
2

bn =

b5 =
b5rms

4(340)
cos(5 35.24o ) = 86.44 V
5
b
= 5 = 61.12 V
2

(1m)

(1m)

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b7 =
rms
7

4(340)
cos(7 35.24o ) = 24.48 V
7
b
= 7 = 17.31V
2

Page10of15

(1m)

(27.65) 2 + ( 61.12) 2 + ( 17.31) 2

100%
250
4799.8
THDV =
100%
250
THDV = 27.7%

THDV =

iii.

(1m)

Explainhowwecaneliminatethethirdharmonicwithcalculation.

[2marks]

Theparticularorderorharmonicininverteroutputwaveformcanbeeliminatedbysettingthe
delayangle, accordingtothefollowingequation:

90 o
where n is the particular harmonic order
n
90 o
= 30 o
=
3

iv.

Plotthefrequencyspectrumoftheinverteroutputvoltageuptothe7thorderbytakinginto
accountQ3b(iii).Labeltheparametersclearlyincludingthemagnitude.

[4marks]

b5 =

4(340)
cos(5 30o ) = 74.98 V
5

b7 =

4(340)
cos(7 30o ) = 53.6 V
7

(2m)

Fundamental
Voltage

353.5

74.98

Third
Harmonic is
eliminated

53.6

harmonic

(2m)

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4433FINALEEXAMINATIONANSWERSSCHEME

Page11off15

Quesstion4

(a) Brieflyexplain
B
nthetwocom
mmonmethod
dstoobtaina
avariablespeeeddrivefor aDCmotor.IIfonewantstodrive
theDCmotor
t
rspeedbeyon
nditsbasedsspeed(assum
mingthattheemotorisaw
woundtypem
motor),what typeof
controlparam
c
metersthatneeedtobeadju
ustedhow?Ex
Explainhowth
hecontrolcan
nbedone.
8marks]
[8

Twocomm
monmethodssofdrivingDCmotorsforvariablespeeedcontrol:

i) SC
CR/ThyristorDrives

ii) Chopper/DCD
DCDrives

In SC
CR drives, the main swittches are SC
CRs. This drivves suitable for low frequency high power
applicatio
on.Theperforrmanceoftheedriveisslow
wresponse,lo
owbandwidthandhighrip
pplecurrent//torque.

mally used IG
GBT/MOSFET or other controllable sw
witches, depeends on
In Chopper drivess, they norm
f
aare normally high. The drive perform
mances are veery fast
power rating etc. Thee operating frequencies
response,,highbandwiidthandlowrippletorquee.

Thespeed
dequationcaanbegivenass

Va I a Ra

To drive DC Motor be
eyond its based speed, tthe flux can be reduced (field weakeening method
d) while
maintainingIaandVaaattheirmaxim
mumcapabilitty.

(b) ADCmotordr
A
rivehasthefo
followingpara
ameters:
Motorrattedvalues
Ra
atedvoltage :
210
0V
Ra
atedcurrent :
10A
120
Ra
atedspeed :
00r.p.m.
ArmatureresisstanceRa=1.5
Driveparameters
Su
upply
C/50Hz,230V
Vrms
:
SinglephaseAC
:
Singlephase,fu
Reectifier
ullcontrolledrrectifier

Assumethats
A
sufficientinductanceisexxistsinthearm
maturecircuiittoensuretthemotorcurrrentcontinuo
ousand
ripplefree.
r

i.. Sketchtheeabovementiioneddrivesyystem.
[4
4marks]

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ii. Determinethefiringangleofthecontrolledrectifiertoachieveratedtorqueatthespeedof800r.p.m.
[5marks]
Theoutputvoltage,

Va =

2Vm cos

2(230) 2 cos

= Eg + I a Ra

Atratedcondition,
E gRated = k = Va I a Ra

= 210 (10 1.5)

= 195 V
k =

Eg

195

1200

2
60

= 1.55
AtSpeed,N=800rpm
E g1

= 1 ;
E g _ rated rated

800
1200
= 130 V

E g1 = 195

Va =

2Vm cos

= E g + I aRa
= 130 + (10)(1.5)

Therefore, = 45.65o

iii. Calculatethefiringangleatratedbrakingtorquewiththespeedof1200r.p.m.
[4marks]
Eg=195V

Va =

2Vmcos

= Eg + I aRa

= 195 + (10)(1.5)

Hence, = 150.27o

iv. Withafiringangleof165o,calculatethemotorspeedatratedtorquecondition.
[4marks]

Va =

2Vm cos165

= E g + I aRa = Ea + (10)(1.5)

Ea = 215.02 V
Ea
k
215.02
=
1.55
= 138.77 rad/s

speed, =

= 1325 rpm

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Question5.

