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PLANNING, DESIGN AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS OF


CONCRETE GRAVITY AND EARTH & ROCKFILL DAMS

Dr D.V.Thareja
Director,Technical
2

GENERAL
Planning of a Dam 3

Dam for :
-Water supply
-Hydro-power
-Storage of water
-Multipurpose

Identification of stretch of river


-Water supply (Delhi ,Shillong water supply)
-Hydro-power (Arunachal,Himachal,Bhutan)
-Storage of water (Tributories of Chenab)
-Multipurpose (Sankosh, Dibang)
Considerations for Extent of Stretch 4

Minimum reach –with desilter:


-That can accommodate dam of height which
can cater to:
-Volume for peaking + sediment encroachment of live
capacity (defines MDDL & height between FRL &MDDL)
- Water seal for intake (defines height between MDDL &
invert of intake)
-Needed level difference between invert of intake&
crest of spillway, when spillway is assigned role of
sediment flushing (defines gate’s thrust)
-Needed height between spillway crest & river bed for
efficent flipping etc.
Considerations for Extent of Stretch 5

Minimum reach – no Desilter:


-That can accommodate dam of height which
can cater to:
-Volume for peaking + sediment encroachment of live
capacity (defines MDDL & height between FRL &MDDL)
- Water seal for intake (defines height between MDDL &
invert of intake)
-Needed level difference between invert of intake&crest of
spillway,when reservoir is required to serve as desilting basin
to perform the role of sediment management (defines gate’s
thrust)
-Needed height between spillway crest & river bed for
efficent flipping etc.
Considerations for Extent of Stretch –with Desilter6

Needed level difference between invert of intake &crest of


spillway ,when spillway is assigned the role of bed load
transport &sediment flushing ,whereas desilter removes
suspended sediment depends on :

volume of incoming coarser &medium sediment vs.


space &location (wrt. Intake ) to park this sediment in
the reservoir i.e depends on fetch & volume of res. above
spillway crest

(Lesser the EL difference ,more frequent is the


requirement of flushing ; more taxed is the desilter ;
eg. 5m level difference in Nathpa Jhakri, 20m level
difference in Tala)
Considerations for Extent of Stretch-no Desilter
7

Needed level difference between invert of intake &crest of spillway


,when spillway is assigned the role of transporting bed load
&suspended and sediment flushing ;with the reservoir serving as
desilting basin also ,depends on :

volume of incoming sediment vs. space &location to park the coarse


&medium sediment in the head reaches of reservoir ;and the
suspended sediment that is moving towards intake, in the further part
of the reservoir . The sediment is made to moves out through spillway
by the process of flushing & by under sluicing ensuring that its entry
into the intake is minimal.

Thus a much bigger reservoir volume with longer fetch ,


&significant level difference between invert of intake &
spillway crest can only cater to the desired function
Considerations for Extent of Stretch-no Desilter
8

smaller reservoir volume &length ,lesser EL difference


between intake invert &spillway crest ;will not only require
more frequent flushing but will result in more sediment entry
into the intake .
Reservoir volume retrivable after flushing shall preferably be
two to three times the annual average sediment volume .Also,
level difference between intake invert & spillway crest shall
preferably be over 30m (For the case of Baglihar Project
though the level difference is 10m but the reservoir volume
above spillway crest is about 200 Mcum & the fetch is also
very long). To have confidence, mathematical &physical
modelling is essential. Provision for adequate no. of spare
runners shall also be made.
Location of Dam 9

Examine various alternatives of locating dam beyond this


minimum reach of river taking into account :
Topography that caters to:
-waterway for spillway
-positioning of intake ,feeder tunnel/channel ,desilter
&silt flushing arrangement
-placement of energy dissipator
-location of preformed plung pool(if planned)
-construction stage requirements
-accommodation of diversion works
Location of Dam 10

Geology that caters to:


-availability of acceptable foundation grade
rock at reasoable depth for :
-dam &slopes above
-spillway &related structures
-intake &feeding tunnels/channel
-desilter &silt flushing arrangement
-temporary diversion dam & related
structures
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN PLANNING & DESIGN11

 Hydro Power development projects in Himalayan Region require


innovations in:
• Managing heavy sediment laden flows that result in loss of
reservoir capacity and damage to turbines
• Managing high flood flows that pose a problem in
accommodating large capacity spillways and energy dissipation
structures
• Meeting the criteria of stress vs. strength (weak formation with
high superimposed load)
 Demonstration through case histories
SITE CONSTRAINTS 12

 With the best of sites for dam construction getting exhausted, most
of the dams have to be built on complex foundations requiring
special treatments

 The cascade hydro-power development as is being planned on


many rivers gives limited choice in selecting dam sites.

 The Himalayas, which have the bulk of hydro-power potential, have


fragile geology. The presence of weak features in any dam site is a
distinct possibility.
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES POSING CHALLENGES 13
The various types of geological challenging features encountered in dam
Construction are:

Dam Foundation
(a) Faults
(b) Shear Zones (Karbi Langpi,Thoubal, Bansagar)
(c) Shear Seams (Horizontal or Vertical) (Rana Pratap Project)
(d) Shattered/Highly jointed rocks
(e) Foundations with more than one type of rock with different
properties/characteristics
(f) Folds
(g) Buried Channels (Punatsangchu-I)
(h) Jointing Pattern of the rock mass.
(i) Caverns / cavities
(j) Springs etc.

