You are on page 1of 4

6u6NW

SLUF\w
An Introduction to Sanskrit : Unit XIV
M. R. DWARAKANATH
Notice the EKXY>,LKcompound - PKUT

, JY',WVu\\RJRQPLW,\Rx"\\w
DN,LW5LS 8WLQNTL\\L1WWHx9\\P

DY&\YGuEK81YLG\L1WWYLKWw

V0 LYW6\FN,LW5P5UGLWLU&\WH 

LQ1G1W6WYVP4\5u WWRGXwWUu QX LNP 

DLS F 8 W LQ WH  D9\\u  DN,LW5 u  NTL\\L1W 

FWYDLKWwEK8Q DY&\YGQ YLG\L1WWYVP4\5u

FVu LYW6\DN,LW5wPUW DLWLU&\WH

LQ1G1WwWWwQXGXwWUuLNP

And[I] Falso[I] DLS beings (people) [n,N,p]

And[I] F your [G,s] WY enemies [m,N,p]

8WLQ will narrate [ft,3p,p] NTL\\L1W vNT


your [G,s] WYWH  relentless [f,A,s] D9\\u

DLKWwwill speak [ft,3p,p] YLG\L1WvYGmany

disgrace [f,A,s] DN,LW5 u   And [I] F of a

[m,A,p] E K 8 Q  unspeakable words [m,A,p]

reputed person [pp,m,G,s] V0 LYW6\ disgrace

DY&\YGQ criticizing [prp,m,N,p] LQ1G1Ww

[f,N,s] DN,LW5 w  exceeds (is worse) [pt,3p,s]

your [G,s] WYvalor [n,A,s]VP4\5uThence

DLWLU&\WHvLUFthandeath [n,Ab,s] PUW 

[I] WWw what [n,N,s] LNu indeed [I] QX (is)


more painful [n,N,s] GXwWUu

V0 LYW6\ is formed from the root 8    The


causative of 8  Y\- cause something to be or

In Sanskrit, one way to form comparative and

bring into existence. The past participle of Y\

superlative degrees is by affixing WUYWPGXw

LYW something created. Finally the SVJ5  VP

GXwWUGXwWP The other affix is(5\VY(

makes it V0 LYWesteemed, reputed etc.!

OtX Ot,\V OLtDY&\is a potential ppl.

The verbal rootLUF of the 7th J means to void or to

KWRYS>36\LV6YJ5u LM7YY R\VH PK,P 

empty. However, with the SVJ5DLWthe meaning

W6PGXL7WN 1WH\\X\NWLQ\w

changes to exceed, which is the sense of the SVJ5


itself!

\LGYKWw6YJ5u S>36\LVYLM7YPK,u R\VH 


KHN 1WH\W6PW NWLQ\w\X\L7W

\G>GXSUWuPu6\1WH7YuPKUTw
\H:u F7Yu EKXPWR 87Y\6\LVOtYP 

Either (if) [I] Y killed [ppp,m,N,s] KWw you

PKUTw 7Yu UW \W SUWu Pu6\1WH  F \H:u 7Yu

will attain [ft,2p,s] S>36\LVvDSheaven [m,A,s]

EKXPWw 87YOtYP \6\LV

6YJ5uor [I] Y having won [ger.] LM7Yyou

Great warriors [m,N,p] PKUTwwill think[ft,3p,p]

will enjoy [ft,2p,s] R\VH  v X M  the earth

Pu6\1WHvPQyou [A,s] 7Yu(as having) turned

(sovereignty) [f,A,s] PK,u  Oh! Arjuna (son of

back [m,A,s] SUWufrom the battlefield [m,Ab,s]

