51549-0131469657 Ism 8 PDF

Indeterminate Forms and
Improper Integrals
CHAPTER
8.1 Concepts Review
7. The limit is not of the form
1. lim f ( x); lim g ( x)

xa
2.
As x 1 , x 2 2 x + 2 1, and x 2 1 0 so
x a
f ( x)
g ( x)
9. The limit is of the form
0
1. The limit is of the form .
0
2 x sin x
2 cos x
= lim
=1
lim
x
1
x 0
x 0
0
.
0
cos x
sin x
lim
= lim
=1
x / 2 / 2 x x / 2 1
0
.
0
1 2 cos 2 x
sin 1 x
1 2
= 1
1
x2 + 6 x + 8
x 2 x 2
3x 10
2
2
=
=
7
7
3
=3
1
x 0
476
x3 3 x 2 + x
x3 2 x
Section 8.1
lim
x 0
2x + 6
x 2 2 x 3
= lim
1
1
x 0
3x2 + 6 x + 1
3x2 2
0
.
0
7 x ln 7
2 x
= lim
x 0+ 2 x ln 2
= lim
x 0
2 x
ln 7
ln 2
ln 7
2.81
ln 2
= lim
0
.
0
1 2t
3
t t2
3
2 t
= lim
= 2 =
lim
1
1
2
t 1 ln t
t 1
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
0
0
lim
0
.
0
0
0
lim
ex e x
ex + e x 2
= lim
= =1
2
x 0 2sin x
x 0 2 cos x
0
.
0
3
1+ 9 x 2
lim
x 0 1
1 x 2
3sin 2 x cos x
lim
sec2 x
0
.
0
3
ln(sin x)3
= lim sin x
lim
x / 2 / 2 x
x / 2
0
=
=0
1
tan 1 3 x
ln x 2
lim
Problem Set 8.1
0
.
0
1 2x
2
1
= lim x
= lim
=1
x 1 x 2 1 x 1 2 x
x 1 x 2
4. Cauchys Mean Value
x sin 2 x
= lim
x 0 tan x
x 0
x 0
x 0
x2 + 1
x 1
3. sec2 x; 1; lim cos x 0
lim
x2 2 x + 2
lim
lim
0
.
0
lim
1
1
=
2
2
ln cos 2 x
x 0
= lim
7x
= lim
2sin 2 x
cos 2 x
x 0
14 x
4 cos 2 x
x 0 14 cos 2 x 28 x sin 2 x
= lim
2sin 2 x
x 0 14 x cos 2 x
4
2
=
14 0
7
Instructor's Resource Manual
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of
this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
0
.
0
3sin x
3cos x
lim
= lim
1
x
x 0
x 0
Rule twice.)
2 x
lim
x 0
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule three times.)

tan x x
sec2 x 1
lim
= lim
x 0 sin 2 x 2 x x 0 2 cos 2 x 2
2sec 2 x tan x
2sec 4 x + 4sec2 x tan 2 x
= lim
8cos 2 x
x 0 4sin 2 x
x 0
2+0
1
=
=
8
4
= lim
0
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule three times.)
sin x tan x
cos x sec2 x
lim
= lim
x 0 x 2 sin x
x 0 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x
sin x 2sec2 x tan x
= lim
x 0 2sin x + 4 x cos x x 2 sin x
cos x 2sec4 x 4sec2 x tan 2 x
= lim
x 0
6 cos x x 2 cos x 6 x sin x
1 2 0
1
=
=
600
2
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
x2
2x
2
lim
= lim
= lim
+ sin x x
+ cos x 1
+ sin x
x 0
x 0
x 0
0
This limit is not of the form . As
0
x 0+ , 2 2, and sin x 0 , so
2
lim
= .
+ sin x
x 0
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
e ln(1 + x) 1
x 0
x
e +
x
= lim
x 0
8 x3
1
(1+ x )2
= lim
x 0
1+1x
= lim
1
1+ x 2
24 x 2
1
1
= lim
=
24
x 0 24(1 + x 2 ) 2
x 0
= lim
2 x
(1+ x 2 ) 2
x 0
48 x
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
cosh x 1
sinh x
cosh x 1
= lim
= lim
=
lim
2`
2
x
2
2
0
0
x 0
x
x
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
1 cos x x sin x
lim
2
+
x 0 2 2 cos x sin x
x cos x
= lim
x 0+ 2sin x 2 cos x sin s
x sin x cos x
= lim
2
2
+
x 0 2 cos x 2 cos x + 2sin x
0
This limit is not of the form .
0
As x 0+ , x sin x cos x 1 and
2 cos x 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x 0+ , so
x sin x cos x
lim
=
+ 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x
x 0
lim
sin x + tan x
ex + e x 2
0
.
0
cos x + sec2 x
= lim
ex e x
0
This limit is not of the form .
0
x 0
x 0
As x 0 , cos x + sec 2 x 2, and

e x e x 0 , so lim
cos x + sec2 x
x 0

x
lim
tan 1 x x
x 0
= lim 6 x cos x = 0
0
. (Apply lHpitals
0
lim 0
x 0
1 + sin t dt
x
ex e x
= .
0
.
0
= lim 1 + sin x = 1
x 0
2x
1+1
=1
2
Instructors Resource Manual
Section 8.1
477

x
lim
x 0
t cos t dt
2
= lim
x 0
x
cos x
2 x
26. Note that sin (1 0 ) is undefined (not zero), so
0
.
0
= lim
x 0
l'Hpital's Rule cannot be used.

1
1
As x 0, and sin oscillates rapidly
x
x
between 1 and 1, so
x cos x
2x
lim
x 0
25. It would not have helped us because we proved

sin x
lim
= 1 in order to find the derivative of
x 0 x
sin x.
( ) lim
x 2 sin 1x
tan x
x2
.
x 0 tan x
x2
x 2 cos x
=
tan x
sin x
x 2 cos x
x
= lim
x cos x = 0 .
x 0 sin x
x 0 sin x
lim
Thus, lim
x 2 sin
( 1x ) = 0 .
x 0 tan x
A table of values or graphing utility confirms
this.
27. a.
OB = cos t , BC = sin t and AB = 1 cos t , so the area of triangle ABC is
The area of the sector COA is

region ABC is
1
sin t (1 cos t ).
2
1
1
t while the area of triangle COB is cos t sin t , thus the area of the curved
2
2
1
(t cos t sin t ).
2
1 sin t (1 cos t )
area of triangle ABC
= lim 2
1
t 0+ area of curved region ABC t 0+ 2 (t cos t sin t )
lim
sin t (1 cos t )
cos t cos 2 t + sin 2 t
4sin t cos t sin t
4 cos t 1 3
= lim
= lim
= lim
=
+ t cos t sin t
+ 1 cos 2 t + sin 2 t
+
+
4 cos t sin t
4 cos t
4
t 0
t 0
t 0
t 0
(LHpitals Rule was applied twice.)
= lim
1
1
1
t cos 2 t , so the area of the curved region BCD is cos t sin t t cos 2 t.
2
2
2
1 cos t (sin t t cos t )
area of curved region BCD
= lim 2
lim
1 (t cos t sin t )
+ area of curved region ABC
t 0
t 0+
2
b. The area of the sector BOD is
cos t (sin t t cos t )

sin t (2t cos t sin t )
2t (cos 2 t sin 2 t )
t (cos 2 t sin 2 t )
= lim
= lim
= lim
2
2
t sin t cos t
4 cos t sin t
2 cos t sin t
t 0+
t 0+ 1 cos t + sin t
t 0+
t 0+
= lim
cos 2 t 4t cos t sin t sin 2 t
1 0 0 1
=
20
2
2 cos t 2sin t
t 0
(LHpitals Rule was applied three times.)
= lim
478
Section 8.1
28. a.
Note that DOE has measure t radians. Thus the coordinates of E are (cost, sint).
Also, slope BC = slope CE . Thus,
0 y
sin t 0
=
(1 t ) 0 cos t (1 t )
(1 t ) sin t
cos t + t 1
(t 1) sin t
y=
cos t + t 1
(t 1) sin t
lim y = lim
+
+ cos t + t 1
t 0
t 0
0
This limit is of the form .
0
(t 1) sin t
sin t + (t 1) cos t 0 + (1)(1)
=
= 1
lim
= lim
sin t + 1
0 + 1
t 0+ cos t + t 1 t 0+
y =
b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

t
t sin t
=
1 x 1 cos t
t (1 cos t )
= 1 x
t sin t
t (1 + cos t )
x = 1
t sin t
t cos t sin t
x=
t sin t
t cos t sin t
lim x = lim
+
+
t sin t
t 0
t 0
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals Rule three times.)
0
t cos t sin t
t sin t
= lim
lim
+
+
t sin t
t 0
t 0 1 cos t
sin t t cos t
t sin t 2 cos t 0 2
= lim
= lim
=
= 2
+
+
sin t
cos t
1
t 0
t 0
ex 1
ex
0
29. By lHpitals Rule , we have lim f ( x) = lim
= lim
= 1 and
x
0
x 0 +
x 0+
x 0+ 1
ex 1
ex
= lim
= 1 so we define f (0) = 1 .
x 0 x
x 0 1
lim f ( x) = lim
x 0
1
ln x
0
30. By lHpitals Rule , we have lim f ( x) = lim
= lim x = 1 and
0
x 1+
x 1+ x 1 x 1+ 1
1
ln x
= lim x = 1 so we define f (1) = 1 .
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 1
Section 8.1
479
31. A should approach 4b 2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius b.

2 2
2a 2 b arcsin a a b
2
lim 2b +
a b +
a 2 b2
Focusing on the limit, we have
lim
a b
a 2 b2
a
2
a 2 arcsin
2 2
a 2 arcsin a a b
2
= 2b + 2b lim+
a b
a 2 b2
2a arcsin
= lim
a b
a b
a 2 b2
a
+ a2
a
a
a 2 b2
b
2
a b
2
2
= lim 2 a 2 b 2 arcsin a b + b = b.
a
a b +
Thus, lim A = 2b 2 + 2b(b) = 4b 2 .

a b +
32. In order for lHpitals Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 + b(1)3 + 1 = 0, so b = 1 a.