Abutments
(a) Slope Stability (Tala)
(b) Buried Channels (Ranganadi)
14

POLAVARAM PROJECT
INDRA SAGAR POLAVARAM PROJECT - LAYOUT 15

Spillway

Main
Maindam
dam

Powerhouse
Powerhouse
16
17
MAIN CHALLENGES 18
 Project scope entails very large quantities
 Temporary diversion for 80,000 cumecs
 Spillway with 48 very large size gates, 16 m x 23 m
 Excavation quantities in the spillway itself (including the
approach and spill channels) are more than 50 MCM of common
excavation and more than 20 MCM of rock excavation
 Quantities in dams are: Excavation >1 MCM; Fill >12 MCM
 Planning the works in such a manner that material handling and
schedule are optimized
OTHER CHALLENGES 19

 Presence of deep alluvial foundation


 Inadequate strength of foundation material
 Would require
 Densification over a large area – Vibrocompaction
 Construction of a deep cut-off - up to 100 m deep
under main dam
TWO POSSIBLE APPROACHES FOR SPILLWAY
PLANNING 20

 Approach 1: Part constructed spillway to pass non-


monsoon floods through low level sluices; remaining
width excavated to pass design diversion flood with
spillway construction undertaken in lean seasons
 Approach 2: Spillway fully constructed before
temporary diversion of the river; will still require low
level sluices to pass lean period discharge in the first
season when cofferdams are built
MAIN DAM 21
22

PERIBONKA PROJECT
PERIBONKA – AERIAL VIEW 23
PERIBONKA – CONSTRUCTION OF CUT-OFF 24
PERIBONKA PROJECT – 120 m DEEP CUTOFF
25

SNC Lavalin has recently designed


and managed construction of 120 m
deep cutoff – world‟s deepest - under
a 83 m high fill dam
26

ICOLD
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS (ICOLD) 27

LARGE DAMS
 More than 15m high
 Between 10-15m high if :
- Crest length more than 500m or
- Reservoir capacity more than 1mm3 or
- Flood discharge more than 2000m3/sec
SMALL DAMS
 Other than above
GLOBAL SCENARIO 28

LARGE DAMS
EMBANKMENT
DAMS

83%
17%

OTHER
DAMS
INDIA 29

LARGE DAMSEMBANKMENT
DAMS

95%

5%

OTHER DAMS
GLOBAL SCENARIO
DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS - HEIGHTWISE 30

35000

28546
30000

25000
NUMBER OF DAMS

20000

15000

10000
6031

5000 1247
321 64 26

0
15-30 30-60 60-100 100-150 150-200 >200
HEIGHT IN METRES

TOTAL NUMBER OF DAMS - 36235 (1986)


GLOBAL SCENARIO HEIGHTWISE DISTRIBUTION
OF GRAVITY DAMS 31

TOTAL NUMBER OF GRAVITY DAMS IN THE WORLD - 3953 (1982)


GLOBAL 32
SPILLWAY VIS-a-VIS DAM FAILURES
Foundation Problems
40 %

Others 15 %

23 %
10 %
12 %
Uneven Inadequate
Settlement Spillway
Poor Construction
33

SPILLWAY
TYPES OF SPILLWAYS
34

OGEE

CHUTE

SIDE CHANNEL/LABYRINTH

SHAFT/MORNING GLORY

SPILLWAYS SIPHON

OVERFALL

TUNNEL

SADDLE

FUSE PLUG

SLUICE
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF 35
SPILLWAY TYPE
 Foundation conditions

 Topography

 Inflow hydrograph and reservoir capacity

 Amount, type and use of excavated material

 Possibility of combining spillway with outlet or

 Diversion works

 Overall economy,hydraulic efficiency and

 Structural adequacy
INDIA 36
DISCHARGE PER METRE WATERWAY
300

202 200
200
Cumecs/m

159

114 108
100

0
Sardar Sri Sailam Ichari Nagarjuna Bhakra
Sarovar Sagar
CHUTE SPILLWAY 37

PLAN

SECTION
CHUTE SPILLWAY 38

 Used mostly with earth / rockfill dams

 Located either along a dam abutment or through a saddle

 After the control structure water is conveyed through open channel

 Can be constructed on any type of foundation


OGEE SPILLWAY 39
RESERVOIR ELEVATION

DESIGN
HEAD

TAIL WATER LEVEL


CREST ELEVATION

RIVER BED

BUCKET INVERT END SILL


OGEE SPILLWAY 40

 Most commonly used with gravity dams

 Surface profile conforms to lower nappe of a free falling jet

 At bottom generally a reverse curve turns the f low into the energy
dissipator

 Comparatively high discharge efficiency


SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY 41

A CL OF SPILLWAY

A
TOP OF
CONTROL DAM
STRUCTURE
PLAN

CREST
GROUT HOLE

SECTION AA
SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY 42

 Control weir is placed along the side of discharge channel

 Flow over the crest falls into a trough opposite the weir, turns at an
angle and then continues into the discharge channel

 Adopted where a long overflow crest is desired

 Useful when abutments are steep


TUNNEL SPILLWAY 43

GROUND LINE

GOOSE NECK

MWL

PLUG
DIVERSION TUNNEL
TUNNEL SPILLWAY 44

 Suitable for dams in narrow valleys

 Diversion tunnels can be modified to work as tunnel spillways

 Tunnel may be horizontal or inclined and may run full or partly full

 Can have any type of control structure


MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY 45

BRIDGE

POOL LEVEL

FILL DAM

TUNNEL

DIVERSION TUNNEL

PLUG
SHAFT/MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY 46

 Consists of vertical or sloping shaft joining horizontal or near


horizontal tunnel

 For morning glory inlet is funnel shaped

 Spillway attains maximum discharge at low head

 Used for narrow canyon dam sites


SIPHON SPILLWAY 47
AIR VENT

POND LEVEL

INLET

FLOW
SIPHON SPILLWAY 48
 Can be used to have full capacity discharges at relatively low heads

 Have automatic operation without any mechanical device

 But cannot handle flows materially greater than designed


capacity,cannot pass debris and structure is subjected to heavy
vibrations during operation
SLUICE SPILLWAY 49

FRL
GATE TRUNION
GIRDER
SLUICE SPILLWAY 50

 Helps flush the reservoir sediments

 Being with a low level crest , entry of silt into intakes is reduced

 Helps to pass floods during construction

 Separate outlets for downstream releases may not be necessary


SADDLE SPILLWAY 51
 Facilitates freedom of construction because it is independent of main
dam

 Can be used as an auxiliary or emergency spillway


FUSE PLUG 52

 Is generally a dyke which gets overtopped and washed away saving


the main dam from being overtopped in the event of extra-ordinary
flood, or failure of main spillway