Kunti) [m,V,s]N 1WH\ Therefore [Ab,s] W6PW

UWout of fear [n,Ab,s] \WAnd [I] F

with resolve [m,N,s] N W LQ\w arise [im,2p,s]

among whom [m,G,p] \H:uyou [N,s] 7Yuhaving

L7Wv6Tfor battle [n,D,s] \X\

been [ger] 87Ywell regarded [m,N,s] EKXPWw


VXGXwH VPH N7YO O M\M\ 

will go (now become) [ft,2p,s] \6\LV v\ a

WWR\X\\X-\6YQZYu SSPY36\LV

lightweight [n,A,s] OtYP


22

VXGXwH VPH O O M\M\ VP N7Y\X\

Here [I] (K no [I] Q loss of effort [m,N,s]

\X-\6YWWwQ$Yu SSu DY36\LV

DL PQ[w exists (occurs) [prt,3p,s] DL6W


vDVNo [I] Qobstacle [m,N,s] S>7\Y\w

Having made [ger] N 7 Y equal [n,A,d] VPH

materializes [prt,3p,s] LYWH vLYG  Even [I]

pleasure and pain [n,A,d] VXGXwHgain and loss

DLSa little [n,N,s] 6Y/Suof this [m,G,s] D6\

[m,A,d] O O  victory and defeat [m,A,d]

Dharma (s) [m,G,s] P5 6 \ protects [prt,3p,s]

M\M\ join (prepare!) [im,2p,s] \X-\6Yv\XM

@\WH  v@Z  from great [n,Ab,s] PKWw fear

for battle [n,D,s] \X\  Thence [I] WWw in

(danger) [n,Ab,s] \W

this manner [I] $Yu you will incur [ft,2p,s]

9\YV\L7PNEXLUHNHKNX|Q1GQ

DY36\LV vDS no [I] Q demerit [n,A,s]

EKX[hQ1WEX\Rx9\YVL\QP 

SSu

KHNX|Q1GQ9\YV\L7PNEXLw(K$NDL6W

VXGwHO O M\M\ are 1compounds.

LKD9\YVL\QuEX\wDQ1WwFEKX[wVL1W

VXGXwVXGXwHO DO O O 


M\ DM\ M\M\   DO  F DM\  are Q

Oh Arjuna (darling of Kurus) [m,V,s]NX|Q1GQ

W7SX|:compounds!

Here [I] (K(is) a resolute [f,N,s] 9\YV\L7PN


single [f,N,s] $N mind [f,N,s]EXLwIndeed

$:WHxL KWVu\HEXL\R5JHL7YPu[2X

[I] L K  among the vacillating [m,G,p]

EX\XR\\ST5 NP5E1u S>K6\LV

D9\YVL\Qu minds [f,N,p] EX\w(are) endless

WH$:EXLwVu\HDL KWWXKHST5\RJH(Pu[2X

[f,N,p] DQ1Ww and [I] F multi-branched

\\EX\XwNP5E1u S>K6\LV

[f,N,p]EKX[w

For you [D,s] WHthis [f,N,s] $: wisdom [f,N,s]

\LPPu SXLSWu YFu S>YG17\LYSLWw

EX L w in Samkhya [m,L,s] Vu  \H  has been

YHGYGUWwST5 Q1\G6W,LWYLGQw

imparted [ppp,f,N,s] DL KWHowever [I] WX

ST5DLYSLWw\u(PuSXLSWuYFuS>YGL1WYHGYGUWw

oh! Arjuna [m,V,s]ST5(now) listen [im,2p,s] [2X

QD1\W DL6W(LWYLGQw

vXto this [f,A,s] (PuYoga [m,L,s] \RJHby


which [f,I,s] \\intellect [f,I,s] EX endowed

Oh! Arjuna [m,V,s] ST5The ignorant [m,N,p]

[ppp,m,N,s] \X w you will be free [ft,2p,s]

DLYSLWw proclaim [prt,3p,p] S> Y GL1W vYG

S>K6\LVvKfrom the bondage of Karma [m,A,s]

which [f,A,s] \P this [f,A,s] (Pu flowery

NP5E1u

[f,A,s] SXLSWu speech [f,A,s] YFu engaged in


Vedic disputations [ppp,m,N,p] YH G YGUWw

In the above verses, the future tense has been used

speakers [m,N,p] YLGQw (say) nothing [I] Q

to express what will likely, happen. The verbs are:

other [n,N,s] D1\W exists [prt,3p,s] DL6W

NTL\\L1WPu6\1WH\6\LVYLG\L1WS>36\LV R\VH

vDV

DY36\LVFS>K6\LV Observe the formation of the

(This verse is to be taken along with the following

finite verb WX(6\LWS>7\\

verse. The speakers are NP7PQwetc.)

