Ac Circuits

14: Power in AC Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer Applications
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)
AC Power: 14 1 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =
v 2 (t)
R
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
v 2 (t)
R
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
v 2 (t)
R
Average Power dissipated in R:
P =
1
T
RT
0
p(t)dt
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

P =
1
T
RT
0
p(t)dt =
1
R
1
T
RT
0
v 2 (t)
R
v 2 (t)dt
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

P =
1
T
RT
0
p(t)dt =
1
R
1
T
RT
0
v 2 (t)
R
v (t)dt =
hv2 (t)i
R
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

R
1 T
T 0
1
R
1
T
RT
v 2 (t)
R
hv2 (t)i
P
p(t)dt =
v (t)dt = R
0
2=
v (t) is the value of v 2 (t) averaged over time
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

R
1 T
T 0
1
R
1
T
RT
v 2 (t)
R
hv2 (t)i
P
p(t)dt =
v (t)dt = R
0
2=
We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms
p
, hv 2 (t)i
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

R
1 T
T 0
1
R
1
T
RT
v 2 (t)
R
hv2 (t)i
P
p(t)dt =
v (t)dt = R
0
2=
hv2 (t)i
p
, hv 2 (t)i
(Vrms )2
R
=
The average power dissipated in R is P =
R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Average Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

R
1 T
T 0
1
R
1
T
RT
v 2 (t)
R
hv2 (t)i
P
p(t)dt =
v (t)dt = R
0
2=
hv2 (t)i
p
, hv 2 (t)i
(Vrms )2
R
=
The average power dissipated in R is P =
R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
We use small letters for time-varying voltages and capital letters for
time-invariant values.
AC Power: 14 2 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
Mean Square Voltage: v =
V2
2
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
since cos 2t averages to zero.
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
Mean Square Voltage: v =
V2
2
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
since cos 2t averages to zero.
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
2 V 2
Mean Square Voltage: v = 2 since cos 2t averages to zero.
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V
2
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
2 V 2
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
1
2
1
2
cos 2t
2 V 2
p
e
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V = V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.
e =
In this lecture course only, a ~ overbar means 2: thus V
1 V
2
AC Power: 14 3 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Suppose voltage and current phasors are:
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
Power dissipated in load Z is
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t + V ) cos (t + I )
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

= |V | |I|
1
2
cos (2t + V + I ) +
1
2
cos (V I )
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )

= 21 |V | |I| cos (V I ) + 12 |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I )
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )

AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )

Average power: P = 12 |V | |I| cos ()
where
= V I
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )


= Ve Ie cos ()
where
= V I
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )


= Ve Ie cos ()
where
= V I
cos is the power factor
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Power Factor
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI
v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

1
2
1
2
= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )


= Ve Ie cos ()
where
= V I
cos is the power factor
> 0 a lagging power factor (normal case: Current lags Voltage)

< 0 a leading power factor (rare case: Current leads Voltage)
AC Power: 14 4 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie
The complex power absorbed by Z is S , V
where * means complex conjugate.
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie

Ve Ie = Ve ejV Ie ejI
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie

Ve Ie = Ve ejV Ie ejI = Ve Ie ej(V I )
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


= Ve Ie ej
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= V I e = V I cos + j Ve Ie sin
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ
Complex Power:
S , Ve Ie = P + jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Apparent Power: |S| , V
I measured in Volt-Amps (VA)
Complex Power:
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Complex Power:
Average Power:
P , (S) measured in Watts (W)
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Complex Power:
Average Power: P , (S) measured in Watts (W)

Reactive Power: Q , (S) Measured in Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Complex Power:

Reactive Power: Q , (S)
Measuredin Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
e Ie = P
Power Factor: cos , cos V
|S|
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Complex Power:

e Ie = P
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Complex Power
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e = 1 |V | ejV and
If V
2
I =
1
2
|I| ejI
e Ie


e e j e e

= P + jQ

e e
Complex Power:

e Ie = P
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Power Company: Costs apparent power, Revenue average power.
AC Power: 14 5 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
For any impedance, Z , complex power absorbed: S = V
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
e (b) Ie Ie = Ie we get S = Ie Z =
Using (a) V
Z
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
Using (a) V
Z
2
2
|Ve |
e
Resistor: S = I R = R
=0
Absorbs average power, no VARs (Q = 0)
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
Using (a) V
Z
2
2
|Ve |
e
=0
2
2
|Ve |
e
Inductor: S = j I L = j L
= +90
No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
Using (a) V
Z
2
2
|Ve |
e
=0
2
2
|Ve |
e
= +90
|Ie|
Capacitor: S = j C
2

= j Ve C
= 90
No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
Using (a) V
Z
2
2
|Ve |
e
=0
2
2
|Ve |
e
= +90
|Ie|
Capacitor: S = j C
2

= j Ve C
= 90

VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Power in R, L, C
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
e Ie = P + jQ
2
2
e |2
V
|

e = IZ
Using (a) V
Z
2
2
|Ve |
e
=0
2
2
|Ve |
e
= +90
|Ie|
Capacitor: S = j C
2

= j Ve C
= 90

VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors
The phase, , of the absorbed power, S , equals the phase of Z
AC Power: 14 6 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Tellegens Theorem: The complex power, S , dissipated in any circuits

components sums to zero.
xn = voltage at node n
Vb , Ib = voltage/current in branch b
(obeying passive sign convention)
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn
1 if Vb starts from node n