 Located generally in a saddle away from main dam


IMPORTANT DAMS WITH SPILLWAY TYPE 53

OGEE SPILLWAY CHUTE SPILLWAY

GRAVITY DAMS EMBANKMENT DAMS

Bhakra (225 m) Sankosh (265 m)

Nagarjuna Sagar (125 m) Wangchu (260 m)

Srisailam ( 145 m ) Ramganga (128 m)

Narmada Sagar (92 m) Beas (133 m)

Sardar Sarovar (163 m) Pandoh (76 m)


IMPORTANT DAMS WITH SPILLWAY TYPE 54

SLUICE SIDE CHANNEL TUNNEL

Ranga Nadi (68 m)


Tehri ( 261m )
Chamera (141 m) Singda (67 m)
Lakya ( 103m )
Tala ( 91m )
INDIAN STANDARDS CONNECTED WITH
55
SPILLWAYS
 IS :11223-1985 - Guidelines for fixing spillway capacity.
 IS:6934-1973 - Recommendations for hydraulic design of high
ogee overflow spillway.
 IS:4997-1968 - Criteria for design of hydraulic jump type stilling
basins with horizontal and sloping apron.
 IS:5186-1969 - Criteria for design of chute and side channel
spillways.
 IS:7365-1974 - Criteria for hydraulic design of bucket type energy
dissipaters

 IS:11527-1985 - Criteria for structural design of energy dissipaters


 IS:10137-1982 - Guidelines for selection of Spillway and
dissipaters.
SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD 56
SIZE DESIGN FLOOD
Small 100 years
Intermediate SPF
Large PMF

 Flood of larger or smaller magnitude may be used


if the hazard involved in the eventuality of a failure
is particularly high or low

Reference: IS 11223-1985-Guidelines for fixing spillway capacity


CLASSIFICATION OF DAM 57

CLASSIFICATION GROSS STORAGE HYDRAULIC HEAD


(M cum) (m)

SMALL 0.5 TO 10 7.5 TO 12

INERMEDIATE 10 TO 60 12 TO 30

LARGE > 60 > 30

(EITHER OF THE TWO)

Reference: IS 11223-1985- Guidelines for fixing spillway capacity)


INOPERATIVE SPILLWAY BAY 58

 For gated spillways, the contingency of atleast 10 percent of the


gates with a minimum of one gate being inoperative may be
considered as an emergency condition

Reference : IS 11223-1985-Guidelines for fixing spillway capacity


TYPES OF ENERGY DISSIPATERS 59

Stilling basin Bucket Type


60
SELECTION OF TYPE OF ENERGY DISSIPATERS

 Factors affecting
• Nature of foundations.

• Elevations of tail water.

• Rolling bed material.

• Safety of structures downstream.


IMPORTANT DAMS WITH ENERGY DISSIPATOR
61
TYPE

STILLING BASIN FLIP BUCKET ROLLER BUCKET

 Bhadra  Srisailam  Narmada Sagar *


 Bhakra  Nagarjuna Sagar  Rihand *
 Sardar Sarovar  Vaitarna  Kadana * *
 Ramganga  Ukai  Ichari *
 Pykara  Pandoh  Jawahar Sagar *

* * Solid * Slotted
TRAJECTORY BUCKET 62

Adopted When
 Tail water depth lower than sequent depth

 Sound rock to withstand impact

 Hydraulic jump type apron involves considerable excavation


63

TALA HE PROJECT - BHUTAN


64
 

 
 


1 72
RD 0.00
8m

2 91 5m
8m
1 72
RD 3456

5m
2 91 5m

RD-22879
1 59
20
83
RD 9286

1m
m

RD 21284
1 65
m
50
16

18
75
2 21 4m

RD 17983
2 52 5m

RD 13244

 
 
 
 


FIG.1 GENERAL LAYOUT - TALA H.E.PROJECT


TALA DAM - GEOLOGICAL SECTION 65

m
TALA DAM - DPR STAGE – U/S ELEVATION 66
TALA HE PROJECT - BHUTAN 67

 Experience of operating Chukha HE Project, the Tailrace of which


outfalls in the head reaches of Tala Reservoir - about 4 km long
• Chukha Project has desilting chambers but suffers from the
damage to turbines on account of sediment load
• Tala with head (≈ 850m) of almost double that of Chukha,
sediment related damages will be significantly higher
• Concluded that desilting Chambers needs supplementation with
reservoir as sediment management tool
• Being over 90m high dam, provides flexibility of locating spillway
crest significantly lower than invert of intake
SCHEMATIC SEDIMENT PROFILE, SPILLWAY CREST,
INTAKE INVERT 68
CHUKHA DAM-UPSTREAM ELEVATION
(in operation) 69
TALA DAM - DPR STAGE U/S ELEVATION 70
SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT THROUGH RESERVOIR 71
 Shifting the crest of Spillway to a level lower than invert of intake –
Intake will draw relatively clearer water from top when sediment laden
flow is discharged through spillway
 Flood and sediment to be handled together, with reservoir and desilting
chambers acting as desanders; spillway and silt flushing tunnels acting
as sediment discharge outlets
 Various alternative sizes of gates at various crest elevations were
examined
 At tender stage ,decided to locate 8x12m sluice gate ,4 in nos. at el
1330m which is 33m below FRL,10m below intake invert (Nathpa
Jhakri was the drive)
 At const. stage ,decided to locate 6.5x13m sluice gate, 5 in nos. at
elevation which is 43m below FRL and 47m below dam top – Three
Gorges was the drive
 Spillway Crest is 20m below the Invert of Intakes
72
73

