Borehole Seismic

Borehole seismic

Group members:
Muhammad Nasar Iqbal
Muhammad Hassan jehanzaib
Raja Hammad Khalid
Submitted to:
Sir Adil Naseed
Date of submission:
7th may 2015

Borehole Seismic

Department of earth and environmental sciences Bahria

University
Table of Contents
Abstract
1. Borehole seismic

2. Equipments in Borehole Seismic

3. 1D/Vertical seismic Profile

3.1 Types of Vertical seismic Profile

3.2 sonic log
3.3 Density log
3.4 Synthetic VSP
3.5 Dip log

4. Uses of VSP

Conclusion

References

Borehole Seismic

Figures:
Figure 1 VSP vs. Surface seismic
Figure 1 VSP
Figure 2 salt proximity VSP
Figure 3 different VSP types
Figure 4 Sonic log
Figure 5 Density log
Figure 6 Synthetic VSP Courtesy to Usama Mehmood PPL
Figure 7 Integrated VSP
Figure 8 Dip log scheme

Borehole Seismic

Abstract:
Vertical seismic profile is the seismic technique through
which we develop a synthetic modal of seismic section and also
generate time depth conversion. To which we then converge with
surface seismic data.VSP data acquired same as seismic data but
difference is that the arrangement of source and receiver is
different. Recovers are lower inside the well hole while source is
at the surface, but in different geometric orientation. Source is
either vibrosise truck or air gun, when discharged, wave travel
through subsurface lithologies and received by geophone array
which is in bore hole. This technique acquires data from reflected
wave, direct wave and multiple. From that direct arrival give one
way travel time, as also provide aquatic characteristics of the
formation, which is required for time to depth conversion. Sonic
and density log is use to generate synthetic seismic section. This
gives the corrected seismic trace for specific depth. In this
presentation we discus different types of borehole seismic surveys
and also explain hoe synthetic seismic section can be generate
and utilize, and also explain how sonic and density log provide
porosity and bulk density data.

Borehole Seismic

1. Borehole seismic:
Borehole seismicity is a general term for 1D data
Acquisition in which receivers are lowered into the bore hole
and source is at the surface. It could be Check shot survey
for
correcting
Acoustic
properties i.e. velocity and
depth of target formation. It
could be Sonic and density log
to generate synthetic seismic
profile or it may be VSP which
is use to convert surface
seismic data which is in time
constrain into depth constrain.
Figure 9 VSP vs. Surface seismic
Subsurface structure can be
seen through seismic section. Data acquire from surface
method and also by lowering instrument inside the bore hole
i.e. Seismic and VSP methods respectively.
Still surface methods have its limitations, like low frequency
signals, LVZ and noises. But still data is useable for
subsurface structural interpretation. In seismic method Wave
front faces twice the LVZ but VSP receives wave front once it
passes through LVZ and it generate Profile when wave
reflect, multiple or directly arrived from source. VSP survey
utilizes same data acquiring technique i.e. surface seismic
method but in different sets of constrain. VSP data used for
Time-Depth Conversion and for generating Synthetic VSP.
2. Equipments in Borehole Seismic

Borehole Seismic

In borehole seismic survey we use following instrument

for getting data:
Bore hole

Geophone/Hydrophone

Dynamite/air gun/ vibroseise truck

Interface B/W Geophone and Seismograph

Steel cable and wrench

Sonic and density tools (Down hole tools)

Recording system

For conducting VSP we require

bore hole. In borehole we
insert
geophone
or
hydrophone
to
receive
acoustic energy, radioactive
energy and sound energy.
Mostly source on surface is
vibroseise truck and in ocean
source is Air gun. As we also
use sonic log and density log Figure 10 VSP
to generate Synthetic VSP, for
these source is sound energy and radioactive energy
respectively. In modern era we have advance computer
system and software which improve noise to signal ratio on
the spot, record this information on magnetic tap and send it
to field office and via internet or satellite system. We also
need solid steel cable to hold the downhole instrument and
wrench to control the up and down motion.
3. 1D/Vertical seismic Profile

Borehole Seismic

Normally seismic acquisition is conducting along two

parameters, one is offset and other is two way travel time.
But in 1D, data can acquired along depth and one way time
required to accomplish same task. Surface seismic 2 ways
transit time mean wave passes twice the low Velocity Zone
and due to reflection and refraction lot of energy can be lost
which in result demarcation of Reflectors will be difficult and
lot of time required acquiring data and processing it. Many
complex structures, pinchout and near vertical fault cant be
Identify through surface seismic. When well is drilled there is
an opportunity to increase the lateral visibility and resolution
and calibrate surface seismic data according to depth. Check
shot survey, required to lower down Receiver array (VSP)
into the bore hole, Source are at surface and the offset is
about 25 to 50 meter per interval. Receivers can be
geophone or hydrophone and source on surface Vibroseise
truck and in water Air gun is use. We does not use
Explosive , to avoid any damage to well.VSP is far better
than surface method as it record reflection far below the TD
of the well, which surface method normally cant acquire.
And its frequency is about 10000 Hz to 20000 Hz compare to
seismic method in which frequency lies between 5-60 Hz.
Another advantage of well bore seismic over surface seismic
is that its lateral resolution of reflectors is from 2 cm to 2m
as compare to 15m-100m. It implies that small faults and
fractures and pinch out can be detected which cant
otherwise detect through surface method. Now data can be
record digitally on magnetic tape, and during recording
software automatically stake the data. Which help to acquire
data in limited time window and easily correction is made
while during each run. Check shot survey correct the
velocities by integration of sonic interval transit time. Sonic
log provide Acoustic properties of target formation, which
used for conversion of velocity time into depth of specific

