Syllabus for this week

Water and Waste Water Quantity Estimation, Water & Waste water
characteristics.
1.Water and Waste Water Quantity Estimation
( NPTEL -Water and waste water Engineering video by Prof. Ligy Philip)
Video3- Water and Waste Water Quantity Estimation
Video4- Water and Waste Water Quantity Estimation (Contd)
2. Water & Waste water characteristics
( NPTEL -Water and waste water Engineering video by Prof. Ligy Philip)
Video5-Water & Waste water characteristics

Water
Life was created out of five basic elements - Water, Earth, Air,
Fire and Space --- Rigved

Water is Life, Water is Food ---- Yajurvaved

Oceans are the cradle of all living beings! ---- Atharvaved

Water is a reliable remedy, water is curative, water is a panacea

or universal remedy for all aliments and
diseases. The water
will save you and free you from all inherited diseases ---Atharvaved

Water is brutal force and it requires wise people to

it ---- Mahabharat

handle

Water
Essential for life
What has changed in the last few decades
Life style- more water use (use and throw)
Technological changes
Anthropogenic pressures

Water shortages?
Wars in the 20th century were fought over oil
wars in the 21st century will be fought over water
A lack of water is a key factor in encouraging
terrorism, the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto
has heard. Ben Sutherland BBC News, March
2003

Data from NASA, the WHO and other

agencies
Severe water shortages affecting at least 400
million people today will affect 4 billion people by
2050
Adequate sanitation facilities are lacking for 2.4
billion people, about 40% of humankind.
Half of all coastal regions, where 1 billion people
live, have degraded through overdevelopment or
pollution

Distribution of Water on
the Earth

Only a small percentage (<3%) of water on Earth is fresh water

Lakes and rivers account for just 0ver 0.1% of the earths total water

Hydrology

Hydrology means the science of water.

It deals with:
Estimation of water resources
Study of processes such as precipitation,
runoff etc. and their interaction.
The study of problems such as floods and
droughts and strategies to combat them.

Hydrologic cycle
The entire process can be divided in 5 parts:
Condensation Cooling of water vapour until it
becomes liquid
Precipitation Moisture that falls from the
atmosphere in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet
Infiltration Entry of water into the soil surface
Runoff Movement of water across the earths
surface
Evaporation Process of returning moisture to the
atmosphere
Transpiration Plants return the moisture to the
atmosphere

Water (hydrological) cycle

Surface and sub-surface sources

Surface sources
Natural ponds and lakes
Rivers and streams
Impounding reservoirs
Sub-surface sources
Wells
Tube wells
Infiltration galleries

Quality of water

SOURCES OF WATER

Surface Sources

Sub-surface Sources

Streams, Rivers, Lakes

Bore Wells, Open Wells

and Reservoirs

Infiltration Wells or Galleries

Turbidity, Suspended Solids

Excessive Mineral

and Bacteriological Quality

Concentration

Contaminant/Pollutant
If any matrix (soil, water or air) is containing
excessive concentration of toxic substances
compared
to
the
permissible
limits
stipulated by regulatory agencies it may be
called as a contaminant

Water Quality Parameters

Physical:
o
o
o
o

Suspended Solids measured by Turbidity

Temperature
Color, Taste and Odor
Sediment measured by Total Suspended Sedimentss (TSS)

Chemical:
o Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) measured by Total Conductivity
o Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
o Alkalinity, Hardness, pH, Metals

Biological:
o Pathogenic Organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) measured by
fecal coliforms
o flora and fauna

The Water (Prevention and Control

of Pollution) Act, 1974
Establishes an institutional structure for prevention
and control of water pollution.
It establishes standards for water quality and
effluent.
Polluting industries must seek permission to
discharge wastewater into water bodies.
The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was
constituted under this act.

BIS Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality

Factors governing the selection of a

particular source of water

Quantity of available water

Quality of available water
Distance of the source of supply
General topography of the intervening area
Elevation of the source of supply

Quantity of water

Types of demand
Domestic water demand
Commercial and Industrial demand
Fire demand
Demand for public use
Compensate losses demand

Domestic water demand

Quantity of water required in houses for
drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.
Details: 135 lpcd (litres/capita/day)
Drinking

05 litres

Cooking

05 litres

Bathing

55 litres

Cloth washing

20 litres

Utensils washing

10 litres

House washing

10 litres

Flushing

30 litres

Commercial and Industrial demand

Commercial Include office buildings, ware houses,
stores, hotels, shopping centres, schools, temples,
railway and bus stations etc.

Industrial
Depends upon type of industry
20-25%of the total demand of the city

Fire demand
Empirical formulae:
Q= Qty. of water required in lpm
P= Population of town in thousands
Kuichlings formula (for Indian conditions)
Q= 3182

Bustons formula: Q=5663

Freeman formula:

Q = 1135.5 + 10
10

Demand for public use

Qty. of water required for public utility purposes- washing
and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of
public parks, gardens, public fountains etc.
Provision of 5% of the total consumption is made while
designing the water works for a city

Compensate losses demand

Some portion of water which goes in distribution sys. is
wasted in the pipelines due to defective pipe-joints, cracked
and broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings
Loss of water due to unauthorised and illegal connections
Allowance of 15% of the total qty. of water is made

Quantity of water
For an avg. Indian town- Requirement of water in
various uses:

Domestic use

135 lpcd

Industrial use

40 lpcd

Public use

25 lpcd

Fire demand

15 lpcd

Losses, wastages and

thefts

55 lpcd

Total

270 lpcd

Factors affecting the per capita demand

Size of the city

Climatic conditions
Types of gentry and habits of people
Industrial and commercial activities
Quality of water supplies
Pressure in distribution system
Development of sewerage facilities
System of supply
Cost of water
Policy of metering and methods of charging

Factors affecting losses and wastes

Water tight joints

Pressure in the distribution system
System of supply
Metering
Unauthorised connections