Using lHpitals Rule,
ax 4 + bx3 + 1
4ax3 + 3bx 2
lim
= lim
x 1 ( x 1) sin x
x 1 sin x + ( x 1) cos x
To use lHpitals Rule here,
4a(1)3 + 3b(1)2 = 0, so 4a + 3b = 0, hence a = 3, b = 4.
36 x 2 24 x
12
6
3 x 4 4 x3 + 1
12 x3 12 x 2
= lim
=
=
= lim
2
2
x 1 2 cos x ( x 1) sin x
x 1 ( x 1) sin x
x 1 sin x + ( x 1) cos x
lim
a = 3, b = 4, c =
33. If f (a ) and g (a ) both exist, then f and g are

both continuous at a. Thus, lim f ( x) = 0 = f (a )
38.
x a
and lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (a ).
x a
lim
xa
f ( x)
f ( x) f (a )
= lim
g ( x) xa g ( x) g (a )
f ( x ) f ( a )
xa
lim
x a g ( x ) g ( a )
xa
cos x 1 +
x2
2
34. lim
x 0
35. lim
36. lim
x 0
ex 1 x
x 0
f ( x ) f ( a )
xa
x a
g ( x ) g ( a )
lim
xa
xa
lim
x2
2
1 cos( x 2 )
3
x sin x
f (a)
g (a )
1
24
x3
6
1
24
1
2
tan x x
sec2 x 1
= lim 1
=2
x 0 arcsin x x
x 0
1
2
37. lim
1 x
480
Section 8.1
The slopes are approximately 0.02 / 0.01 = 2 and

0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 2 /1 = 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 2. An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
41.
39.
The slopes are approximately 0.005 / 0.01 = 1/ 2

and 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and

0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/1 = 1 , indicating that the limit of
the ratio should be about 1 . An application of
42. If f and g are locally linear at zero, then, since
lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , f ( x) px and
40.
x 0
x 0
g ( x) qx , where p = f '(0) and q = g '(0) .
Then f ( x) / g ( x) px / px = p / q when x is
near 0.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and

0.02 / 0.01 = 2 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
Section 8.1
481
8.2 Concepts Review

1.
f ( x)
g ( x )
2. lim
x a
3sec x tan x

lim
x
2
f ( x)
g ( x)
or lim
1
x a 1
g ( x)
f ( x)
3sec x + 5
= lim
tan x
x
= lim
x
2
3. , 0, , 1
3 tan x
= lim 3sin x = 3
sec x x
2
ln sin 2 x
= lim
x 0+ 3ln tan x x 0+
lim
x 0+
1 1000 x999
1000
ln x1000
= lim x
lim
x
1
x
x
1000
= lim
=0
x x
. (Apply lHpitals
Rule twice.)
2x
= lim
x 2 ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
x
x 2 x
( 1x )
ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
=0
Rule three times.)

3x
3
= lim
lim =
1
x ln(100 x + e x ) x
(100 + e x )
x
100 x + e
= lim
= lim
100 + e x
3e x
ex
=3
= lim
=0
. (Apply lHpitals
ln(4 8 x) 2
lim
= lim
tan x
x 1
x 1
( 2)
1
(48 x )2
( 2)
= lim
(2)
x 1
2(4 8 x)(8)
sec2 x
16 cos 2 x
32 cos x sin x
= lim
(4 8 x )
8
x 1
(2)
300 + 3e x
ex
(2)
x 1
cot x
csc2 x
= lim
1
ln x x 0+
lim
x 0 +
2 x ln x
= lim
2 x ln x
sin 2 x
2x
= lim
csc x ln x =
+ sin x
x 0
x
since lim
= 1 while lim csc x = and
+ sin x
x 0 +
x 0
x 0
lim
Section 8.2
x ln x1000
x 0 +
482
1000
= lim
1
1 1000 x999
ln x1000 x1000
1
x
= lim 4 cos x sin x = 0
= 0 (See Example 2).
300 x + 3e x
ln(ln x1000 )
= lim
lim
ln x
x
x
Rule twice.)
2 x ln 2
= lim
x 2 x ln 2
2
10000
lim
2(ln x) 1x
2 ln x
= lim
3.
= lim
1 2sin x cos x
sin 2 x
3 sec 2 x
tan x
2 cos 2 x 2
=
3
3
= lim
Problem Set 8.2
(ln x)2
4. ln x
lim
sec 2 x
ln x = .
, but the fraction can
15. The limit is of the form 00.

2
Let y = (3 x) x , then ln y = x 2 ln 3x
be simplified.
2 csc2 x
2
2
= lim
= =2
lim
x 0 cot 2 x
x 0 cos 2 x 12
1000
11. lim ( x ln x
x 0
The limit is of the form

lim
= lim
1
x
x 0
x 0 +
x 0
x 0
1
x2
13. lim (csc 2 x cot 2 x) = lim

x 0
14.
x 0 +
lim csc x(ln(cos x)) = lim
x 0
ln(cos x)
sin x
0
.
0
1 ( sin x )
ln(cos x)
= lim cos x
cos x
x 0 sin x
x 0
sin x
0
= lim
= =0
1
x 0 cos 2 x
lim
sin 2 x
=1
lim (cos x)csc x = lim eln y = 1
x 0
lim (tan x sec x) = lim
x
2
x
2
sin x 1
cos x
x 0
17. The limit is of the form 0 , which is not an
indeterminate form.
0
The limit is of the form .
0
sin x 1
cos x
0
= lim
=
=0
lim
1
x cos x
x sin x
lim (5cos x) tan x = 0
x ( / 2 )
2
2
x 2 sin 2 x
1
1
1
18. lim csc2 x
= lim
=
lim
x 0 x 2 sin 2 x
x 0
x 0 sin 2 x x 2
x2
Consider lim
x 2 sin 2 x
2
x 0
lim
x 0
1 cos 2 x
x 0
x 0 sin 2
x 0 +
x2
=0
2
Let y = (cos x)csc x , then ln y = csc x(ln(cos x))
x
12. lim 3 x 2 csc 2 x = lim 3
= 3 since
x 0
x 0 sin x
x
lim
=1
x 0 sin x
sin x
= lim
x 0
= lim
1
x2
1 3
3x
2
x 0 + 3
x
= lim
lim (3x) x = lim eln y = 1
= lim 1000 x = 0
1
x2
1000 x999
x 0
ln 3 x
lim
1000
1
x
x 0
ln x1000
x 0
ln x1000
) = lim
ln 3 x
lim x 2 ln 3 x = lim
x sin x
x sin x
x 0
= lim
x sin x
x 0 sin 2
= lim
. The limit is of the form
2 x 2sin x cos x
= lim
x 0 2 x sin
x + 2 x sin x cos x
2
x + 4 x sin x cos x + x cos x x sin x
x 0 12 cos
0
. (Apply lHpitals Rule four times.)
0
= lim
1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
x 0
x sin x cos x
2
x sin x + x 2 sin x cos x
4sin x cos x
= lim
x 0 6 x cos x 2
+ 6 cos x sin x 4 x 2 cos x sin x 6 x sin 2 x
4 cos 2 x 4sin 2 x
2
x 4 x cos x 32 x cos x sin x 12sin x + 4 x sin x
4 1
=
12 3
2
x 2 sin 2 x
1
1
= =
Thus, lim
2
2
9
x 0 x sin x
3
Section 8.2
483
Let y = ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x , then ln y =
3
ln( x + e x / 3 ).
x
3
3ln( x + e x / 3 )
ln( x + e x / 3 ) = lim
x
x 0 x
x 0
0
0
3 + ex / 3
= lim
x 0
x+e
x/3
x 0 x 2
x 0
20. The limit is of the form (1)0 .

The limit does not exist.
indeterminate form.
lim (sin x)cos x = 1
x2
x 0
0
.
0
(Apply lHpitals rule twice.)
1 ( sin x )
ln(cos x)
tan x
lim
= lim cos x
= lim
2
2x
x 0
x 0
x 0 2 x
x
sec 2 x 1
1
=
=
2
2
2
x 0
2
lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = e1/ 2 =

x 0
1
e

indeterminate form.
lim (tan x) 2 / x = 0
x 0 +
26. The limit is of the form + , which is not an

indeterminate form.
x
2
22. The limit is of the form , which is not an

indeterminate form.
lim x x =
lim (e x x) = lim (e x + x) =
27. The limit is of the form 00. Let

y = (sin x) x , then ln y = x ln(sin x).
23. The limit is of the form 0 . Let

1
y = x1/ x , then ln y = ln x.
x
1
ln x
lim ln x = lim
x x
x x
.
ln x
1
= lim x = lim = 0
lim
x x
x 1
x x
lim x
ln(cos x) .
ln(cos x)
ln(cos x ) = lim
x 0
x2
= lim
lim ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x = lim eln y = e 4
1/ x
4
=4
1
x 0
lim
lim
3
1 + 13 e x / 3
3ln( x + e x / 3 )
x +e x / 3
lim
= lim
x
1
x 0
x 0
Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y =
= lim e
x
ln y
=1
ln(sin x)
lim x ln(sin x) = lim
x 0
x 0
1
x
1 cos x
sin x

lim
x 0
ln(sin x)
1
x
= lim
x 0 +
1
x2
= lim
( x cos x) = 1 0 = 0
+ sin x
x 0
lim (sin x ) x = lim eln y = 1
x 0 +
x 0+
28. The limit is of the form 1. Let
1
ln(cos x sin x).
x
1
ln(cos x sin x)
lim ln(cos x sin x ) = lim
x
x 0 x
x 0
y = (cos x sin x)1/ x , then ln y =
= lim
1
( sin x cos x)
cos x sin x
1
sin x cos x
= lim
= 1
x 0 cos x sin x
x 0
lim (cos x sin x )1/ x = lim eln y = e1
x 0
484
Section 8.2
x 0

1
1
x sin x
1
lim csc x = lim
= lim
x x 0 sin x x x 0 x sin x
x 0
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
lim
x 0 x sin x
x 0 sin x + x cos x
sin x
0
= lim
= =0
2
x 0 2 cos x x sin x
1
1
Let y = 1 + , then ln y = x ln 1 + .
x
ln 1 + 1x
1
lim x ln 1 + = lim
1
x
x x
x
lim
ln 1 + 1x
1
x
) = lim
0
.
0
1
1+ 1
( )
1
x2
1
x2
1
=1
x 1 + 1
x
= lim

indeterminate form.
lim (1 + 2e )
x 0 +

x
ln x x 2 + x
1
lim
= lim
x 1 x 1 ln x x 1 ( x 1) ln x
0
.
0
Apply lHpitals Rule twice.
1 2x +1
ln x x 2 + x
lim
= lim x
x 1 ( x 1) ln x
x 1 ln x + x 1
x
1 2x + x
4 x + 1 3
3
= lim
=
=
2
2
x 1 x ln x + x 1 x 1 ln x + 2
= lim
1
ln(cos x).
x
1
ln(cos x)
ln(cos x) = lim
x
x
x 0
0
0
lim
x 0
( sin x)
ln(cos x)
sin x
= lim cos x
= lim
=0
1
x
x 0
x 0
x 0 cos x
lim
lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = 1

x 0
34. The limit is of the form 0 .

