Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Non-Destructive
Evaluation
(NDE)
In-service structures
Safety or not
Advantage of NDE
Selection of appropriate repairment and
retrofitting method
Life prediction by fracture mechanics
Periodic inspection schedule
Chitoshi Miki
Department of Civil Engineering
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Surface-breaking cracks
VT
PT
MT
ET
UT
:
:
:
:
:
Visual Testing
Dye Penetrant Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing
Eddy Current Testing
Ultrasonic Testing
Embedded cracks
UT
RT
10X magnification
eyes
crack
: Ultrasonic Testing
: Radiographic Testing
3
MT Application at Sites
Equipments
Magnetic
crack
Fatigue
Test
Magnetic flux
Magnet powder
light
Testing
Magnet
powder
crack
Leakage at crack
Magnetic flux
specimen
5
PT Application at Sites
Theory
1. Fill the penetrant on specimen
surface
penetrant
crack
ET Application at Sites
Theory
Equipment
Exciting current
coil
Signal measurement
Eddy current
at specimen surface
Radiation source
Sound wave
Types of probes
X-ray beam
Angle-beam probe:
45, 60, 65, and 70
crack
specimen
Film- fuji, kodak
CRT display
amplitude
10
Flaw echo
time
defect
11
12
UT Application at Sites
Manual UT (MUT)
Chitoshi Miki, Makoto Fukazawa, Masahiko Katoh, and Hisao Ohune: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 329-3371987.10. (in Japanese)
Automatic UT (AUT)
Makoto Fukazawa, Hisao Ohune, Masahiko Katoh and Chitoshi Miki: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.398/I-10pp. 395-4041988.10. (in Japanese)
Jiro Tajima, Munehiro Fukui, Chitoshi Miki and Makoto Fukazawa: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 427-4341987.10. (in Japanese)
14
Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chitoshi Miki, Makoto Fukazawa, Masahiko Katoh, and Hisao Ohune: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 329-3371987.10. (in Japanese)
MT
PT
ET
RT
UT
Makoto Fukazawa, Hisao Ohune, Masahiko Katoh and Chitoshi Miki: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.398/I-10pp. 395-4041988.10. (in Japanese)
Jiro Tajima, Munehiro Fukui, Chitoshi Miki and Makoto Fukazawa: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 427-4341987.10. (in Japanese)
16
Type B
Type A
surface
Type B
a
(depth)
Fracture surface
Results
PT
Inspection methods
MT
Length of cracks
MT, PT, ET
Cracks
Depth of cracks
UT
17
18
Specimen A
Specimen B
MT
Overestimate
a
(depth)
crack
= 6mm
Undetectable
Min. depth = 1 mm
l (length)
surface
ET
Slightly
overestimate
PT
MT
= 10mm
Estimated length (mm)
Accuracy ratio
a
(depth)
crack
ET
l (length)
Accuracy ratio
surface
Underestimate
PT
19
20
Results of UT
Tip-echo method
Specimen A
crack
b
a
Amplitude
Specimen B
Undetectable
Corner echo
a= 2.5 mm
Only corner echo could not estimate
a= 1.0 mm
Tip echo
Distance
21
Summary
22
Topics
Chitoshi Miki, Makoto Fukazawa, Masahiko Katoh, and Hisao Ohune: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 329-3371987.10. (in Japanese)
<
<
Makoto Fukazawa, Hisao Ohune, Masahiko Katoh and Chitoshi Miki: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.398/I-10pp. 395-4041988.10. (in Japanese)
For UT
Jiro Tajima, Munehiro Fukui, Chitoshi Miki and Makoto Fukazawa: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 427-4341987.10. (in Japanese)
24
Paint Films
Load
t = 10mm
Before removal of
paint
After removal of
paint
Total
Thickness
=100 m
Painting Process
26
VT (Through paint)
Min. detectable
size
= 4mm
5 Layers
Easy to detect
27
Inspection Results ET
Non-Paint
= Correct Judgment
= Misjudgment
After removal
28
Non-Paint
= Correct Judgment
= Misjudgment
No sign of cracks
Almost no effects
Low reliability
29
30
Non-Paint
= Correct Judgment
= Misjudgment
Min. detectable
size
= 6mm
Detectability decreases
Min. size = 6 mm
31
32
Non-Paint
= Correct Judgment
= Misjudgment
Min. size = 2 mm
Min. detectable
size
Error = 1 mm
Detectability increases
= 2mm
Estimated length (mm)
34
Inspection procedure
Paint
Non-Paint
= Correct Judgment
= Misjudgment
No large effects
Estimated length (mm)
36
Summary
Topics
Detection of surface-breaking fatigue cracks
Chitoshi Miki, Makoto Fukazawa, Masahiko Katoh, and Hisao Ohune: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 329-3371987.10. (in Japanese)
Makoto Fukazawa, Hisao Ohune, Masahiko Katoh and Chitoshi Miki: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.398/I-10pp. 395-4041988.10. (in Japanese)
Jiro Tajima, Munehiro Fukui, Chitoshi Miki and Makoto Fukazawa: Journal of Structural
Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCENo.386/I-8pp. 427-4341987.10. (in Japanese)
38
JIS-SM58Q
Blowhole-like defects
locations of defects
Totally 11 defects
11 10
Hole
drilling
2 1
Load
Load
3
4-6
Apply UT and RT
39
Testing Procedure UT
B
Inspection Results
Compare with actual size
Echo Height
40
Crack
Upper Tip
Echo
Lower Tip
Echo
C-5
C-6
A-9
Estim
eted size
Size
Estimated
by UT [m m ]
19.3
6.2
5.9
Actual Size
[mm ]
19.1
6.3
5.9
Distance
AB C
Good agreement
Weld line
42
Fracture Surfaces
Width ,W (mm)
crack
H
Height ,H (mm)
defect
43
44
Summary
UT is better than RT in terms of
accurate estimation of crack sizes.
Width by RT, mm
RT:
Underestimate cracks with size 8
12 mm
RT:
Cracks with size less than 8mm
could not be detected.
Width by UT, mm
Cheaper than RT
45
Drawbacks of UT
1. Presentation of results
amplitude
46
Recent Development of UT
2. Detection of 3D defects
A-Scan
Incident
wave
Flaw echo
time
To
improve
Visualization of defects
To
improve
25mm
48mm
25mm
Undetectable
3D defect
reflected wave
defect
Angle-beam
probes: 70
254mm
Defect cannot
be detected !!
Angle-beam
probes: 65
129mm
Normal-beam
probes
13mm
59mm
48
Visualization System
Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT)
Personal computer
High-speed
switching system
Selectable
Image of defects
probe
Pulse generator
Array probe
Reliability increased
Actual defects
Three dimensions
Multi-channel array probes
Our target
49
Cruciform joint
Setup
probe
3
50
Cruciform Joint
25mm
8mm
Incomplete
penetration
Image result
Top view
50 mm
probe
High objectivity
8.3mm
40 mm
Geometry
1.5 mm
Side view
Image of incomplete
penetration
6 mm
50 mm
Incomplete penetration
51
52
Probe front
Accurate
information in
3D
122
specimen
Probe
Designed defect
SAFT images
incomplete
Co l
beam
High objectivity
Beam width
Y
322
column
Thickness 22mm
um
n
SAFT images
Beam
t/2
incomplete
t/2
X
53
54
Inspection at intersection of
incomplete penetrations
Y = 20
Inspection area
SAFT results
SAFT image
X = -20
SAFT images
present at location
of incomplete
penetrations.
56
Thank you
57
10