WANGKHA DAM - UPSTREAM ELEVATION

TALA HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT, BHUTAN


74
AXIS OF DAM

EL.1366.00
MWL/FRL.1363.00 0.2m FORMED DRAIN
EL.1356.50
INSPECTION GALLERY 0.3m VENTILATION PIPE
(2x2.5m) EL.1346.00
EL.1339.014 TRUNION EL.1333.00
EL.1340.50
EL.1336.00
EL.1333.15 EL.1334.00
EL.1331.00
TRAINING WALL

m
EL.1320.00

39
R=
INSPECTION GALLERY
(2x2.5m) EL.1306.50
RADIAL GATE EL.1300.23 (LIP)
EL.1295.00
(BUCKET INVERT)
FOUNDATION GALLERY
(2x2.5m) EL.VARIES
EL.1275.50

ACCEPTABLE FOUNDATION GRADE

WANGKHA DAM - SLUICE SPILLWAY

TALA HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT, BHUTAN


75

CONSTRUCTION ADIT
HRT INLET ADIT
CONSTRUCTION ADIT 6 m D-Shaped
7m. D-Shaped
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
CONSTRUCTION ADIT (BOTTOM)
(TOP) 6 m D-Shaped SILT FLUSHING TUNNEL
6m. D-Shaped
GATE CHAMBER ADIT 3.95m D-Shaped
6 m D-Shaped

DAM AXIS
N25°E

CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION


H.C.D. (E & NE) Dte.
THREE GORGES PROJECT - China (18200 MW) 76

General Layout
THREE GORGES PROJECT 77

Spillway Dam
Cross Section
RESERVOIR OPERATION SIMULATION AT THREE 78
GORGES
 The operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir consists in keeping
the reservoir full during the dry season (EL. 175 m, from
November to April) and to bring it to the minimum operating level
(135 m) in the rainy season (June to September), in order to have
the reservoir ready to store and route the incoming floods.
THREE GORGES-SEDIMENT DEPOSITION PROFILE
79
SANMENXIA DAM, CHINA - THE NEW OPENING UP
BEING CREATED FOR SEDIMENT FLUSHING
80
The dam was modified by opening up several conduits under the dam to
allow for sediment flushing during the flood peak.
SILT FLUSHING THROUGH SANMANXIA DAM
81
82

TALA CONSTRUCTION
83
84
85
86
87

BAGLIHAR HE PROJECT
POINT OF DIFFERENCE 88

For spillway design the Indus Waters Treaty stipulates that:

“If the conditions at the site of a Plant make a gated spillway


necessary, the bottom level of the gates in normal closed position
shall be located at the highest level consistent with sound and
economical design and satisfactory construction and operation of the
works.”

Sediment management outlets to be of smallest size at highest level


SPILLWAY ARRANGEMENT ADOPTED BY INDIA 89
Sluice Spillway -
 5 Bays 0f 10.0m X 10.5m at El 808.0m
 Discharging Capacity = 10500 cumec

Chute Spillway -
 3 Bays of 12.0m X 19.0m at El 821.0m
 Discharging Capacity = 6000 cumec

Auxillary Spillway -
 1 Bay of 6.0m X 3.0m at El 837.0m
 Discharging Capacity = 53 cumec
90
BAGLIHAR HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
UPSTREAM ELEVATION OF DAM 91
PAKISTAN’S POSITION 92
 Design flood can be passed through free surface gated spillway,
hence orifice spillway is not required.
 Discharging capacity of sluice spillways is excessive even if
designed for sediment management
 Management of Sediment can be done through conventional means
such as sediment excluders, sluices, and desanders.
 Sediment management must be limited to protection of power
intakes and not pondage.
 Systems for sediment management must be compliant with the
Treaty provisions which stipulate – Sediment management outlets
to be of smallest size at highest elevation
 Sluice spillway is ineffective in protecting the power intakes
PAKISTAN’S POSITION (Contd..) 93
 To effectively control reservoir sedimentatio
 require water to be lowered down beyond the Treaty provisions
 Technology advancement cannot be the basis for design
 Alternate design proposed by Pakistan is more effective in sediment
management
94
95
96
97
98
SITE CONDITIONS 99
 Narrow Gorge with fragile Himalayan geological set up
 River taking a right turn just downstream of the dam toe
 High flood discharge (PMF 16500 cumec)
 High annual Sediment Load (4-119MT). There could be short
duration very high sediment concentration flows with ppm varying
between 100-200 thousand, generated by land slides etc.
 High quantum of floating debris
BAGLIHAR HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT (450 MW)
GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT DAM AXIS 100
TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE AT SPILLWAY DESIGN
STAGE 101
 Advances in technology (gate anchorages, gate seals, concrete, etc)
have enabled sound and economical designs wherein spillways can
be reliably utilized for sediment management in addition to passing
floods.
 The reservoir itself functions as a desilting basin and desilting
chambers can be dispensed with in projects having long gorge based
reservoirs, such as Baglihar resulting in not only a substantial savings
but evolving a sound design.
 Today gate anchorages can be designed for a thrust of 6000t and the
spillway crest could be lower than El. 808.0m which would enable
much better sediment environment at the intake.
Technology Available at Spillway Design Stage 102
(Contd..)
 To utilize spillway effectively for sediment management in the vicinity
of intakes and maintaining pondage, the following design features
need to be incorporated
• The crest elevation of the spillways should be at the
lowest
level possible with current technology.
• The intakes should be placed close to the spillway with
intake
axis at right angles to the spillway axis. The intake face
shall
be in line with the inner surface of the first sluice.
• The spillway crest elevation should be at a level so as to
enable a sediment bed profile below the Intake Invert.
ELEVATION OF SLUICE SPILLWAY CREST 103

 The crest level of the sluice spillway was taken at highest possible
El 808.0m.
 This level, which is 10.0m below the power intake sill of El
818.0m, was decided on the basis of empirical approaches and
experiences of existing projects about the minimum level
difference needed between spillway crest and intake for
minimizing sediment entry into the Intake.
 Ideally there should have been a buffer zone between the gate top
elevation and Intake invert to contain the turbulence effect
generated by the high velocity sluice spillway flows, the
technology available then did not permit further lowering of the
spillway crest.
SLUICE SPILLWAY ARRANGEMENT – IF IT WERE
104
TO BE DESIGNED NOW

 Present day technology available has provided much better


capability and the sluices of the same size can be provided even at
El. 780.0 metres.
105