ln x
lim ( x1/ 2 ln x) = lim
x 0 +

lim
x 0 +
1
x
x 0+
ln x
1
x
= lim
x 0 +
1
x
1
2 x3/ 2
= lim 2 x = 0
x 0+
35. Since cos x oscillates between 1 and 1 as

x , this limit is not of an indeterminate form
previously seen.
Let y = ecos x , then ln y = (cos x)ln e = cos x
1
lim 1 + = lim eln y = e1 = e
x
x
x
x 1/ x
Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y =
x 0
lim cos x does not exist, so lim ecos x does not
exist.
lim [ln( x + 1) ln( x 1)] = lim ln
x +1
x 1
1 + 1x
x +1
x +1
= lim
= 1, so lim ln
=0
1
x 1
x x 1 x 1
x
lim
0
, which is not an
indeterminate form.
x
lim
=0
x 0+ ln x
38. The limit is of the form , which is not an
indeterminate form.
lim (ln x cot x) =
x 0 +
Section 8.2
485
1 + et > 1 for all t, so
39.
d.
1 + et dt > dt = x 1 .
lim n
1 + et dt
lim
1+ e
1
= lim
lim
x 1
sin t dt
x 1
= lim
x 1
since lim
=1
lim
1
n
= lim
sin x
= sin(1)
1
42. a.
n 1
= lim
1
n
lim
a = lim e
ln y
x 0 +
lim
= lim
a 1
1
n
n
a ln a = ln a
Section 8.2
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x 0 + 2
x
ln y
= lim
x 0 +
= lim x = 0
x 0 +
=1
b. The limit is of the form 10 , since

lim x x = 1 by part a.
x 0 +
lim x ln( x x ) = 0
x 0+
lim ( x x ) x = lim eln y = 1
1
n
1 n
n2
a ln a
1
n2
x 0 +
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
a 1
a = 1 by part a.
= lim
ln x
Let y = ( x x ) x , then ln y = x ln( x x ).
0
This limit is of the form ,
0
since lim
ln x
x 0 +
( n a 1) = nlim
lim x x = lim e
n = lim eln y = 1
x 0
x 0 +
lim n
1
n2
n (ln n 1) =
lim
ln n
= lim n = 0
n n
n 1
n
1
n2
The limit is of the form 00.
x 0
lim
lim
( ) (1 ln n)
lim x ln x = lim
=1
b. The limit is of the form 0 .

1
Let y = n n , then ln y = ln n .
n
1
ln n
lim ln n = lim
n n
n n
.
This limit is of the form
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
1
Let y = a , then ln y = ln a.
n
1
lim ln a = 0
n n
n
0
,
0
n = 1 by part b.
486
n 1
0
40. This limit is of the form .
0
c.
.
41. a.
( n n 1) = nlim
c.
The limit is of the form 01 , since

lim x x = 1 by part a.
x 0 +
Let y = x( x ) , then ln y = x x ln x
lim x x ln x =
x 0+
lim x( x
x 0
= lim eln y = 0
x 0 +
d. The limit is of the form 10 , since
ln x
= lim x = 0, so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 1
x x
x 1
x
x
lim
lim ( x x ) x = 1 by part b.
x 0 +
1 ln x
Let y = (( x ) ) , then ln y = x ln(( x ) ).

x x x
x x
lim x ln(( x x ) x ) = 0
x 0 +
lim (( x x ) x ) x = lim eln y = 1
x 0 +
x 0 +

e.
The limit is of the form 00 , since

lim ( x
(xx )
x 0 +
Let y = x( x
) = 0 by part c.
( xx )
x 0
x 0
x 0 +
ln x
1
x
x( x )
x
x( x )
Note: lim x(ln x )2 = lim

x 0 +
lim x( x
x 0 +
( xx )
(ln x)2
x 0 +
2 ln x
x
1
x 0+ 2
x
x 0 +
c.
x
x 0+ x ( x x ) x x (ln x +1) ln x + x
= lim
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x =
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 0
1
x
x( x
The limit is of the form (1 + 1) = 2 , which

is not an indeterminate form.
x 0
x x(ln x) + x x ln x + x
0
=
=0
1 0 + 1 0 + 1
x 0
44. a.
= lim
y < 0 on (e, ). When x = e, y = e1/ e .
b. The limit is of the form (1 + 1) = 2 ,

which is not an indeterminate form.
x
( x( x ) )2
= lim
y is maximum at x = e since y > 0 on (0, e) and
, then ln y = x( x ) ln x.

lim
1 ln x 1x ln x
y =
e
x2 x2
y = 0 when x = e.
x
ln x
lim x( x ) ln x = lim
+
y = x1/ x = e x
1
x
= lim 2 x ln x = 0
x 0 +
= lim eln y = 1
x 0+
The limit is of the form 0 .

Let y = (1x + 2 x )1/ x , then
ln y =
1
ln(1x + 2 x )
x
1
ln(1x + 2 x )
ln(1x + 2 x ) = lim
x
x x
x
The limit is of the form . (Apply
lHpitals Rule twice.)

1 (1x ln1 + 2 x ln 2)
ln(1x + 2 x )
1x + 2 x
lim
= lim
1
x
x
x
lim
= lim
2 x ln 2
x 1x
+ 2x
2 x (ln 2)2
= lim
x 1x
ln1 + 2 x ln 2
= ln 2
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = lim eln y = eln 2 = 2
d. The limit is of the form 10 , since 1x = 1 for

all x. This is not an indeterminate form.
43.
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 1
ln x
x
ln x
= , so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 0
lim
+ x
x 0
x 0+
x 0+
ln y =
Section 8.2
487
45.
1/ t
1k + 2k + " + n k
lim
c.
n k +1
1 1 2
n
+ + "
n n n
n
n
= lim
9
1
lim 2t + 5t
+ 10
10
t 0
= 10 2
10 9
5 4.562
48. a.
n
1 i
= lim
n
i =1 n n
The summation has the form of a Reimann sum
for f ( x ) = x k on the interval [ 0,1] using a
regular partition and evaluating the function at

1
i
each right endpoint. Thus, xi = , xi = , and
n
n
b.
i
f ( xi ) = . Therefore,
n
1k + 2k + " + n k
lim
n k +1
e
2
1 i
= lim
n
i =1 n n
n
lim
1
1 k +1
= x k dx =
x
0
k +1
0
1
=
k +1
1/ t
1 n
, then ln y = ln ci xit .
t i =1
ln ci xit
1 n
lim ln ci xit = lim i =1
+ t
+
t
t 0
i =1
t 0
0
, since
0
ln ci xit
= lim
lim i =1
t
t 0 +
t 0+
ci = 1.
i =1
ci xit ln xi
ci xit i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
1/ t
= ei =1
= lim eln y
t 0 +
= x1c1 x2c2 xncn = xi ci

i =1
1/ t
47. a.
1
1
lim 2t + 5t
+2
2
t 0
b.
4
1
lim 2t + 5t
+5
5
t 0
1/ t
488
Section 8.2
= lim
lim
c.
0 xe
2nx
xenx
xe
x
= lim
2x
n x 2 enx
nx
= 2 5 3.162
5
= 5 2 54 4.163
=0
1
2
dx = xe x e x = 1
0
e
2 x
1
3
dx = 2 xe2 x e2 x = 1
0
e2
3 x
1
4
dx = 3xe3 x e3 x = 1
0
e3
0 4 xe
0 9 xe
1
5
dx = 4 xe4 x e4 x = 1
0
e4
4 x
5 x
016 xe
0 25 xe
0 36e
2nx
6 x
1
6
= 5 xe5 x e5 x = 1
0
e5
1
7
dx = 6 xe6 x e6 x = 1
0
e6
d. Guess: lim
1 2
n 0
n xe nx dx = 1
1
1 2
ln xici
, so the limit is of the form
xe nx dx = nxe nx e nx
0
n +1
= (n + 1)e n + 1 = 1
en
1
n +1
lim n 2 xe nx dx = lim 1
0
n
n
en
n +1
= 1 lim
if this last limit exists. The
n e n
.
limit is of the form
n +1
1
lim
= lim
= 0, so
n e n
n en
0 n
= ci ln xi = ln xi ci
n
lim ci xi t
t 0+ i =1
nx
n x
n e nx
1
46. Let y = ci xit
i =1
n2 x
n 2 xe nx =
1 2
n
n 0
lim
xe nx dx = 1 .
49. Note f(x) > 0 on [0, ).

x 25 x3 2 x
lim f ( x) = lim
+
+ = 0
x
x e x
e x e
Therefore there is no absolute minimum.

f ( x) = (25 x 24 + 3 x 2 + 2 x ln 2)e x
( x 25 + x3 + 2 x )e x
7.
8.
= ( x 25 + 25 x 24 x3 + 3 x 2 2 x + 2 x ln 2)e x
Solve for x when f ( x) = 0 . Using a numerical
method, x 25.
A graph using a computer algebra system verifies
that an absolute maximum occurs at about x = 25.
8.3 Concepts Review

1. converge
3.
f ( x)dx; 0
f ( x)dx
11.
In this section and the chapter review, it is understood

means lim [ g ( x)]
b
b
a
3.
dx
= 1 + x 2 = 82 =
9
9
2
1+ x
The integral diverges.
x dx
x
2
1 x = 2 = =
1
dx
1
dx = [ln(ln x)]e = 0 =
x ln x
1
1
2
e x dx = 2 (ln x) e = 2 =
ln x
ln 2 + 1
ln x 1
= lim
=
b
x
x 2
2
14.
xe x dx
u = x, du = dx
1
1
1
4. e4 x dx = e4 x = e4 0 = e4
4
4
4
6.
1
1 (1 + x2 )2 dx = 2(1 + x2 )
b 1
ln x
= lim
+ lim
dx
b
x 2 b 2 x 2
2
2
1
2 xe x dx = e x = 0 ( e 1 ) =
e
dx
1
1
1
x 4 = 3x3 = 3(125) 0 = 375
)
10
1
1
1
dx, dv =
dx, v = .
2
x
x
x
ln x
b ln x
dx
2 x 2 dx = blim
2 x 2
= e100 =
dx = e x
100
100 e
13. Let u = ln x, du =
2.
5.
12.
and likewise for
similar expressions.
1.
1 1
= 0 =
4 4
Problem Set 8.3
x 0.00001
9.
=
= 100, 000 =
1 x 0.99999
0.00001 1
4. p > 1
that [ g ( x)]
10 1 + x2 dx = 2 ln(1 + x
cos x dx
b 0
lim
dx
1
= ln 101 =
2
10.
2.
1 x1.00001 = 0.00001x0.00001
1
1
1
= 0
= 100, 000
=
0.00001 0.00001
dv = e x dx, v = e x
xe x d = xe x + e x dx
1
1
2
= xe x e x = 0 0 ( e 1 e 1 ) =
1
e
1
1
=
15.
3
2
(2 x 3)
4(2 x 3)
1
dx
1
1
(0) =
4
4
Section 8.3
489
16.
1/ 3
dx
4 ( x )2 / 3 = 3 ( x )
= + 33 4 =

17.
x2 + 9
dx =
x2 + 9
dx +
The integral diverges since both
18.
dx
dx
x +9
dx
dx = x 2 + 9 + x 2 + 9 = (3 ) + ( 3)
2

0
x +9
x
( x2 + 16)2 = ( x2 + 16)2 + 0
( x 2 + 16)2 = 128 tan
dx and
x
2
x +9
dx diverge.
dx
2
( x + 16) 2
x
x
by using the substitution x = 4 tan .
+
2
4 32( x + 16)
0
x
1
1 x
( x2 + 16)2 = 128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) = 0 128 2 + 0 = 256
dx
x
1
1 x
0 ( x2 + 16)2 = 128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) = 128 2 + 0 (0) = 256
dx
( x 2 + 16)2 = 256 + 256 = 128
19.
dx
( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = 3 tan
1
1
1 1 1
1 x + 1
( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = 3 tan 3 = 3 tan 3 3 2 =
1
1 1
+ 2 tan
6
3