QHKL PQ[RxL6WS>7\Y\RQLYWH 

NP7PQw6YJ5SUM1PNP5IOS>GP

6Y/SP3\6\P56\@\WH PKWR \W 

L\LY:H[EKXOu RJZ\5JLWu S>LW

(KQDL PQ[wDL6WS>7\Y\wQLYWHD6\

NP7PQw 6YJ5 S Uw M1PNP5 I OS> G u  L\LY:H [ EKX O u

P56\6Y/Su DLSPKWw \W @\WH

RJZ\5JLWu S>LW
23

The desirous selves [m,N,p] NP7PQwintent on

indeclinable - D9\\SVJ5 YL\LY[H:and a

gaining heaven [m,N,p] 6YJ5SUwrebirth, the fruit

nominal or QPSG  In the compound the nominal

of actions [f,A,s] M1PNP5IOS>Gu emphasize much

takes QSX u V N S> T PLW,\ $NYFQ ending. The

action [f,A,s] L\LY:H[EKXOuaim at [I] S>LWthe

compound is an D9\\  The compound typically

path of enjoyment and wealth [f,A,s] RJZ\5JLWu

expresses proximity, ability, similarity, excess, lack-

NPwD7PLQ\6\VwNP7PQEKXY>,LKhe who

of, towards, beyond, etc. Some examples:

has desire in his self. 6YJ5 S Uw is also EKX Y > , LK 

JX6\\R*\P DQXJXP DRwSUP SUR P 

M1PNP5IOS>Gis a W7SX|:compound. NP5wIOu

DRwVP,SPVP P[LuDQLW0\\T[L

NP5IOuW7SX|:M1P$YNP5IOuM1PNP5IOu

LGQHLGQH(LWS>LWLGQPQJU6\VP,SPSQJUP

NP5U\M1PNP5IOu S>GGLWM1PNP5IOS>G

 \ YQ6\ D7\\w  DLW\ YQP  MQQu D Yw

SSGW7SX|:

LQM5QP KUHwV;\P VKLU


The following verse from UtXYu[ will illustrate the

Y27W\w
W\w Expositions / Glosses

use of this compound.

WXY2 L7Ww
7WwVerbal Derivatives

\TLYLKXW*Q,Qu \TNPLF5WLT5QP 

\1Ww
\1WwFrequentatives

\TSUG#Qu \TNOS>ERLQP

The frequentative is used to express an action, which


is carried out repeatedly or with extreme force. Once

\TLYL\TNP\TSU\TNO- according to

the stem is formed from the root, it may be

custom, wish/desire, mistakes/crimes, time. These

conjugated in most tenses and moods.

compounds themselves have been compounded


further.

\1WUFQ
\1WUFQ- Frequentative construction
The construction of the Frequentative verbal stem

LW1WS>NUP - Verbs / Conjugation

involves reduplication - D!\V optional ((Y

DWQ 8WH OX Aorist - Past Tense

YHand the marker \However, the marker \is

This is the last of the three conjugational past tenses

added before D!\V  \1W  LQ7\ D7PQHSG 

in Sanskrit. To recap, the three past tenses are:

Alternately, the marker is dropped in which case it

DQWQ 8WH O SUR 8WH LO FDWQ 8WH OX 

is called \OXJ1W  LQ7\ SU6PZSG  The D!\V

While LO is primarily used to express actions in

root vowel is often strengthened. Frequentatives

the distant past, the OX expresses more recent but

may only be formed from roots of the 1st thru 9th

completed actions. While the former is used

Jw which are monosyllabic and start with a

extensively in Puranic narratives, the latter is seldom

consonant. Here are some examples of verbal roots

used in narratives.