NATHPA JHAKRI PROJECT


106

G
ON
.L
KM
2

.4
-2
NH

27
.15M
Ø10
NNEL
U
A CE T
DR
HEA
NH-2
2

SATL
UJ R
IVER

LAYOUT PLAN OF NATHPA JHAKRI PROJECT


107
108

TOP OF DAM
1A 1B 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11
6

DAM - U/S VIEW


109

TEESTA H. E. PROJECT (Stage IV)


PLAN AND UPSTREAM ELEVATION
TEESTA H. E. PROJECT (Stage IV)
DIVERSION ARRANGEMENT : SECTION 110
TEESTA H. E. PROJECT (Stage IV)
DIVERSION ARRANGEMENT : PLAN 111
112

MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA


U/S ELEVATION & RIVER SECTIONS
MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA 113

R.D. (-)188.40

R.D. (-)182.10

R.D. (-)167.10
R.D. (-)163.60

R.D. (-)152.10
R.D. (-)148.60
R.D. (-)170.40
R.D. (-)173.40
EL. 590.00

C.J
7 8 9 10 12
EL. 578.00
11 EL. 579.00 EL. 580.00

SL
.1 .1

N
1.0 1.0

EL. 570.00 3000 3000 EL. 569.30


EL. 567.00 3000
EL. 565.00
E
5000 LIN
CK
RO ACCEPTABLE FOUNDATION GRADE
EL. 559.00
CONSTRUCTION SLUICE 5000
(3000 X 3000)
15000
OPEN CHANNEL

1000
EL. 580.00

WATER LEVEL EL.575.50 R.C.C. DIVIDE WALL

EL. 570.00

15000 3000

( SCALE 1:100 )
MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA 114

580

590
570
CONCRETE APRON
DOWNSTREAM TOE OF DAM

5 80

5
4 14 15
5 90

10 11 12 13
6 7 9
600

8
610

TOP OF DAM EL. 620.00


16

UPSTREAM TOE OF DAM

14000 14000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000
128000
R.D (-)223.60

R.D (-)95.60
R.D (-)188.40

R.D (-)173.40
R.D (-)170.40
R.D (-)167.10
R.D (-)163.60

R.D (-)148.60
MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA 115

DAM OF AXIS
PIER TRAINING WALL

STOP LOG SILL


ORIGIN
EL.590.00 1
EL.589.655
1
10 EL.570.00
EL.588.00 GATE SILL BEAM 1
4550 EL.587.58
EL.586.826 (T.P.)
EL.586.00 15000 13800
EL.585.00
INSPECTION 3200 (BUCKET INVERT)
GALLERY
( 2000 x 2500 )
EL.580.50
2
X +
Y
2
0.2 3 2

EL.575.00 (T.P.) 1

3000
ORIGIN OF TOP ENTRANCE OF SLUICE
EL. 570.00 DETAIL ENTRANCE PROFILE
2000

( NOT TO SCALE)
EL. 568.00 EL.567.91
3934
CONSTRUCTION SLUICE OF SIZE 3000X3000 1
EL. 565.00
FOUNDATION GALLERY 1
0.5 (2000x2500)
3167

1
15000
FRESH ROCK LEVEL EL. 560.50 CONCRETE APRON
EL.559.00 1000 C.J.
(MIN.)
1
0.25 1000

3000
1 1
ACCEPTABLE FOUNDATION GRADE
8910 0.25 0.25
1000

500 6200 61000 15000

SLUICE SECTION THROUGH CENTRE LINE OF CONSTRUCTION SLUICE.


116

SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT : LAYOUT 117
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT (4000MW) 118

 Installed capacity : 8 x 400 = 4000 mw


 Reservoir capacity : 6.32 billion m3
 Catchment area : 10,820 sq. Kms.
 Maximum probable : 18,213 cumecs flood
 Annual generation : 6542 million units
 Firm power : 630.6 mw
 Load factor : 15.76
 Time of completion : 7 years
 PMF : 18213 cumecs
 Diversion discharge (500 years) : 8500 cumecs
 Coffer dam height : 70.0 m
 Diversion tunnel : 3 no., 13 m dia
SANKOSH MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT, 119
BHUTAN- Diversion flood
 The flood for the different return periods and the risk corresponding to
the various assumed construction periods are given below :

Sl. Return Period Flood Risk in percent during


No (Years) Magnitude period of construction
(Cumec)
5 8 10
years years years
1. 50 6481 9.60 % 14.90 18.30
% %
2. 100 7073 4.90 % 7.70 % 9.60 %

3. 200 7662 2.50 % 3.90 % 4.90 %

4. 500 8440 1.00 1.60 2.00 %


% %
5. 1000 9027 0.50 % 0.80 % 1.00 %
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT, BHUTAN 120
XIAOLANGDI DAM-LAYOUT PLAN 121
XIAOLANGDI – UPSTREAM ELEVATION OF SPILLWAY
CUM INTAKE 122
123
124

TIPAIMUKH H.E. PROJECT (1500MW)


TIPAIMUKH H.E. PROJECT (1500MW) 125
 Installed capacity : 6 x 250 = 1500 mw
 Reservoir capacity : 15.9 billion m3
 Catchment area : 12,758 Sq. Kms.
 Maximum probable : 16,964 cumecs flood
 Annual generation : 3805 million units
 Firm power : 434.44 mw
 Load factor : 28.96
 Time of completion : 7 years & 3 months
 PMF : 16964 cumecs
 Diversion discharge (100 years) : 4931 cumecs
 Coffer dam height : 60.0 m
 Diversion tunnel : 2 no., 12.5 m Dia
Tipaimukh reservoir will be largest reservoir of India.