For
dx
x + 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
= tan 1 = 2 tan 1
dx = tan 1
2
3 6
3
3 0 3 2 3
3
( x + 1) + 9
1
x2 + 2 x + 10 dx = 6 + 2 tan
20.
( x + 1)2 + 9
x +1
by using the substitution x + 1 = 3 tan .
3
x 2 + 2 x + 10 dx = ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx + 0
x
e
2x
0
dx =
e 2 x
2x
dx +
e 2 x dx = xe
2x
1
1 1
+ 2 tan
=
3 6
3 3
1 1
dx
dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e2 x dx, v =
1 2x
e .
2
1 0 2x
1
1
1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
2x
xe dx = 2 xe 2 e dx = 2 xe 4 e = 0 4 (0) = 4
x
1
For
dx = xe 2 x dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e 2 x dx, v = e 2 x .
0 e2 x
0
2
0
1
1
1 1
1
xe 2 x dx = xe 2 x + e 2 x dx = xe 2 x e 2 x = 0 0 =
0
4
4 4
2
0 2
2
0
x
1 1
2 x dx = 4 + 4 = 0
e
490
Section 8.3
21.
25. The area is given by
1
2
1
1 4 x 2 1dx = 1 2 x 1 2 x + 1 dx
sech x dx = sech x dx = 0 sech x dx

= [tan 1 (sinh x)]0 + [tan 1 (sinh x)]
0
= 0 + 0 =
2
2
22.
csch x dx =
2e
2x
1
1 1
= 0 ln = ln 3
2
3 2
2x 1
Note:. lim ln =
= 0 since
2x + 1
x
2x 1
.
lim
=1
x 2 x + 1
1
2
dx =
dx
1 ex e x
sinh x
dx
Let u = e x , du = e x dx .
2e x
2x
dx =
1
1
du =
du
e
u 1 u + 1
u 1
26. The area is
1
1
1
1 x 2 + x dx = 1 x x + 1 dx
u 1
= [ln(u 1) ln(u + 1)]
e = ln
u + 1 e
e 1
= 0 ln
0.7719
e +1
b 1
b 1
= 0 since lim
= 1
lim ln
b
b +1
+
1
b
23.
24.
x
1

= ln x ln x + 1 = ln
= 0 ln = ln 2
1
2
x + 1 1
.
27. The integral would take the form

1
k
dx = [ k ln x ]3960 =
3960 x
which would make it impossible to send anything
out of the earth's gravitational field.
cos x dx =
(sin x cos x)
x
2e
0
1
1
= 0 (0 1) =
2
2
(Use Formula 68 with a = 1 and b = 1.)
x
e
0
28. At x = 1080 mi, F = 165, so

k = 165(1080) 2 1.925 108 . So the work done
in mi-lb is
1
1.925 108
dx = 1.925 108 x 1
1080
1080 x 2
8
1.925 10
=
1.782 105 mi-lb.
1080
=
(cos x + sin x)
x
2e
0
1
1
= 0 + (1 + 0) =
2
2
(Use Formula 67 with a = 1 and b = 1.)
x
e sin x dx
0
1
1 2x 1
ln 2 x 1 ln 2 x + 1 = ln
1
2
2 2 x + 1 1
29. FP = e rt f (t ) dt = 100, 000e0.08t
=
100, 000e0.08t = 1,250,000
0.08
0
The present value is $1,250,000.
30. FP = e0.08t (100, 000 + 1000t )dt

0
= 1, 250, 000e0.08t 12,500te0.08t 156, 250e0.08t = 1,406,250
0
The present value is $1,406,250.
31.
a.
f ( x) dx = 0 dx + a b a dx + b
= 0+
0 dx
1
1
(b a )
[ x ]b + 0 =
ba a
ba
Section 8.3
491
b.
x f ( x) dx
b
x 0 dx + x
a
1
dx + x 0 dx
b
ba
1 x2
= 0+
+0
b a 2
a
b a
2(b a)
(b + a)(b a )
2(b a)
a+b
2
2 =
( x ) 2 dx
b
= 0+
( x )2 0 dx + ( x )2
a
3 b
1 ( x )
+0
ba
3
a
3
1
dx + ( x )2 0 dx
b
ba
1 (b ) ( a )
ba
3
1 b3 3b 2 + 3b 2 a3 + 3a 2 3a 2
ba
3
Next, substitute = (a + b) / 2 to obtain
=
2 =
=
=
c.
1
( b a )3
12 ( b a )
( b a )2
12
a.
P ( X < 2) =
=
32.
1
1 b3 3 b 2 a + 3 ba 2 1 a3
4
4
4
3(b a ) 4
0 dx +
f ( x) dx
1
dx
10 0
2 1
=
10 5
x
( )
f ( x) dx = 0 dx + 0
1 ( x / )
dx
In the second integral, let u = ( x / ) . Then,

du = ( / )(t / ) 1 dt . When x = 0, u = 0 and when
x , u . Thus,
f ( x) dx = 0
(x)
1 ( x / )
dx
= eu du = eu = 0 + e0 = 1
0
0
492
Section 8.3
b.
xf ( x) dx =
x 0 dx +
x
x

e( x / ) dx
2 2 ( x / 3)2
3
x e
dx =
3 0
2
2 =
( x )2 f ( x) dx =
( x )2 0 dx +
2
2
( x )2 xe ( x / 9) dx
0
9
3
3
3
=
=0
2
2
2
The probability of being less than 2 is
=
c.
f ( x ) dx =
( )
0 dx + x
1 ( x / )
dx = 0 + e ( x / )
= 1 e(2 / ) = 1 e(2 / 3) 0.359
33.
f ( x) =
2
2
e ( x ) / 2
2
2
( x ) ( x )2 / 2 2
e ( x ) / 2 +
e
3
2
5 2
f ( x) =
( x )2
1 ( x )2 / 2 2
=
=
e
5 2 3 2
2
2
1
[( x )2 2 ]e ( x ) / 2
5 2
f ( x) = 0 when ( x )2 = 2 so x = and the distance from to each inflection point is .
34.
a.
b.
1
dx = CM k
M x k +1
kx k
f ( x)dx =
CM k
kM k
k +1
xf ( x)dx = x
dx = kM k
1 C
C
k
= . Thus, = 1 when C = k.
= CM 0 +
k
k
kM k
M
b 1
dx = kM k lim
dx
k
M
x
x
b
x
This integral converges when k > 1.
b
1
k
When k > 1, = kM
lim
b (k 1) x k 1
kM
1
= kM k 0 +
=
k 1 k 1
(k 1) M
The mean is finite only when k > 1.
Section 8.3
493
c.
Since the mean is finite only when k > 1, the variance is only defined when k > 1.
2
2 2kM
kM kM k
k 2M 2 1
k
=
+
kM
x
x
dx
2 = ( x ) 2 f ( x)dx = x
dx
M
k 1
k 1 x k +1
(k 1)2 x k +1
2k 2 M k +1 1
k 3M k +2 1
dx +
dx
M x k 1
M xk
k 1
(k 1) 2 M x k +1
The first integral converges only when k 1 > 1 or k > 2. The second integral converges only when k > 1,
which is taken care of by requiring k > 2.
= kM k
dx
2k 2 M k +1
1
k 3M k +2
+
k 1 (k 1) x k 1
(k 1)2
(k 2) x k 2 M
M
2 = kM k
1
k
kx M
2k 2 M k +1
k 3M k +2
1
1
1
= kM k 0 +
+
0 +
0 +
k 2
k 1
2
k
1
(k 2) M
(k 1) M
kM k
(k 1)
=
kM 2 2k 2 M 2 k 2 M 2
+
k 2 (k 1) 2 (k 1) 2
k 2 2k + 1 k 2 + 2k
1
kM 2
k
= kM 2
= kM 2
=
k 2 (k 1)2
(k 2)(k 1) 2
(k 2)(k 1)2
35. We use the results from problem 34:

a.
To have a probability density function (34 a.)

we need C = k ; so C = 3. Also,
kM
=
(34 b.) and since, in our problem,
k 1
= 20, 000 and
k =3, we have
20000 =
3
4 104
M or M =
.
2
3
b. By 34 c., 2 =
kM 2
(k 2)(k 1)
4 2
so that
36. u = Ar
c.
105
37. a.
Thus 6
25
$100,000.
494
sin x dx
0
Both do not converge since cos x is

oscillating between 1 and 1, so the integral
diverges.
b.
[ cos x] a
sin x dx = alim
a a
lim
= lim [ cos a + cos(a)]

a
= lim [ cos a + cos a] = lim 0 = 0

a
38. a.
of one percent earn over
Section 8.3
4 10
1
64
1
=
=
lim
3 t 1015 t 3 27 103
0.0024
sin x dx = sin x dx + 0
a
1
lim 3
t x 5
10
4 3
= lim [ cos x ]0 + lim [ cos x ]a
4 104
( r + x 2 )3 / 2
A
a
= 1
r
a
r 2 + a2
dx
x
=
Note that
by using
2
2 3/ 2
(r + x )
r 2 r 2 + x2
the substitution x = r tan .
4 104
t
3
f ( x) dx =
dx =
lim
3 t 105 x 4
dx
2
A
x
=
r r 2 + x 2
3 4 10
4 10
=
4 3
3
2 =
b.
The total mass of the wire is

1
0 1 + x2 dx = 2 from Example 4.
1
2
0 1 + x2 dx = 2 ln 1 + x 0 which
diverges. Thus, the wire does not have a
center of mass.
39. For example, the region under the curve y =
1
1
, n + 1
n, n + 2 and n + 1
2
2n
2(n + 1)
1
1
will never overlap since
and
2
2
2n
1
1
.
2
8
2(n + 1)
1
x
to the right of x = 1.
Rotated about the x-axis the volume is
1
dx = . Rotated about the y-axis, the

1 x2
1
volume is 2 x dx which diverges.
1
x
40. a.
The graph of f consists of a series of isosceles

triangles, each of height 1, vertices at
1
1
n 2 , 0 , (n, 1), and n + 2 , 0 ,

2n
2n
based on the x-axis, and centered over each

integer n.
lim f ( x) does not exist, since f(x) will be 1
Suppose lim f ( x) = M 0, so the limit

x
exists but is non-zero. Since lim f ( x) = M ,

x
there is some N > 0 such that when x N,

M
f ( x) M
, or
2
M
M
M
f ( x) M +
2
2
Since f(x) is nonnegative, M > 0, thus
M
> 0 and
2
f ( x )dx =
f ( x)dx +
at each integer, but 0 between the triangles.