, +1 if Vb ends at node n
0
else
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else
e.g. branch 4 goes from 2 to 3 a4 = [0, 1, 1]
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

Branch voltages: Vb =
abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 x2 )
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
P
P P
Tellegen:
b V b Ib =
b
n abn xn Ib
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
P
P P
Tellegen:
b V b Ib =
b
n abn xn Ib
P P
= n b abn Ib xn
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
P
P P
Tellegen:
b V b Ib =
b
n abn xn Ib
P
P
P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
P
P P
Tellegen:
b V b Ib =
b
n abn xn Ib
P
P
P
P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn 0
AC Power: 14 7 / 11
Tellegens Theorem
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

abn

0
else

P
P
KCL @ node n:
b abn Ib = 0
b abn Ib = 0
P
P P
Tellegen:
b V b Ib =
b
n abn xn Ib
P
P
P
P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn 0
P
P
P
Note:
and also
b Sb = 0
b Pb = 0
b Qb = 0.
AC Power: 14 7 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Ve = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
Add parallel capacitor of 300 F:
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
ZC =
1
jC
= 10.6j
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
ZC =
1
jC
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
SC = Ve IeC = j5 kVA
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 14 = 0.97
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 14 = 0.97
Average power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 14 = 0.97
power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.
Average

e
I , reduced from 56.5 47 A (16%) lower losses.
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 14 = 0.97
Average

e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR
AC Power: 14 8 / 11

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
= cos 36 = 0.81
cos = |S|
1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
ZC = jC
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 14 = 0.97
Average

e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR , power factor = 0.81 0.97.
AC Power: 14 8 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
A transformer has 2 windings on the same magnetic

core.
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
N1 : N2 + N3 shows the turns ratio between the windings.
The indicates the voltage polarity of each winding.
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
Since is the same for all windings, N
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
These two equations allow you to solve circuits and also
P
imply that
Si = 0.
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
P
imply that
Si = 0.
Special Case:
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
P
imply that
Si = 0.
Special Case:
For a 2-winding transformer this simplifies to
N2
N1
V2 = N
V1 and IL = I2 = N
I1
1
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
P
imply that
Si = 0.
Special Case:
N2
N1
V2 = N
V1 and IL = I2 = N
I1
1
Hence VI 1 =
1
N1
N2
2
V2
IL
N1
N2
2
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Ideal Transformer
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

core.
Vr
d
=
Faradays law: N
dt .
r
Ampres law:
Nr Ir =
l
A ;
V1
V2
V3
=
=
N2
N3 .
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
P
imply that
Si = 0.
Special Case:
N2
N1
V2 = N
V1 and IL = I2 = N
I1
1
Hence VI 1 =
1
N1
N2
2
V2
IL
N1
N2
2
Equivalent to a reflected impedance of

N1
N2
2
Z
AC Power: 14 9 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
Suppose a power transmission cable has 1 resistance.
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A Ie2 R = 10 kW losses.
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A Ie2 R = 1 W losses.
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
Voltage Conversion
Electronic equipment requires 20 V but mains voltage is 240 V .
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
Voltage Conversion

Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby
mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Power Transmission
Voltage Conversion

Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby
mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .
Isolation
There is no electrical connection between the windings of a transformer
so circuitry (or people) on one side will not be endangered by a failure
that results in high voltages on the other side.
AC Power: 14 10 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =
1 V
2
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =

2
2
|Ve |
e
For an impedance Z : S = I Z = Z
1 V
2
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms = 12 V .

2
2
|Ve |
e

Apparent Power: |S| = Ve Ie used for machine ratings.
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e


Average Power: P = (S) = Ve Ie cos (in Watts)

Reactive Power: Q = (S) = Ve Ie sin (in VARs)
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e



Power engineers always use Ve and Ie and omit the ~.
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e



Tellegen: In any circuit
Sb = 0
Pb =
Qb = 0
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e



Sb = 0
Pb =
Qb = 0
Power Factor Correction: add parallel C to generate extra VARs
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e



Sb = 0
Pb =
Qb = 0

Ideal Transformer: Vi Ni and
Ni Ii = 0 (implies
Si = 0)
AC Power: 14 11 / 11
Summary
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

2
2
|Ve |
e



Sb = 0
Pb =
Qb = 0

Ideal Transformer: Vi Ni and
Ni Ii = 0 (implies
Si = 0)
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 11.
AC Power: 14 11 / 11

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14: Power in AC Circuits

14: Power in AC Circuits

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

Average Power dissipated in R:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

since cos 2t averages to zero.

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

since cos 2t averages to zero.

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Cosine Wave RMS

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

Suppose voltage and current phasors are:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Suppose voltage and current phasors are:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Suppose voltage and current phasors are:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)

Suppose voltage and current phasors are:

Power dissipated in load Z is

p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t + V ) cos (t + I )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7265)