3
TYPICAL SPILLWAY TUNNEL 126
127

DIVERSION FLOOD
ROLE IN TYPE OF DAM
128

 Diversion Capacity for Concrete Dams and Barrages

• The capacity of the diversion flood for concrete dams and


barrages may be less because flood higher than the designed one
could be passed safely over the partly constructed dam. The
following criteria would help in deciding the capacity :
- Maximum non-monsoon flow observed at the dam site.
OR
- 25 years return period flow, calculated on the basis on non
monsoon yearly peaks.
• The higher of the two should be taken as the capacity of the
design flood for diversion.
129

 Diversion Capacity for Embankment Dams

• Overtopping of a partly completed embankment dam would be


very serious and even disastrous.
• For small dams to be constructed in a single season, it would
be sufficiently conservative to provide for the largest flood likely
to occur in a 5 year period.
130

 For Small and Intermediate Dams

• Usually a frequency of 5 to 20 years flood is taken to decide the


capacity of diversion works. In case the diversion arrangements
like tunnels are to be used subsequently as permanent structure
like tunnel spillway, the capacity may be equal to the discharging
capacity of the permanent structure.
131

 For Large Dams

• The diversion capacity should be evaluated on the basis of risk


and cost factors. However, for large dams, it is desirable that
100 years flood should be adopted for diversion works.

• Suitable protection measure should be taken at the end of the


construction season for the top and downstream of the
embankment dam to pass surplus flow considering the
possibility of the flood exceeding the design diversion flood.
132

TEHRI M. P. PROJECT (2000 MW)


TEHRI M. P. PROJECT (2000 MW) 133
134

Typical section of ECRD


(Tehri HE Project, Uttaranchal)
TEHRI M. P. PROJECT (2000 MW) 135

 PMF : 15540 cumecs


 Diversion discharge (500 years) : 8120 cumecs
 Coffer dam height : 85.0 m
 Diversion Tunnel : 4 no., 11 m Dia
136

DESIGN OF CONCRETE DAM


FORCES ACTING ON GRAVITY DAM 137

 HORIZONTAL FORCES THAT MAY ACT ARE :


• Hydrostatic pressure on u/s face (H1)
• Silt pressure against u/s face (H2)
• Ice load against u/s face (H3)
• Impact of waves against u/s face (H4)
• Hydrostatic pressure of tail water against the d/s face (H5)
• Inertia force of water against the dam due to seismicity (H6)
• Inertia force of mass of dam due to seismicity (H7)

 VERTICAL FORCES THAT MAY ACT ARE :


• Gravity acting on mass of water if u/s face is inclined (V2)
• Dead load (gravity acting on mass) of dam (V1)
• Uplift force on any hor. Plane (V3)
• Inertia force due to mass caused by seismicity invert. Direction (V4)
FORCES ACTING ON GRAVITY DAM 138
FORCES ACTING ON GRAVITY DAM (Contd..) 139
 Forces such as weight of dam, water pressure can be calculated
accurately
 But forces such as uplift; earthquake load; silt pressure; can only be
assumed & thus require judgement, care & experience
 Besides forces indicated earlier the dam may be subjected to:
• Heat generrated by hydration of cement, solar radiations
• Deformability of foundation (tilt etc.)
• Alkali - aggregate reactions
NEED OF SPECIFIC COMBINATION OF FORCES
140

 The designer can assure the safety of dam by designing for all
combinations of loads including those whose simultaneous
occurrence is highly improbable & by using unduly large safety
factors.
 This may lead to overly conservative & uneconomical designs
 To avoid this we need design standards & criteria so that forces,
their combinations & safety factors should be such that dam is safe
yet economical
HYDROSTATIC FORCE BECAUSE OF
141
RESERVOIR LOAD ON U/S & TAILWATER LOAD
ON D/S
 Reservoir & tail water loads depend upon the water level in the
reservoir & in the stream d/s of the dam

• The reservoir level is decided by reservoir operation studies


based on operating criteria & hydrologic data such as:
- Reservoir capacity;
- Stream flow records;
- Flood hydrograph & reservoir releases
• Tail water level is decided by tail water rating curves associated
with operating studies
COMPUTATIONS OF RESERVOIR & TAIL WATER
142
LOADS
 Water pressure is considered to vary directly with depth & acts
normal to the contact surfaces. (In case of overflow dams the
vertical pressure component of flowing water is not considered
because most of head is changed to velocity head)
DEAD LOAD 143

 Weight of concrete plus other such appurtenances as gates &


bridges
 It is assumed to be transmitted vertically to the foundation without
transfer of shear between adjacent blocks
SILT LOAD 144

 Not all dams will be subjected to silt pressure, it is for the designer
to refer hydrologic data to decide allowance for silt pressures

 Horizontal pressure exerted by the saturated silt load is assumed to


be equivalent to that of a fluid weighing 1360 kg/m3

 Vertical pressure exerted by silt is determined as if silt were a soil


having a wet density of 1925 kg/m3; the magnitude of pressure
varying directly with depth
UPLIFT FORCES (OR INTERNAL HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE) 145
 Reservoir water & tail water cause internal pressure in pores, cracks
& seams within the body of dam, at the contact of dam & foundation
& within the foundation
 The distribution of internal hydrostatic pressures along a horizontal
section through the dam is assumed to vary linearly from full
reservoir pressure at the u/s face to zero or tail water pressure at the
downstream face
 When formed drains are included in the dam, the internal pressure
distribution should be modified to reflect the effect of size, location &
spacing of drains
UPLIFT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 146
 Through the foundation depends on depth of drains, grout curtain,
rock porosity, jointing, faulting & any other feature which may
modify the flow.
 Determination of such pressure distribution can be made from flow
nets computed by several methods;
- 2D & 3D physical models;
- 2D & 3D FE models &
- electric analogs
 The effect of internal hydrostatic pressure acts to reduce the
vertical compressive stresses in the concrete on a horizontal
section through the dam or at its base & is referred as uplift.
UPLIFT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION (CONTD..)147