Each triangle has area
1
1
1
1
bh = n +
n
(1)
2
2
2
2n
2n 2
f ( x)dx
M
Mx
dx = f ( x)dx +
=
N 2
0
0
2 N
so the integral diverges. Thus, if the limit
exists, it must be 0.
b.
f ( x)dx +
For example, let f(x) be given by

1
2
3
2n x 2n + 1 if n 2 x n
2n
f ( x) = 2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1 if n < x n +
2n 2
0
otherwise
for every positive integer n.
1
1
3
f n
= 2n 2 n
2n + 1
2
2n
2n 2
= 2n 1 2n + 1 = 0
f ( n ) = 2 n 2 ( n ) 2 n3 + 1 = 1
1 1
1
=
2 n 2 2n 2
f ( x)dx is the area in all of the triangles,
thus
f ( x)dx =
n =1 2n
1 1
2 n =1 n 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+
+
dx
2 2 n = 2 n 2 2 2 1 x 2
1 1 1
1 1
+
= + (0 + 1) = 1
2 2 x 1
2 2
(By viewing
n2
as a lower Riemann sum
n=2
for
1
x2
Thus,
f ( x )dx converges, although
lim f ( x) does not exist.
lim f (n) = lim (2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1) = 1 = f (n)
xn+
x n+
1
1
3
f n+
= 2n 2 n +
+ 2n + 1
2
2n
2n 2
= 2n3 1 + 2n3 + 1 = 0
Thus, f is continuous at
1
1
n
, n, and n +
.
2
2n
2n 2
Note that the intervals
Section 8.3
495
41.
1.1
100 1
dx =
0.01
0.01x
1
100
x 0.01
dx =
x 0.99
0.01 1
10
dx =
4.71
1 1 10
tan x
0
(1 + x )
1.4711
0.468
50
1
1
1 50
0 (1 + x2 ) dx = tan x 0
1.5508
0.494
100
1
1
1 100
0 (1 + x2 ) dx = tan x 0
1.5608
0.497
2
1
0
0
2
3 1
2
4 1
dx
33 2
3(b 1) 2 / 3
3
3
=
2 lim
0=
3
3
2
2
2
2
b1+
3
3
= lim
2.
1/ 3
1 ( x 1) 4 / 3 b 1+
( x 1) b
3
3
3
=
+ lim
=
+
3
1/ 3
3
+
2 b1 ( x 1)
2
3.
dx
10
dx
10
= lim 2 x 3
b
x 3 b3+
= 2 7 lim 2 b 3 = 2 7
b 3+
4.
dx
= lim 2 9 x
0
9 x b9
= lim 2 9 b + 2 9 = 6
b 9
5.
exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.3413

exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.4772
3( x 1) 2 / 3
1 ( x 1)1/ 3 = blim
2
1+
b
3
4.50
dx = [ln x]100
1 = ln100 4.61
1
100
3.69
1.
100
1.01
43.
dx =
0.1x 0.1 1
100
Problem Set 8.4
= 0.99
100
100
42.
100
1
dx =
2
x 1
x
1
100
6.
dx
= lim sin 1 x
0
2
b 1
1 x
= lim sin 1 b sin 1 0 = 0 =
2
2
b 1
dx = lim 1 + x 2
100
100
2
b
1+ x
x
exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.4987
= lim 1 + b 2 + 10, 001 =
exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.5000
7.
8.4 Concepts Review

1. unbounded
2. 2
3.
lim
b4
1
4 x
4. p < 1
496
Section 8.4
dx
1 x3 dx = blim
3 dx + blim
3 dx
0 1 x
0+ b x
3
1
1
= lim
+ lim
2
2
+
b 0 2 x 1 b 0 2 x b
1
1 1
1
= lim
+ + + lim
2 2 18
2
+
b 0 2b
b0 2b

1 1
= + + +
2 8
8.
2/3
2 / 3 dx + blim
b 0 + 5 x
0 b
dx = lim
2/3
9.
dx
= lim
= lim 3x1/ 3 + lim 3 x1/ 3
5 b0
b
b 0+
dx
5 / 7
128 5 / 7
b 0 + b
dx + lim
dx
128
= lim x 2 / 7 + lim x 2 / 7
2
+
1 b0 2
b
b 0
7
7
7
7
= lim b 2 / 7 (1)2 / 7 + (128) 2 / 7 lim b 2 / 7
2
+ 2
2
2
b 0
b0
7 7
21
= 0 + (4) 0 =
2 2
2
= lim 3b1/ 3 33 5 + 33 5 lim 3b1/ 3

b 0+
3
x
b 0 1
128 5 / 7
b 0
3
= 0 3 5 + 33 5 0 = 33 5 3 5 = 6 3 5
10.
0 3
x
1 x2
dx = lim
b 1 0 3
1 x2
dx
= lim (1 x 2 )2 / 3
4
0
b 1
3
3
3 3
= lim (1 b 2 ) 2 / 3 + = 0 + =
4
4
4 4
b 1
4
dx
(2 3x)1/ 3
11.
= lim
b 2
dx
(2 3 x)1/ 3
+ lim
b 2
+ b
dx
(2 3 x)1/ 3
= lim (2 3 x)2 / 3 + lim (2 3x ) 2 / 3
+
0 b 2 2
b
b 2 2
3
1
1
1
1
= lim (2 3b) 2 / 3 + (2)2 / 3 (10) 2 / 3 + lim (2 3b)2 / 3
+
2
2
2
b 2
b 2 2
3
1
1
1
= 0 + 22 / 3 102 / 3 + 0 = (22 / 3 102 / 3 )
2
2
2
12.
13.
x
2 2/3
(16 2 x )
16 2 x
lim
dx =
dx = lim (16 2 x 2 )1/ 3

4
b 8
lim
b 8
dx +
+ 0
16 2 x 2
b 8
3
3
3
= lim (16 2b 2 )1/ 3 + 3 6 = 3 6
4
4
4
b 8
4
x
16 2 x 2
dx
ln 16 2 x 2 + lim ln 16 2 x 2
+
4
4
b
0 b 8
8
lim
1
1
1
1
lim ln 16 2b 2 + ln16 ln16 + lim
ln 16 2b 2
+ 4
4
4
4
b 8
b 8
= ( ) + ln16 + ln16 + ( )
4
14.
15.
dx = lim 9 x 2 = lim 9 b 2 + 9 = 3
0 b3
2
b 3
9 x
x
dx
2 ( x + 1)4 / 3
3
3
3
= lim
+
= ( ) 3
= lim
1/
3
1/
3
(1)1/ 3
b 1 ( x + 1)
2 b 1 (b + 1)
Section 8.4
497
16. Note that

3
dx
dx
x2 + x 2 = ( x 1)( x + 2) = 3( x 1) 3( x + 2) dx
dx
dx
by using a partial fraction decomposition.
dx
+ lim
0 x2 + x 2 = blim
2
2
1 0 x + x 2 b1+ b x + x 2
3
1
1
1
= lim ln x 1 ln x + 2 + lim ln x 1 ln x + 2
3
+
3
3
0 b1 3
b
b 1
3
1
x 1
1
x 1
1 b 1 1 1 1 2
1 b 1
= lim ln
+ lim+ 3 ln x + 2 = lim 3 ln b + 2 3 ln 2 + 3 ln 5 lim+ 3 ln b + 2
3
x
+
2
b 1
b 1
0 b1
b b1
1 1 1 2
= ln + ln +
3 2 3 5

1
17. Note that
1
1
+
4( x 1) 4( x + 1)
x x x + 1 2( x 1)
3
b
3
dx
dx
dx
+ lim
0 x3 x2 x + 1 = blim
0 x3 x 2 x + 1
+ b x3 x 2 x + 1
b1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
= lim
ln x 1 + ln x + 1 + lim
ln x 1 + ln x + 1
+
4
4
b 1 2( x 1) 4
0 b1 2( x 1) 4
b
1 1
1
1 b +1 1
1
1 b + 1
lim
+ ln
+ + 0 + lim + ln 2
+ ln
b 1 2
b1+ 4 4
b 1 2(b 1) 4
2(b 1) 4 b 1
1 1 1
= + + + ln 2 +
2 4 4

x1/ 3
18. Note that

x
2/3
1/ 3
9
1/ 3
( x 2 / 3 9)
x1/ 3
.
b
27
3 2 / 3 27
3 2 / 3 27

2/3
2/3
0 x2 / 3 9 dx = blim27 2 x + 2 ln x 9 0 = blim27 2 b + 2 ln b 9 0 + 2 ln 9
27
27
=
ln 9
2
2
27
19.
/4
tan 2 xdx = lim ln cos 2 x
2
0
b
4
1
1
= lim ln cos 2b + ln1 = () + 0
2
2
b
4
20.
/2
/2
csc xdx = lim ln csc x cot x

b
+
b 0
= ln 1 0 lim ln csc b cot b

b 0 +
= 0 lim ln
b 0
1 cos b
sin b
1 cos b
0
is of the form .
0
b 0+ sin b
1 cos b
sin b 0
= lim
= =0
lim
+ sin b
+ cos b
1
b 0
b 0
1 cos b
Thus, lim ln
= and the integral
+
sin b
b 0
diverges.
lim
498
Section 8.4
21.
/2
1 cos x
x
= sin 2 ,
2
2
1
1
x
= csc 2 .
cos x 1
2
2
sin x
/ 2
dx = lim ln 1 cos x
b
+
1 cos x
b 0
25. Since
= ln1 lim ln 1 cos b = 0 ( )

b 0+

22.
23.
/2
3 2/3
sin
x
0 3 sin x dx = blim
+
b
0 2
3 2/3 3 2/3 3
= (1)
(0)
=
2
2
2
/2
/2
cos x
b
lim cot = 0
2 b 0 +
2
= cot
tan x sec x dx = lim tan 3 x
3
0
b
2
dx
x
cot
0 cos x 1 = blim
+
2 b
0
26.
3 x
dx
= lim 2 ln( x)
3
ln( x) b 1
= lim 2 ln(b) 2 ln 3 = 0 2 ln 3
b 1
1
1
= lim tan 3 b (0)3 =
3
3
b
= 2 ln 3

27.
24.
/4
sec2 x
dx = lim
2
tan x 1 0
(tan x 1)
b
ln 3
b
4
= lim 2 e x 1
b
+
x
e 1 b0
= 2 3 1 lim 2 eb 1 = 2 2 0 = 2 2
b 0+
= lim
ln 3
e x dx
1
1
+
= ( ) 1
tan b 1 0 1
28. Note that

4
2
29.
4 x x 2 = 4 ( x 2 4 x + 4) = 22 ( x 2)2 . (by completing the square)
dx
4 x x2
= lim
dx
b4 2
dx
4 x x2
x 2
1 b 2
sin 1 0 = 0 =
= lim sin 1
= lim sin
2
2
2
2
2 b4
b 4
[ln(ln x)]b = ln(ln e) lim ln(ln b) = ln 1 ln 0 = 0 +

1 x ln x = blim
1+
b 1+
e

10
1
1
1
= lim
30.
=
+ lim
=
+
99
99
1 x ln100 x b 1+ 99 ln 99 x
+
99 ln 10 b1 99 ln b
99 ln 99 10
b
10
31.
dx
4c
= lim ln x + x 2 4c 2 = ln (4 + 2 3)c lim ln b + b 2 4c 2