and frequentative stems:


8 8\ER 8\N,\FH,\JPJ0\

Like the Othe OXalso uses the prefix DWhen

M0\GG,\GHG,\FUF\5FX\5Y

it comes to the suffixes, there are as many as 7

F8\5D7PQHSGJPMP,YGYYG,

varieties of this past tense (times two.) The simplest

LYG YHLYG, 8 ER Y,SU6PZSG

variety uses exactly the same terminations as O


You may be wondering then, how this is different

VPVY2L7W
7W- Compounds

from Oif both the prefix and terminations are the

D9\, YVPVw

same! The key difference is that O is VY5WXN

The D9\\, YS8Y5SGS>Qcompound is adverbial

while OXis D5WXNThe prefix and termination

in nature. The compound is formed from an

are added directly to the WX in OX  There is no


24


JXK
 (1G>LMWUY6\DS7\uSXPQ
 SHM\WH(LW
 NTWRw 8WHNG1Ww
 D1WN6\
Clues Down:

NXLOS>W,S

P\w(5[w

7SONPO

DWSW@\WH(LW

SU YLYG>Y

NLN:,LY L

DWOLYWOVXWOWOWO
PKWOSWO

intermediate step of forming the Dvia JXY2L


LYNU
D YW vs. D 8W  DJ&]W  DJPW  DWXGW
DWX7WDP1\WDPu6WDNX|WDNW
The other varieties of OX use tense markers as in
O2 6\The markers are VV(: FLV: 
Finally there is a reduplicated L7Y form! Apart
from the tense marker, the terminations are nearly
the same as those of O    There are some
differences and the VL1rules have to be followed!
The Aorist is used idiomatically with the prohibitive
P as an injunction against the action. When used
thus, the prefix D is dropped.
Some examples of Aorist:
V7\PYLG:P  V7\P DYLG:P D+ YG + (: +
DP - I have spoken the truth.YGY2L









W1PPY,W WW PP DY,W D+ DY + (5 + W



















That has protected me.


.OZ%\uP6PJPwST5PDJPwD+ JP+ v
- Oh Arjuna, dont go the way of (become) a coward!
PLKuV,wSX|:u MJW PDLKuV,wD+ LKuV +
(5w- Do not hurt man or the world!
Exercises:
1. Do VPVYLYJ>K
J\wV[P[FHQ\XJSWDKLQDKLQ(LW
DL*Qu S>LWLYtQu D Yw
2. Identify the underlying WX

Solutions to Exercises from Unit -13

D >PWYYWHDLV6YLGD&]Z7V,WDG> ,W

1. S>SQ9\QRGQVPQwS>DSQSY5W,F

SHS,\WHD\\ WDYLW5SS>&],LWDYV,W

SUPHUP5DT5NPPR LSWSX@ 

VVWH QHQHLWD6WR

[XU SX@SX@,F[,WRu NWDNW

2. Change the OX to Oand LO

$W\RwVPKUwS@uFSXSuFIOuFWR\uF

DS,W D L:$HL DLF5FW DP,W 

2. UWwUPuG>Xu(&]LWEOwPRGNuLGWXu(&]LW

DJV,W DMLQDN:,5W DNWDS ,W 

7Yu FRUL\WXu (&]LVMQwGHYu 6WRWXu (&]H\Xw

DS
Sanskrit Crossword #14 (One syllable per box)

3. WBNXSKQ XM
4. Solution to crossword # 13

Clues Across:

(1G>6\YM>\Xw

S[Nw[NXQHwVP4\5u\L6PQWW

SUPwFDV (5Uw

V8\5w

"YLQS@[UGS,NUMM\WX
QNXONOSFWXUGKU
LQ[FUGUSQ,\NONOMQSG
MOFUWX:ULG>
25

You might also like