Borehole Seismic

formation. Sonic frequency is more than 20000 Hz and 6%

faster than surface source, mean data is more accurate and
highly resolved upto 2 cm. Density log provides the Bulk
density of the Formation.
3.1. Types of Vertical seismic Profile
Types of VSP based on the arrangement and geometry of
the receivers and source. These
are as follows:
ZVSP (zero offset)
OVSP (off set)
Walk away VSP
Walk over VSP
Drill Noise VSP/ Seismic While
drilling
Salt proximity VSP
Shear wave VSP

Figure 11 salt proximity VSP

Borehole Seismic

Figure 12 different VSP

types

3.2 .
Sonic log

Borehole Seismic

Sonic log is use to

calculate porosity on the
basis of TRANSIT Time.
Normally Reflection and
refraction is made were
velocity contrast or AIC
and angle of downgoing
wave front is there. Hi AIC
mean more prominent
reflector would be seen on
seismic section. Sonic tool
use Sound energy, rather
than
acoustic
energy.
Figure 13 Sonic log
Inverse of velocity is
slowness or transit time. So it implies that when sound travel
through any formation laterally, its energy would be lost in the
formation, tool only detect energy which came back to it. This
depends on Fluid content, fracture or pinch-out, faults, packing
and porosity of that formation. Unit of sonic log is micro sec per
Feet. And porosity is directly proportional to Transit time.
3.3. Density log
Density log is use to calculate the
formation bulk density on the basis
of lose of Energy normally its
radioactive,
source
is
cs137
(cesium). The difference in initial
energy and received energy provide
the energy lose, due to density and
fluid in pore space in the formation.
Unit is gram per cm cube. Density
and sonic data use to establishing Figure 14 Density log
synthetic trace. Za=PV, were Z is
reflection coefficient, a is the formation were reading is taken, p

Borehole Seismic

is density which acquired from density log and V is acquired from

sonic log. Were Density is inversely proportional to porosity and
directly proportional to Compton scatting.
3.4. Synthetic VSP
Check shot survey is conducting for time and depth
correction and if the array of geophone is used its called VSP.
Synthetic VSP generated by computer software using sonic and
density log data. This provides ideal environment for observing
the behavior of energy while traveling through different
lithologies. Once carefully synthetic trace is developed, is then
place against the surface seismic section (seismic tie) so the
depth correlation, elevation and demarcation of lithologies are
rechecked and error should be remove. Multiple SVSP generate
with different sets of possible wave outlets which provides all
aspects of variation which could occur in different sonic and
density circumstances. Sonic and density log is multiplied to get
impedance value and from it reflection coefficient is derive, which
then multiply by suitable wave let , this give us sets of SVSP trace
.
In synthetic seismic section me convolute Density data and
sonic data into impudence value, that impedance value is
converted into Reflection coefficient value, it generate a series
which then multiply by suitable wavelet .

Figure 15 Synthetic VSP Courtesy to Usama Mehmood PPL

Borehole Seismic

Wavelet is either generated by computer software or by pick up

standard shape which
properties are defined.
These
wavelets
were
picked by software near
given real seismic window
at target formation. There
are three types of wave
lets 1. Minimum phase is
which started from RC. 2nd
is Zero phase were value
of RC lies at the center of Figure 16 Integrated VSP
the wave let and 3rd one is Quadrature which have angle
difference of 90 degree to the RC value. These wave lets are
picked by observing polarity of acoustic wave in sub surface
specially target formation and phase of that wave. These values
can easily derive from seismic section. This results in synthetic
trace. Multiple traces are generated with different wave let, which
give all possible variation information could be encounter in
actual seismic section. Then this trace is place with actual surface

Borehole Seismic

seismic section to convert time domain data into depth domain

and if any mistake is made during horizontal tracing, will remove.
3.5. Dip log
In dip log, data acquired from more than two well lies in
succession. This log provides inclination or dip information of
subsurface strata. The acquisition of this method is same as VSP,
receivers are in bore hole and source is at the surface.

Figure 17 Dip log scheme

4. Uses of VSP
Following are the uses of Bore VSP
In Pakistan only shclumberger working on 1D seismic
survey utilizes all potential resources of 1D like check
shot, VSP and SVSP.
SVSP is tied with seismic section; it can help to visualize
the ideal trend of subsurface structure and horizontal
trend of the formation.

Borehole Seismic

VSP is very use full because wave has to travel once

through LVS and for generates synthetic seismic section
from which help to check reservoir structure and its
potential.
It also provide clear picture of subsurface structures
especially if gas is trap inside it.
It is also use to observe the dipping trend and visualize
Salt dome.

Conclusion:
As the demand of HC products are exponentially increase,
same as different techniques are introduce to discover them. Bore
hole seismic survey is the one of them, which utilize old surface
seismic method just with some modification in the arrangement
and position of the recovers which is lowered into the bore hole
while source is still at the surface. This technique improve

Borehole Seismic

visualization of subsurface structure , interpreted Acoustic

properties of Target formation and help to convert time domain
surface data into depth domain. Check shot and Synthetic VSP are
the outcome of this Technique.

References:
WELL (LOG) SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS AND TIES TO SEISMIC
.pdf
Log interpretation by schlumberger
Schlimberger.com

Borehole Seismic

logging interpretation by Rider

Wikipedia.com/vsp
Google.com/image-vsp-types/