+
2
2
b
b 2c +
b 2c
x 4c
= ln (4 + 2 3)c ln 2c = ln(2 + 3)
4c
2c
dx
Section 8.4
499
32.
2c
x dx
x 2 + xc 2c 2
2c
x dx
( x + 2c )
94 c 2
2c
( x + 2c ) dx c 2c
dx
0
2
2
2
( x + 2c ) 94 c2
( x + 2c ) 94 c2
c
c
= lim x 2 + xc 2c 2 ln x + + x 2 + xc 2c 2
+
2
2
b c
2c
c 5c
c
c
= 4c 2 ln
+ 4c 2 lim b 2 + bc 2c 2 ln b + + b 2 + bc 2c 2
+
2
2
2
2
b c
c 9c
c 3c
c 9c c 3c
c
= 2c ln 0 ln
+ 0 = 2c ln + ln = 2c ln 3
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
33. For 0 < c < 1,

1
dv =
is continuous. Let u =
x (1 + x)
1
1
, du =
dx .
1+ x
(1 + x) 2
dx, v = 2 x .
1
2 x
1
1
1
2 2 c
xdx
2 c
xdx
xdx
c x (1 + x) dx = 1 + x + 2c (1 + x)2 = 2 1 + c + 2c (1 + x)2 = 1 1 + c + 2c (1 + x)2
c
1
2 c
1
1
xdx
xdx
+ 2
dx = lim 1
= 1 0 + 20
2
c
1+ c
c 0
x (1 + x)
(1 + x) 2
(1 + x)
This last integral is a proper integral.
Thus, lim
c 0 c
34. Let u =
1+ x
dv =
, du =
1
2(1 + x)3 / 2
dx
dx, v = 2 x .
1
2 x
1
1
2 1 2 c
x
x
=
dx =
+
dx
For 0 < c < 1,
+ c
3
/
2
c x(1 + x)
c
2
1+ c
(1 + x)3 / 2
(1 + x)
1 + x c
1
Thus,
dx
dx
x(1 + x)
= lim
c 0 c
1
1
x
2 c
x
= lim 2
+
dx = 2 0 +
dx
3
/
2
c
0
1+ c
x(1 + x) c0
(1 + x)
(1 + x)3 / 2
dx
This is a proper integral.

35.
x
9 x2
dx =
= 9 + lim
b 3
36.
500
9 x2
9 b 2 lim
b 3
dx = lim 9 x 2 + lim 9 x 2
b b3
0
0
2
b 3+
9 x
dx +
9 b 2 + 9 = 3 + 0 0 + 3 = 0
dx = lim ln 9 x 2 + lim ln 9 x 2
3 9 x2
3 9 x 2
0 9 x2
+ 2
b b3 2
0
b 3
1
1
ln 9 b 2 lim ln 9 b 2 + ln 3 = ( ln 3 ) + ( + ln 3)
= ln 3 + lim
+ 2
2
b 3
b 3
3
dx =
Section 8.4
dx +
37.
4 16 x2
dx =
4 16 x 2
1 x + 4
1 x + 4
dx = lim ln
+ lim 8 ln x 4
0 16 x 2
+ 8
x
4
b 4
b b 4
0
dx +
1
1 b+4
1 b+4 1
= ln1 lim ln
+ lim ln
ln1 = (0 + ) + ( 0)
+8
8
8
b
4
b4 8
b 4
b4
38.
1 x
dx =
ln x
1 2
x ln x
dx +
1 2
x ln x
1 2
dx +
12
x ln x
12
x ln x
dx
12
= lim 2 ln x
b
b 1+
dx +
+ lim 2 ln x
+ lim 2 ln x + lim 2 ln x
1 2 b0+
b
1 2
b 0
b1
= (2 ln 2 + 0) + ( + 2 ln 2) + (2 ln 2 + ) + (0 + 2 ln 2)
39.
xp
xp
dx =
If p > 1,
dx +
xp
= 3 + 3 lim b 1/ 3
x 0 +
b 0
The limit tends to infinity as b 0, so the

volume is infinite.
dx =
x p +1
If p < 1 and p 0,
1 xp
p +1
1
1
diverges since lim x p +1 = .
44. Since ln x < 0 for 0 < x < 1, b > 1
If p = 0,
If p = 1, both
40.
1
dx and
x
= lim [ x ln x x ]c + [ x ln x x ]1
1
dx diverge.
c 0
= 1 lim (c ln c c) + b ln b b + 1
= b ln b b
Thus, b ln b b = 0 when b = e.
f ( x)dx
b 1
f ( x)dx + lim
0 ( x 8)
+ b
where 1 < c < .

2 / 3
b1
f ( x)dx + lim
1 1
dx = lim 3( x 8)1/ 3
0
b 8
f ( x)dx
45.
1 sin x
dx is not an improper integral since

x
sin x
is bounded in the interval 0 x 1.
x
1
1+ x
< 1 so
1
4
x (1 + x )
<
1
x4
1 1
1
+
= blim
1 x 4 dx = blim
3 x3 1
3b3 3
1 1
= 0 + =
3 3
1
Thus, by the Comparison Test
dx
1 x 4 (1 + x 4 )
converges.
dx = lim ln x 2 + 1
b 2
2
b
x +1
b 0
b 0
1
1
1
= ln 2 lim ln b 2 + 1 = ln 2
2
2
b 0 2
1
46. For x 1,
0 x x3 + x dx
= lim
b c
= 3(0) 3(2)= 6
42.
c 0+
= lim
41.
0 ln x dx = clim
ln x dx + 1 ln x dx
0 c
dx = .
1
V = x 4 / 3 dx = lim 3x 1/ 3
b
0
b 0 +
b.
since lim x p +1 = .
dx = lim 3x1/ 3 = 3
b
b 0 +
1
p +1
0 x p dx = p + 1 x diverges
0
1
1 2 / 3
0 x
43. a.
dx
Section 8.4
501
47. For x 1, x 2 x so x 2 x, thus
From Example 2 of Section 8.2, lim
51. a.
x e x
e x e x .
x
e dx
1
= 0 +
= lim [ e x ]1b = lim
b eb
x2
dx
converges.
48. Since x + 2 1 x + 2 we know that
1
1
1
. Consider
dx
0
x + 2 1
x+2
x+2
b
1
1
dx
2 x + 2 dx = blim
x+2
= lim 2 x + 2 = lim 2
2
b
b
n 1 x
b+2 2 =
. Since
a g ( x)dx
of
52.
implies the divergence of
a g ( x)dx.
n 1 x
e dx
1
1
dx = e x = e 1 + 1 = 1 , so the
0
e
integral converges when n = 1. For 0 x 1,
0 x n 1 1 for n > 1. Thus,

x
= x n 1e x e x . By the comparison test
from Problem 50,
53. a.
dx
1 x
implies the convergence of
f ( x)dx and the divergence of
x2
0 e
xa
x b
converges.
x n 1
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = , then the convergence
x b
b
x n 1e x dx
integral is finite, so
50. If 0 f(x) g(x) on [a, b] and either

lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = or
xa
x n 1e x dx + x n 1e x dx
M
x n 1e x dx +
= 1+
by part a and Problem 46. The remaining
1
dx = = 1
x 1
x
x ln ( x + 1) x
we can apply the Comparison Test of Problem 46
1
to conclude that
dx converges.
1 x 2 ln x + 1
( )
e dx =
49. Since x 2 ln ( x + 1) x 2 , we know that

1
1 1
1
= lim +
1 x2 dx = blim
b b 1
x 1
= 0 + 1 = 1
1
b.
Thus, by the Comparison Test of Problem 46, we
1
conclude that
dx diverges.
0
x+2
=0
for a any positive real number.

x n +1
= 0 for any positive real
Thus lim
x e x
number n, hence there is a number M such
x n +1
that 0 <
1 for x M. Divide the
ex
x n 1
1
inequality by x 2 to get that 0 <

x
e
x2
for x M.
+ e 1
1 1
=
e e
Thus, by the Comparison Test,
xa
f ( x)dx
b.
1 n 1 x
0 x
e dx converges.
(1) = x0 e x dx = e x = 1
0
0
(n + 1) = x n e x dx
0
Let u = x , dv = e x dx,
n
du = nx n 1dx, v = e x .
n 1 x
(n + 1) = [ x n e x ]
e dx
0 + nx
n 1 x
x e dx
0
= 0 + n
c.
502
Section 8.4
= n(n)
From parts a and b,

(1) = 1, (2) = 1 (1) = 1,
(3) = 2 (2) = 2 1 = 2! .
Suppose (n) = (n 1)!, then by part b,
(n + 1) = n(n) = n[(n 1)!] = n ! .
54. n = 1,
n = 2,
n = 3,
n = 4,
n = 5,
55. a.
e dx = 1 = 0! = (1 1)!
xe x dx = 1 = 1! = (2 1)!
2 x
x e dx = 2 = 2! = (3 1)!
3 x
x e dx = 6 = 3! = (4 1)!
4 x
x e dx = 24 = 4! = (5 1)!
1 x
f ( x)dx = 0 Cx
Let y = x, so x =
1 x
0 Cx
and dx =
dx =
xf ( x)dx = x
0
Let y = x, so x =
dy .
e y
( )
dy =
1 y
dy = C ( )
.
( )
1 x
x
x e
dx =
x e
dx
( )
( ) 0
and dx =
y
C
C ( ) = 1 when C =
b.
dx
dy.
y
y y 1
1
1
1
=
dy =
y e dy =
( + 1) =
( ) =
e
0
0
( )
( )
( )
( )
(Recall that ( + 1) = () for > 0.)
c.
1 x
2 2
2 1 x
+
x e
dx =
x
x
dx
= ( x ) f ( x)dx = x
x e
0
( ) 0
( )
2
+1 x
2 1 x
2 2 1 x
=
x
e
dx
x
e
dx
+
x e
dx
( ) 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
In all three integrals, let y = x, so x =

+1
y

( ) 0
2 =
=
=
=
e y
+1 y
y e dy
0
( )
1
2 ( )
2 +
( + 2)
2 2
dy
2
2
2 ( )
=
and dx =
dy .
2 1 y y 1
2 2 y
e
dy
+

( ) 0
( ) 0
y
y e dy +
0
( )
( + 1) +
2
2 ( )
1 y
( ) 0
( ) =
2 ( )
e y
dy
dy
( + 1)( )
2 ( )
( ) +
2
2
Section 8.4
503
56. a.
L{t }( s ) = t e st dt
0
Let t =
x
1
, so dt = dx, then
s
s
st
t e dt
0
x
1
1
( + 1)
= e x dx =
x e x dx =
.
0 s
0 s +1
s
s +1
If s 0 , t e st as t , so the integral does not converge. Thus, the transform is defined only when
s > 0.
b.
1
1 ( s )t
=
lim e( s )b 1
L{e t }( s ) = e t e st dt = e( s )t dt =
e
0
0
s
0 s b
if > s
lim e( s )b =
b
0 if s >
1
1
when s > . (When s , the integral does not converge.)
=
Thus, L{e t }( s ) =
s s
c.
L{sin( t )}( s ) = sin( t )e st dt