 Laboratory tests indicate pore pressures act over 100% area of any
section through the concrete
 Location of line of drain at a distance from u/s face of 5% of max.
Reservoir depth at the dam is desireable
 A lateral spacing of twice the above distance will reduce the
average pore pressure at the line of drains to tail water pressure
plus 1/3 of differential between the tail water & head water
pressures
 Uplift pressures are assumed to be unaffected by eq acceleration
because of their transitory nature
EARTHQUAKE FORCES 148
 Earthquake causes random motion of ground & this motion causes
the structure to vibrate. Thus two steps are necessary to obtain
loadings on a gravity dam :
i) To estimate magnitude and locations of EQ to which the dam
may be subjected & determine the resulting rock motion at the
dam site (we need : Mag. of EQ; depth of focus, distance from
epicentre; foundation strata)
ii) To determine the response of the dam to the ground vibration
which is a function of :
- nature of foundation strata
- material, size & mode of construction of structure
- duration & intensity of ground motion
EARTHQUAKE FORCES (Contd..) 149

 Earthquake engineering is applied to determine a design eq which


represents an operating basis event called the maximum credible
eq in terms of richter magnitudes & distances to the site
 Records of seismological activity in the area need to be studied to
determine magnitude & location of any recorded eq:
 based on these data hypothetical eq usually having magnitude
greater than the historical events are estimated for any active faults
in the area. (Richter‟s magnitude is a number which is a measure of
energy released)
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD OF DESIGN 150

 The IS : 1893-2002 specifies design seismic coefficent based on


design practice conventionally followed & performance of structures
in past earthquakes
 For determining the seismic forces the country is classified into five
zones
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD OF DESIGN151

 The eq Force depends on the dynamic characteristics of structure &


those of ground motion.
 Response spectrum method takes into account these characteristics
& is recommended for use in case where it is desired to take such
effects otherwise an equivalent static approach employing use of
seismic coefficent may be adopted.
 Response spectrum : the representation of the maximum response
of idealised single degree freedom systems having certain period &
damping, during that eq. The max. Response is plotted against
undamped natural period, for various damping values. The response
can be in terms of max acceleration, velocity or displacement.
JOINTS IN DAMS 152
 Cracking in dams is undesirable as it destroys the monolithic
nature of structure
 Joints are essentially designed cracks, located where one wants
them
 Three principal types of joints used in concrete dams are:
• Contraction joints
• Expansion joints
• Construction joint
CONTRACTION & EXPANSION JOINTS
 Provided to accommodate volumetric changes which occurs after
placement
 Longitudinal & transverse joints
LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
20 to 30 m
Being avoided utilising pre & post cooling options
TRANSVERSE JOINTS
15 to 25 m
usually adopted
JOINTS IN DAMS (CONTD..) 153

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
 Lifts 0.75 to 2.5 m
 Provided to facilitate construction
 Permit metal embedments
 Allow for subsequent placement for second stage
GALLERIES & ADITS 154
OPENING WITHIN THE DAM
 To have access
 May run longitudinally or transversely
 Either horizontally or on slope

PURPOSE
 Drainage way
 space for drilling and grouting
 Access to observe health of dam
 for operation of gates/outlets
 carry control cables/power cables
FOUNDATION GALLERY & INSPECTION
GALLERY 155
FOUNDATION GALLERY
 Provided when dam height > 10 m
 Min.Size 1.5 x 2.25 m but 2.0 x 2.5 m provided to accommodate
drilling equip.
 Min. 2.0 m cover of conc. Above foundation
 3.0 m away from u/s face or 5% of head
INSPECTION GALLERY
 Provided above the foundation gallery
 kept 7 m below overflow crest
 Spacing between galleries 20 to 30 m
 1.5 x 2.25 m size
156
157
INSTRUMENTATION GALLERY SUMP WELL &
PUMP CHAMBER 158

INSTRUMENTATION GALLERY
 Generally perpendicular to dam axis
 1.5 x 2.25 m size

SUMP WELL
 Provided in the deepest location
 No. & Size depends on amount of seepage water

PUMP CHAMBER
 Provided above the sump well to pump the water out of the dam
SUMP WELL & PUMP CHAMBER 159
ELEVATOR TOWER & VENTILATION
SHAFT/PIPES 160

ELEVATOR TOWER
 Provide in nof blocks
 3 m x 3 m is the normal size
 Provides access to various galleries
 If necessary stair well is also provided around lift well

VENTILATION SHAFT/PIPES
 1m ø ventilation shaft when no adits
 Otherwise 300 mm ø ventilation pipe
 Provided one in each/alternate block
ELEVATOR SHAFT
161
FORMED DRAINS 162

 Provided to intercept seepage water in the dam


 Helps to minimise hydrostatic pressure developing in the dam body
 Size 200 mm ø spaced 3 m c/c along (parallel) to the axis and is
connected to galleries
 In overflow dams - 1 m below crest
 In nof dams – top is at road level
163
164
165
166
167
168
169

NATHPA SPILLWAY
170
171

BUNKKHA DAM
PLAN & SECTION
172
173

SPILLWAY
SIZE AND DISCHARGE
174

GAMBHIR PROJECT
175
PROBLEM 176

WHILE EXCAVATION OF BLOCK 1&2 AND


10 & 11 SAND LAYERS FOUND AT EL
459.0 M TO 466.0 M

BORING WAS CARRIED OUT ALL ALONG


THE EARTH DAM (LEFT & RIGHT) AND
IN THE DOWNSTREAM SIDE.
177
178
179
180

SUBANSIRI
SPILLWAY
181

OVERFLOW BLOCK
SUBANSIRI BASIN PROJECT 182
SUBANSIRI BASIN PROJECT

Single High Dam Cascade Development

Description Unit Subansiri Lower H.E. Subansiri Middle Subansiri Upper


Project Project Project

Type of Dam Rockfill Concrete Concrete Concrete


Dam height m 265 133* 202* 237*
FRL m 334 205 450 460
MRL (in June – July) m 190 418 435
Storage upto FRL M. cum. 13400 1365 1688 1743
Flood storage (FRL-MRL) M. cum. 442 689 499
Dedicated flood cushion above M. cum. -- 258 236
FRL
Total flood storage capacity M. cum. 2700 442 947 735

M. cum. 2700 2124

*from deepest foundation level


183

DESIGN OF
EMBANKMENT DAMS
ADVANTAGES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
OVER CONCRETE DAMS 184

 Suitable for any type of foundation


(Rock not necessary).