(a) Draw a typical configuration of a threephase variable speed induction motor drive using IGBT power
switch. The input voltage is fed from a threephase power supply with fixed magnitude and frequency.
Explainhowthespeedoftheinductionmotorcanbecontrolled.

[7marks]

PWMvoltageandfrequencycontrol

(3m)

Typical threephase variable speed induction motor drive use Constant V/Hz control technique.
Variable speed is obtained by controlling the inverter output frequency, where the frequency is
proportional to the motor speed. The ratio V/f is maintained constant to ensure maximum torque
capabilityatallspeedlevels.Abovetherated speed,theoperation is inFieldWeakeningregionwhere
torqueisreduced.Thespeedcanbeincreasedbytheinverteroutputfrequencyandmaintainingconstant
amplitude.

(4m)

(b) Athreephase induction motor is usingathreephasevoltage sourceinverterfor itsvariablespeeddrive

operation.Theinductionmotorhasthefollowingratedparameters:
Ratedvoltage

:
415V(rms)
Ratedsupplyfrequency
:
50Hz
Ratedslip(perunit)
:
0.05(5%)
Polepair(P)

:
2

i.
Iftheinvertergives415V(rms)fundamentalsinusoidalvoltagewithmodulationindexof0.8,
calculatetherequiredmodulationindexifthemotorneedtobeoperatedatrotormechanical
speedof20Hz.

[4marks]
Inordertoobtainratedtorqueatanyfrequencylevel,themotorhastooperateatthe
ratedslip,i.e.at0.05(5%)slip.

S=

1 m
1 wherep=2pairs,

and

1 =

e
p

Where,
e issupplyfrequency

e
S= 2

1 isthesynchronousspeed.
m

Iftherotorisrotatingat20Hz,then

e =

2m 2(20 Hz )
=
= 42.1 Hz
1 S
1 0.05

Forvariablespeedoperation,theV/fratiohastobekeptconstant:
For50Hz,V1=415V
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Then, 42.1Hz

V1' =

Page14of15

42.1 Hz
415 V = 349.43 V
(1m)
50 Hz

Therefore,wecannowfindthemodulationindex,whichMIisproportionaltothe
input/outputvoltage:
For415V,MI=0.8
For349.43V,

MI =

ii.

349.43
0.8 = 0.6736
415

(2m)

Ifthefluxismadetobeconstant(i.e.variablevoltagevariablefrequencyoperation)andtherated
speedis1400rpm,calculatetheslipfortheinverterfrequencyof50Hz,30Hz,and15Hz.

[7marks]

f1 f m
100%
f1

f1rated f mrated
Srated =
100%
f1rated

S=

Whentheinverterfrequencyisatratedfrequency,50Hz

f 50
=
= 25 Hz
p 2
1
= 1400 rpm
= 23.33 Hz
60

f1rated =
f m rated

(1m)

Therefore,

25 23.33
100% = 6.68%
25

n = 25 23.33 = 1.67

S rated =

(1m)
(1m)

Whentheinverterfrequencyisat30Hz,

f 30
=
= 15 Hz
p 2

n
=
100% = 11.13%
15

f1 30 Hz =

S 30 Hz

(1m)

(1m)

Whentheinverterfrequencyisat15Hz,

S15 Hz

f 15
= = 7.5 Hz
p 2

n
=
100% = 22.27%
7. 5

f1 15 Hz =

(1m)

(1m)

Frequencydecreasesslipincreases
iii.

Undervariablevoltagevariablefrequencyoperation,calculatetherequiredvoltagetomaintain
theconstantV/fratiofortheinverterfrequencyof50Hz,30Hz,and15Hz.

[4marks]

V
= cons tan t
f

f 50
f1rated = =
= 25 Hz
p 2

V 415 V
=
= 16.6 Shouldremainconstant
f 25 Hz

(1m)

(1m)

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Whentheinverterfrequencyisatratedfrequency,50Hz

V=

415 V
25 = 415 V
25 Hz

Whentheinverterfrequencyisat30Hz,

f1 30 Hz =
V=

f 30
=
= 15 Hz
p 2

415 V
15 = 249 V
25 Hz

(1m)

Whentheinverterfrequencyisat15Hz,
f1 15 Hz =

V =

f 15
= = 7.5 Hz
p 2

415 V
7.5 = 124.5 V
25 Hz
(1m)

iv.

PlotthetorquespeedgraphfortheconditionofQ5b(ii),(iii).Labelclearly.

[3marks]

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