0
Let I = sin( t )e st dt and use integration by parts with u = sin( t), du = cos( t)dt,
0
dv = e
st
1
dt , and v = e st .
s
Then I = sin( t )e st + cos( t )e st dt

s
0 s 0
Use integration by parts on this integral with
1
u = cos(t), du = sin(t)dt, dv = e st dt , and v = e st .
s
1

1
I = sin( t )e st + cos( t )e st sin( t )e st dt
s
0 s s
0 s 0
I
= e st sin( t ) + cos( t )
s
s
0 s2
Thus,
2
1 st
I 1 +
= e sin( t ) + cos( t )
s
s
0
s 2
I=
1
2
s 1 + 2
s
st
e sb sin( b) + cos( b)
e sin( t ) + s cos( t ) = 2
blim
2
s
s
s +
0 if s > 0
lim e sb sin( b) + cos( b) =
s
b
if s 0
Thus, I =
504
s + 2
Section 8.4
when s > 0.
57. a.
The integral is the area between the curve

1 x
y2 =
and the x-axis from x = 0 to x =1.
x
1 x
y2 =
; xy 2 = 1 x; x( y 2 + 1) = 1
x
1
x=
2
y +1
1 x
, while
x
As x 0, y =
when x = 1, y =
1
2
y +1
11
= 0, thus the area is
1
dy = lim [tan 1 y ]b0

b
= lim tan 1 b tan 1 0 =

b
b. The integral is the area between the curve

1+ x
y2 =
and the x-axis from x = 1 to
1 x
x = 1.
1+ x 2
y2 =
; y xy 2 = 1 + x; y 2 1 = x( y 2 + 1);
1 x
x=
58. For 0 < x < 1, x p > x q so 2 x p > x p + x q and

1
1
. For 1 < x, x q > x p so
>
p
q
p
2x
x +x
1
1
q
p
.
>
2 x > x + x q and
p
q
2 xq
x +x
1
1
1
0 x p + xq dx = 0 x p + xq dx + 1 x p + xq dx
Both of these integrals must converge.
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
0 x p + xq dx > 0 2 x p dx = 2 0 x p dx which
converges if and only if p < 1.
1
1
1 1
1 x p + xq dx > 1 2 x q dx = 2 1 xq dx which
converges if and only if q > 1. Thus, 0 < p < 1
and 1 < q.
8.5 Chapter Review

Concepts Test
1. True:
See Example 2 of Section 8.2.
2. True:
Use l'Hpital's Rule.
y 1
y2 + 1
3. False:
1 + (1)
=
1 (1)
When x = 1, y =
0
= 0, while
2
1+ x
.
1 x
The area in question is the area to the right of
1+ x
and to the left of the
the curve y =
1 x
line x = 1. Thus, the area is
2
y2 1
0 1 y 2 + 1 dy = 0 y 2 + 1 dy
4. False:
as x 1, y =
= lim 2 tan 1 y
0
b

lim 2 tan 1 b 2 tan 1 0 = 2 =
b
2
lim
1000 x 4 + 1000
4
0.001x + 1
1000
= 106
0.001
lim xe 1/ x = since e1/ x 1 and
x as x .
5. False:
For example, if f(x) = x and

g ( x) = e x ,
lim
x e x
= 0.
6. False:
7. True:
Take the inner limit first.
8. True:
Raising a small number to a large

exponent results in an even smaller
number.
9. True:
Since lim f ( x) = 1 0, it serves

xa
only to affect the sign of the limit of

the product.
Section 8.5
505
10. False:
Consider f ( x) = ( x a )2 and
g ( x) =
1
2
17. False:
g ( x) = 4 x3 + 2 x + 3; f ( x) = 6 x + 1
, then lim f ( x ) = 0
x a
( x a)
and lim g ( x) = , while
g ( x) = 12 x 2 + 2, and so
f ( x)
6x + 1
1
= lim
= while
lim
2
2
x 0 g ( x )
x 0 12 x + 2
xa
lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = 1.
xa
11. False:
Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 and
x 0
f ( x)
3x2
= lim
g ( x) x x 2 + 1
3
= lim
= 3, but
x 1 + 1
2
18. False:
p > 1. See Example 4 of Section 8.4.
19. True:
1
x
1
lim [ f ( x ) 3 g ( x)]
= lim [3x 3( x + 1)]

x
12. True:
13. True:
14. True:
Let y = [1 + f ( x)]
ln[1 + f ( x)]
= lim
f ( x)
xa
x a
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx.
0
.
0
converges.
22. False:
See Problem 37 of Section 8.3.
23. True:
f ( x)
b 0
f ( x)dx = lim
f ( x )dx
= lim [ f ( x)]b0 = lim f (b) f (0)
f ( x)
x a
converge so their sum
= 0 f(0) = f(0).
f(0) must exist and be finite since
f ( x) is continuous on [0, ).
24. True:
f ( x )dx e x dx = lim [ e x ]b0

0
Use repeated applications of

l'Hpital's Rule.
= lim e
e0 = 1 and p(0) is the constant term.
must converge.
Section 8.5
Thus, both integrals making up
25. False:
506
lim [1 + f ( x)]1/ f ( x ) = lim eln y = e1 = e
16. True:
1
dx .
x +1
f ( x)dx = 0
1
=1
x a 1 + f ( x)
15. True:
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + 0
= lim
xa
dx;
If f is an even function, then

f(x) = f(x) so
1
ln[1 + f ( x)]
lim
ln[1 + f ( x)] = lim
f ( x)
xa f ( x)
x a
lim
xp
21. True:
1
ln y =
ln[1 + f ( x)].
f ( x)
1
1+ f ( x )
Consider
, then
dx +
20. False:

1/ f ( x )
diverges for p 1 and
As x a, f ( x) 2 while
1
.
g ( x)
dx diverges for p 1.
xp
= lim [3] = 3
x
dx =
0 x p dx
f ( x)
3x 2 + x + 1 1
= lim
=
g ( x ) x 0 4 x 3 + 2 x + 3 3
lim
g ( x) = x 2 + 1, then
lim
Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 + x + 1 and
+ 1 = 1, so
f ( x)dx
The integrand is bounded on the

interval 0, .
4
Sample Test Problems

0
.
0
2 x3
6 x2
= lim
= lim 6 x3 =
x ln x
x 1
x
lim
4x
4
= lim
=4
x 0 tan x x 0 sec 2 x
lim
1
. A number
x
less than 1, raised to a large power, is a very
1 32
small number = 2.328 1010 so

2
9. As x 0, sin x 0 , and
0
.
0
tan 2 x
2sec2 2 x 2
= lim
=
3
x 0 sin 3 x
x 0 3cos 3 x
lim
0
0
Rule twice.)
sin x tan x
cos x sec2 x
lim
= lim
2x
1 x2
x 0
x 0
3
3
= lim
sin x 2sec x(sec x tan x)

2
3
x 0
x 0 +
10.
lim x ln x = lim
x 0 +
lim
x 0 +
= (LHpitals Rule does not apply

x2
since cos(0) = 1.)
2 x cos x
x 0
x 0 sin x
0
0
2 x cos x
2 cos x 2 x sin x
lim
= lim
cos x
x 0 sin x
x 0
20
=
=2
1
5. lim 2 x cot x = lim
11x
ln(1 x)
= lim
2
x 1 cot x
x 1 csc x
sin 2 x
= lim
x 1 (1 x )
lim
0
.
0
sin 2 x
2 sin x cos x
lim
= lim
=0
(1 x )
x 1
x 1

ln t
t t 2
= lim
1
t
t 2t
= lim
t 2t 2
x 0+
ln x
1
x
=0
x 0
lim
lim (sin x)1/ x = 0 .
cos x
4. lim
ln x
1
x
1
x
1
x 0 + 2
x
= lim
= lim x = 0
x 0 +
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
lim x ln x = lim
x 0 +
x 0+
ln x
1
x

lim
x 0 +
ln x
1
x
1
x
1
x 0 + 2
x
ln y
= lim
lim x x = lim e
x 0 +
x 0 +
= lim x = 0
x 0 +
=1

2
ln(1 + sin x).
x
2
2 ln(1 + sin x )
lim ln(1 + sin x) = lim
x
x 0 x
x 0
0
0
Let y = (1 + sin x)2 / x , then ln y =
cos x
2 ln(1 + sin x)
= lim 1+sin x
1
x
x 0
x 0
2 cos x 2
= lim
= =2
1
x 0 1 + sin x
lim
lim (1 + sin x)2 / x = lim eln y = e 2
x 0
x 0
=0
Section 8.5
507
13.
x ln x = lim
lim
x 0 +
x 0+
1
x

lim
ln x
1
x
x 0 +
= lim
x 0 +
ln x
Let y = (sin x) tan x , then ln y = tan x ln(sin x).
1
x
1
2 x3/ 2
lim tan x ln(sin x ) = lim
x
2
= lim 2 x = 0
x 0+
sin x
= lim
x
2
lim (sin x) tan x = lim eln y = 1
18.
lim t1/ t = lim eln y = 1

t
Rule three times.)

tan 3x
3sec2 3 x
= lim
lim
2
x tan x
x sec x
508
3(cos 3 x sin 3 x)
Section 8.5
1
1
=
3(0 1) 3
x
2
sin x + x cos x 1
= =1
sin x
1
1
0 ( x + 1)2 = x + 10 = 0 + 1 = 1
20.
0 1 + x2 = tan
21.
1 2
1 2
1 2x
2x
e dx = 2 e = 2 e 0 = 2 e
22.
ln(1 x)]1
11 x = blim[
1
dx
dx
x = 0 =
0 2
2
1
dx
= lim ln(1 b) + ln 2 =
b1
cos x sin x
= lim
= lim
2
cos
3 x sin 3 x
x
x cos 3 x
2
2
2
cos x
= lim
0
.
0
19.
3cos x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
x sin x 2
x
2
x sin x 2
lim x tan x sec x = lim

2
x 2 cos x
x
2
lim
1
x sin x
1
lim
= lim
+ sin x
+
x
x 0 x sin x
x 0
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.)
x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
lim
+ x sin x
+ sin x + x cos x
x 0
x 0
sin x
0
= lim
= =0
+ 2 cos x x sin x
2
x 0
= lim
cos x(1 + ln(sin x)) 0

= =0
sin x
1
ln t
1
= lim t = lim = 0
t t
t 1 t t
0
.
0
lim
lim
15.
sin x ln(sin x)
cos x
cos x ln(sin x) + sin x cos x

sin x ln(sin x)
= lim
cos x
sin x
x
x
2
2
14. The limit is of the form 0 .