 Locally available materials can be used.

 Height of Dam can be raised easily.

 Relatively safe in earthquake prone areas. (Especially Rockfill


dams)

 Usually economical.
HOMOGENEOUS V/S ZONED EARTH DAM 185

 Homogeneous
 Suitable where single type of material is available.
 Convenient for construction.
 Zoned
 Suitable where different types of soils are available.
 Composed of impervious core , transition zone and pervious or
semi-pervious shell.
 Provides greater stability during rapid drawdown.
 More suitable for large heights.
SUITABILITY OF MATERIAL FOR CORE AND
186
SHELL
CORE
 Impervious in nature.
 Low plasticity.
 Good shear strength.
 BIS Code recommends GC , CL , CI soils.

SHELL
 Semi pervious or pervious in nature.
 Very good shear strength.
 BIS Code recommends SW , GW , GM soils.
BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 187
 Safety against overtopping
 Stability
 Safety against internal erosion
 Safety against piping through foundation
SAFETY AGAINST OVERTOPPING 188

 Sufficient spillway and outlet capacity during and after construction.


 The freeboard should be sufficient to prevent overtopping by waves.
 Extra freeboard if required to be provided as settlement allowance.
• For unyielding foundation, settlement should be 1 percent of the
height of dam.
• For compressible foundation, the settlement should be computed
based on laboratory test results and should be provided for by
increasing the height of dam corresponding.
STABILITY 189

 The slopes of the embankment shall be stable under all loading


conditions.

 They should also be flat enough so as not to impose excessive


stress on foundation.

 Embankment slopes shall be designed in accordance with the


provisions contained in IS: 7894.

 The upstream slope shall be protected against erosion by wave


action and the crest and downstream slope shall be protected
against erosion due to wind and rain.
SAFETY AGAINST INTERNAL EROSION 190

 The seepage through the embankment and foundation should be


such as to control piping, erosion and sloughing and excessive
loss of water.

 Seepage control measures are required to control seepage


through dam and seepage through foundation. Design for control
of seepage through dam shall be made in accordance with
provisions contained in „Indian Standard drainage systems for
earth and rockfill dams IS : 9429.

 Design for control of seepage through foundation may be made in


accordance with provisions contained in IS : 8414.
UPSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES191

 Hand placed riprap


 Dumped riprap
 Cement concrete facing
DOWN STREAM SLOPE PROTECTION 192
MEASURES
 Turfing
 Stone pitching
 Network of open paved drains
 Geonet
193
HIGHEST EARTH CORE ROCKFILL DAMS 194

S. No. Name of Project Height (m) Status

1. Rogun, CIS 335 Under construction

2. Nurek, CIS 300 Completed

3. Chicoasen, Mexico 262 Completed

4. Mica, Canada 262 Completed

5. Tehri, India 261 Under construction

6. Guavio, Colombia 240 Completed

7. Chivor, Colombia 237 Completed

8. Oroville, USA 236 Completed


195

Fig. 4.14 Typical calculations for downstream slope by analytical


method (steady seepage)
CONTACT WITH SPILLWAY 196

 Adequate length of core wall or key wall should be provided


 Foundation treatment similar to that of the Spillway should be provided
 Foundation treatments of embankment and concrete dam should
provide a continuous impervious barrier
JUNCTION OF EMBANKMENT DAM WITH
GRAVITY DAM ( CONVENTIONAL DESIGN ) 197
EARTH DAM NON-OVER FLOW SPILLWAY

CORE WALL

U/S ELEVATION

2 .5 :1
BERM

2.25 :1 CORE WALL

ROAD

EARTH DAM NON-OVER FLOW


2.5 :1

BERM
FLOW
3 :1
PLAN
JUNCTION OF EMBANKMENT DAM WITH
GRAVITY DAM (MODERN TREND) 198
EARTH DAM NON-OVER FLOW SPILLWAY

U/S ELEVATION

2 .5 :1

BERM

2.25 :1

ROAD

2.5 :1 EARTH DAM NON-OVER FLOW

BERM
FLOW
3 :1

PLAN
199

FOUNDATION
PROBLEM
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES - USBR APPROACH 200
USBR during the construction of Shasta Dam undertook extensive studies
for strengthening the weak rock seams in the dam foundation.

• Two dimensional analysis undertaken utilizing Airy’s function


showed that beyond a certain thickness of concrete plug, the rate of
decrease in deflection was exceedingly small

• Based on theoretical studies undertaken, the following formulae for


determining the depth of concrete plug were evolved:
d = 0.0066bh + 1.5 for H > 46m
d = 0.3b + 1.5 for H < 46m
where
d = Depth of plug(m)
b = Width of seam (m)
H = Height of dam above foundation level (m)
4.4.1 Cut – off trench 201

A minimum width of 4 m recommended.

Bottom width of 0.1–0.3H to satisfy piping requirement.

Side slopes may be provided as:


 1:1 in overburden
 0.5:1 in soft rock
 0.25:1 in hard rock

Should be taken at least 1 m into continuous impervious substratum.


4.4.2 Consolidation grouting 202
Fractured and jointed rocks should be treated at contact of core and rock
foundation to:

 Prevent piping of fines from core into rock


 Seal near-surface rock against undue loss of curtain grout

Depth of hole 6-10 m; spacing 3-4.5 m.

Split spacing method; initial spacing 6 to 12 m.

Grout pressure 0.6-6 kg/cm2.


4.4.3 Curtain grouting 203

Curtain would consist of one or more rows of holes.

Split spacing method.

If permeability can be brought down to 5 Lugeon with a final spacing of


1.5 m or larger, a single line curtain would be adequate.

If further drilling and grouting of holes at closer spacing is required, two


line curtain should be preferred.
4.4.4 Depth of curtain 204

Should normally extend to relatively impervious rock of permeability 3


Lugeon or less.

When this cannot be realized due to deep pervious formations, curtain


should extend to a depth ranging from H/3 to H.

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