Name: Kurt Irving S.

Barcelona

Yr. & Section: BSECE-4

Date Performed: July 15, 2016

Experiment No: 1.10

Title: A wave and a constant

Objective:
1.) To describe the addition of a periodic wave and a constant voltage.
2.) To describe the multiplication of a periodic wave and a constant voltage.

Required Tools/Equipment:
The tools used were the (1) Oscilloscope: views the waveform in time domain including the X-Y
pattern and the (2) Multiplier amplifier: an amplifier that takes two inputs and multiplies them. (3) Wave
adder - adds two wave/signal inputs (4) Two frequency generators: generates the required frequency for
the desired waveform. (5) DC power supply to generate a constant voltage.

Steps Performed:
(1) First, oscilloscopes were calibrated to read accurate data.
(2) First, the power supply was set to 0.00V, which can be adjusted later on. For negative voltage, the
connectors were switched polarity.
(3) The function generator was set to 5.00KHz 5.00Vp-p
(4) The output of the generator and the power supply was connected to the inputs of the summing
amplifier while the output of the summing amplifier was connected to the probe of the
oscilloscope
(5) For the multiplier, the output of the oscilloscope and the power supply were connected to channel
one and two of the oscilloscope. Using the oscilloscopes built in math function, the waveforms
were then multiplied.

Results and Discussion

Based on the experiment made, it was observed that when adding a wave and a constant, the
frequency of the periodic wave didnt change as the constant voltage changed. Also, with a positive
voltage added to a periodic waveform, the wave was clamped downward toward the negative voltage
rail. Whereas when the voltage was negative, the periodic wave was clamped up to the positive voltage
rail. It was also observed that when multiplying waveforms, the amplitude of the periodic wave increased
as the constant voltage increased, and it also decreased as the constant voltage decreased.

Based on the experiment made, adding a periodic wave to a constant voltage didnt change the
frequency of the former. This is supported by the theory of superposition. Also, the superposition of
waveforms coupled with the inverting nature of the amplifier generated an inverse relationship between
the constant voltage and the direction of clamping of the periodic waveform (Boylestad, 2011).

Fig. 1. Constant voltage does not affect the frequency of the periodic waveform.

Fig. 2. Clamping down of periodic waveform when constant voltage is positive.

Fig. 3. Clamping up of periodic waveform when voltage is negative.

Fig. 4. Multiplication of waves: Reduction of amplitude when constant voltage is less than periodic
waveform voltage.

Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Multiplication of waves: Increase of amplitude when constant voltage is greater than the
periodic waveform voltage.

Problems Encountered:
There were no problems encountered in the experiment, except that the multiplier amplifier
provided by the laboratory had an input capacitor in series with its inputs, so the constant voltage was
just read as 0V, and only periodic signals could be multiplied. Nevertheless, the proponents used the inoscilloscope math function to multiply channel 1 readings to channel 2.

Conclusion:
1.) Based on the experiment made, its concluded that the addition of a wave and a constant voltage
resulted in either clamping up or clamping down of the periodic signal. The relationship between
the direction of clamp and the polarity of the constant voltage was determined by the kind of
amplifier- either inverting or non-inverting.
2.) Based on the experiment made, its concluded that the multiplication of a constant voltage and a
periodic waveform resulted to the increase or decrease of periodic wave amplitude. If the
constant voltage amplitude is greater than the peak to peak voltage of the periodic wave, then
the amplitude of the latter would increase, otherwise, it would decrease.
References:
Boylestad, R. and Nashelsky, L. (2011). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 11th Edition.
Singapore: Pearson South, Inc. pp. 41-92.