1
Let y = t1/ t , then ln y = ln t.
t
1
ln t
lim ln t = lim
t t
t t
x
2

23.
dx
= [ln( x + 1)]0 = 0 =
x +1
24.
dx
12 x(ln x)1/ 5
= lim
dx
1 x(ln x)1/ 5
b 1 2
= lim (ln x)4 / 5 + lim (ln x) 4 / 5

1/ 5
1
+ b
b
x(ln x)
b 1
b 1 4
b 1 4
2
+ lim
dx
4/5
5
5 1
5 5
5 1
5
= (0) ln + (ln 2)4 / 5 (0) = (ln 2) 4 / 5 ln
4
4 2
4 2 4
4 4
5
= [(ln 2) 4 / 5 (ln 2) 4 / 5 ] = 0
4
4/5
5
= [(ln 2)4 / 5 ( ln 2)4 / 5 ]
4
25.

1
1
1
1 x 2 + x4 = 1 x2 1 + x 2 dx = x tan x 1 = 0 2 + 1 + tan 1 = 1 + 4 2 = 1 4
26.
1
1
(2 x)2 = 2 x = 1 0 = 1
27.
b
0 dx
dx
dx
1
2 2 x + 3 = lim3 2 2 x + 3 + lim3 + b 2 x + 3 = lim3 2 ln 2 x + 3 2 + lim3 + 2 ln 2 x + 3 b

b
b
b
b
2
2
2
2
dx
dx
1
1
1
1
1
ln 2b + 3 (0) + ln 3 lim
ln 2b + 3 = ( ) + ln 3 +
= lim
+
2 2
2
3 2
2
b 3
2
b 2


4
28.
29.
dx
x 1
= lim [2 x 1]b4 = 2 3 lim 2 x 1 = 2 3 0 = 2 3

b 1+
b 1+
1
1
1
=
= 0 +
=
2
ln 2 ln 2
ln x 2
x(ln x)
dx
dx
2
2
=
= 0 + = 2
x/2
1
e
0
30.
31.
+ lim
3 (4 x)2 / 3 = blim
2/3
2/3
b 4+ b (4 x )
4 3 (4 x )
ex / 2
dx
dx
dx
= lim 3(4 x)1/ 3 + lim 3(4 x)1/ 3
3 b 4+
b
b4
= lim 3(4 b)1/ 3 + 3(1)1/ 3 3(1)1/ 3 + lim 3(4 b)1/ 3 = 0 + 3 + 3 + 0 = 6

b4+
b4
2
2
1
1
1
xe x dx = e x = 0 + e 4 = e 4
2
2
2
32.
33.
x 2 + 1 dx = x2 + 1 dx + 0
x
2
x +1
1
1
ln( x 2 + 1) + ln( x 2 + 1) =
2
0
2
(0 + ) + ( 0)
34.
dx
dx = tan 1 x 2 + tan 1 x 2
1 + x 4
1 + x4
0 1 + x4
2
2
1
1
1
1
= tan 1 0 + tan 1 0 = 0 + 0 = 0
2
2 2 2 2 2
4 4
dx =
dx +
Section 8.5
509
35.
ex
e2 x + 1
ex
(e x ) 2 + 1
Let u = e x , du = e x dx

dx =
du = tan 1 u = tan 1 1 = =
2
1
1
2
2 4 4
u +1
+1
ex
2x
36. Let u = x3 , du = 3 x 2 dx
2 x3
1 u
1 0 u
1 u
1
1
1
1
u 0
u
x e dx = 3 e du = 3 e du + 3 0 e du = 3 e + 3 e 0 = 3 (1 + ) + 3 (0 + 1)
37.
dx = 0
9 x2
See Problem 35 in Section 8.4.
38. let u = ln(cos x), then du =
tan x
(ln cos x) 2
1
1
2
ln
2 u
dx =
39. For p 1, p 0,
1
lim
b b p 1
= 0 when p 1 > 0 or p > 1, and lim
b 0 b
= 1 . The integral diverges.
dx converges when p > 1 and diverges when p 1.
40. For p 1, p 0,
lim
1
p 1
1
1
1
0 x p dx = ( p 1) x p 1 = 1 p + blim
0
( p 1)b p 1
0
1
converges when p 1 < 0 or p < 1.

11
When p = 1,
ln b = . The integral diverges.

0 x dx = [ln x]0 = 0 blim
0+
When p = 0,
01dx = [ x]0 = 1 0 = 1
0 x p dx
converges when p < 1 and diverges when 1 p.
41. For x 1, x 6 + x > x 6 , so
Section 8.5
x 6 + x > x 6 = x3 and
converges since 3 > 1 (see Problem 39). Thus
510
= when p < 1, p 0.
dx = [ln x]1 = 0 . The integral diverges.
1 1dx = [ x]1
xp
b b p 1
When p = 0,
1
ln
1
1
1 2
du =
=
+0 =
2
1
u
ln
2
ln 2

u
1
du =
1
2
ln
1
1
1
+
1 x p dx = ( p 1) x p 1 = blim
p 1
p
1
(1 p )b
When p = 1,
1
sin x dx = tan x dx
cos x
x6 + x
1
x6 + x
<
1
x
. Hence,
1
x6 + x
x3
dx <
dx which
dx converges.
42. For x > 1, ln x < e x , so
ln x
e
ln x
ln x
< 1 and
=
< .
e 2 x (e x ) 2 e x
Hence,
ln x
x
x
1 1
1 e2 x dx < 1 e dx = [ e ]1 = 0 + e = e .
ln x
Thus,
dx converges.
1 e2 x
43. For x > 3, ln x > 1, so

ln x
dx >
ln x 1
> . Hence,
x
x
dx = [ln x]3 = ln 3.
The integral diverges, thus
ln x
dx also
diverges.
44. For x 1, ln x < x, so
ln x
ln x 1
.
< 1 and
<
x
x3
x2
4. Original:
f continuous at c f differentiable at c
Converse:
f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT)
Contrapositive:
f non-differentiable at c f discontinuous at c
5. Original:
f right continuous at c f continuous at c
Converse:
f continuous at c f right continuous at c
(AT)
Contrapositive:
f discontinuous at c f not right continuous at c
6. Original: f ( x) 0 f ( x) = c (AT)
Converse: f ( x) = c f ( x) 0 (AT)
Contrapositive: f ( x) c f ( x) 0 (AT)
7. Original: f ( x) = x 2 f ( x) = 2 x (AT)
Converse: f ( x) = 2 x f ( x) = x 2
Hence,
(Could have f ( x) = x 2 + 3 )
1
1 x3 dx < 1 x2 dx = x 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.
ln x
dx converges.
Thus,
1 x3
ln x
Contrapositive: f ( x ) 2 x f ( x) x 2 (AT)
8. Original: a < b a 2 < b 2
Converse: a 2 < b 2 a < b

Contrapositive: a 2 b 2 a b
Review and Preview Problems

1. Original: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT)
Converse: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
1 1 4 2 1 7
+ = + + =
2 4 4 4 4 4
9. 1 +
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
=
2 4 8 16 32
32 16 8
4
2
1 63
+ + + + +
=
32 32 32 32 32 32 32
10. 1 +
Contrapositive: If x 2 0 , then x 0 (AT)

2. Original: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
Converse: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT)
11.
1 1
i = 1+ 2 + 3+ 4 =
i =1
12 + 6 + 4 + 3 25
=
12
12
Contrapositive: If x 0 , then x 0
3. Original:
f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT)
Converse:
f continuous at c f differentiable at c
Contrapositive:
f discontinuous at c f non-differentiable at c
(AT)
12.
(1) k
k
1 1 1 1
+ + + =
2 4 8 16
2
8 + 4 2 + 1 5
=
16
16
k =1
13. By LHopitals Rule :
x
1 1
lim
= lim =
x 2 x + 1 x 2 2
Review and Preview
511

14. By LHopitals Rule twice:
20.
x
2
x +1
dx = lim
t 1
n2
2n 2 1
lim
= lim
= =
2
4 2
n 2n + 1 n 4n
lim
= lim
2x
e
= lim
2
ex
lim
en
17.
= lim
2n
= lim
en
dx = lim
=0
21.
en
=0
lim [ ln x ]
dx =
1
x2
t 1
x2
u = x 2 +1
du = 2 x dx
dx = lim 1
dx =
t
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
Integral does not converge.
x (ln x)
dx = lim
t 2
1
2
ln x +1
2
1
x(ln x) 2
dx =
ln t
1
du = lim
=
t ln 2 u 2
t u ln 2
1
1
1
lim
=
1.443
t ln 2 ln t ln 2
[ ]=
dx = lim
22.
lim
Integral does not converge.

18.
dx =
u = ln x
du = 1 x dx
t 1 x
t
= lim ln t
1 t
x +1
Integral does not converge (see problem 17).
n2
t 2 +1 1
1
lim
du =
2 t 2 u
ln t
Integral converges.
dx =
1
1
lim = lim 1 = 1
t
t x 1 t
Integral converges.
19.
1.001
dx = lim
t 1 x1.001
dx =
1000
1000
lim
= lim 1000
= 1000
0.001
t x
t 0.001
1 t
Integral converges.
512
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Indeterminate Forms and

8.1 Concepts Review

7. The limit is not of the form

1. lim f ( x); lim g ( x)

9. The limit is of the form

10. The limit is of the form

11. The limit is of the form

13. The limit is of the form

12. The limit is of the form

3. The limit is of the form

2. The limit is of the form

Problem Set 8.1

4. The limit is of the form

4. Cauchys Mean Value

8. The limit is of the form

3. sec2 x; 1; lim cos x 0

Instructor's Resource Manual

14. The limit is of the form

19. The limit is of the form

Rule three times.)

18. The limit is of the form

20. The limit is of the form

22. The limit is of the form

As x 0 , cos x + sec 2 x 2, and

23. The limit is of the form

15. The limit is of the form

Instructors Resource Manual

24. The limit is of the form

26. Note that sin (1 0 ) is undefined (not zero), so

l'Hpital's Rule cannot be used.

25. It would not have helped us because we proved

OB = cos t , BC = sin t and AB = 1 cos t , so the area of triangle ABC is

The area of the sector COA is

b. The area of the sector BOD is

cos t (sin t t cos t )

cos 2 t 4t cos t sin t sin 2 t

Instructors Resource Manual

b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

Instructors Resource Manual

31. A should approach 4b 2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius b.

Focusing on the limit, we have

Thus, lim A = 2b 2 + 2b(b) = 4b 2 .

32. In order for lHpitals Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 + b(1)3 + 1 = 0, so b = 1 a.

33. If f (a ) and g (a ) both exist, then f and g are

The slopes are approximately 0.02 / 0.01 = 2 and

Instructors Resource Manual

The slopes are approximately 0.005 / 0.01 = 1/ 2

The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and

g ( x) qx , where p = f '(0) and q = g '(0) .

The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and

Instructors Resource Manual

8.2 Concepts Review

5. The limit is of the form

1. The limit is of the form

7. The limit is of the form

2. The limit is of the form

4. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals

Rule three times.)

8. The limit is of the form

9. The limit is of the form

= lim 4 cos x sin x = 0

= 0 (See Example 2).

Problem Set 8.2