Professional Documents
Culture Documents
21
Page
Introduction
21-3
21.2
Christchurch Rainfall
21-3
21.3
21-3
21.4
Advanced Analysis
21-9
21.5
Banks Peninsula
21-12
21.6
21-13
21.7
References
21-14
Bob Crowder
21.1
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
The Press
21-3
21.1 Introduction
This chapter describes how to determine design
rainfall intensity, runoff rates, and rainfall hyetographs
for sizing waterway components or as input to more
detailed hydraulic analysis.
How to do it...
Eqn (21-1)
AEP (%)
Return period (yrs)
50%
2
20%
5
10%
10
5%
20
2%
50
1%
100
0.5%
200
0.2%
500
0.1%
1000
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Eqn (21-2)
Residential Areas:
L1: Te = 15 minutes
L2: Te = 14 minutes
L3: Te = 13 minutes
L4: Te = 12 minutes
L5: Te = 10 minutes
Parks, rural areas, or if no side channels:
T e = as determined by the Overland Flow
formula below (Eqn (21-3)), or the nomograph
of Figure 21-1.
2) For hillside catchments, use time of entry Te = as
determined by the Overland Flow formula below
(Eqn (21-3)), or the nomograph of Figure 21-1.
For hillside flow the designer must ensure that
the flow travel time is evaluated from the very top
of the catchment. If the hill catchment is at least
partially channelised, then the Bransby-Williams
procedure of Section 21.3.2.4: Rural Channelised
Catchments, may have to be incorporated, or
computer modelling considered.
Overland Flow
Figure 21-1: Nomograph for estimating overland sheet flow times. Modified from Miller (1951).
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-5
Eqn (21-3)
Surface Type
Asphalt/concrete
0.0100.012
Bare sand
0.0100.060
Bare clay/loam
0.0120.033
Gravelled surface
0.0120.030
Short grass
0.1000.200
Lawns
0.2000.300
Pasture
0.3000.400
Dense shrubbery
0.400
Gradient
Flat gradient
Moderate gradient
Steep gradient
Grade
1 in 500
1 in 200
1 in 100
1 in 50
1 in 20
1 in 10
225Dia
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.5
3.6
300Dia
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.9
3.1
4.3
375Dia
0.7
1.1
1.6
2.2
3.5
5.0
450Dia
0.8
1.3
1.8
2.5
4.0
5.7
600Dia
1.0
1.5
2.2
3.1
4.9
6.9
750Dia
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.6
5.6
8.0
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Eqn (21-4)
21.3.4.1 General
Catchment
Description
Grade
Velocity
(m/s)
Flat
flat to 1 in 100
0.3 - 1.0
Moderate grade
1 in 100 to 1 in 20
0.6 - 2.0
Hillside
1 in 20 or steeper
1.5 - 3.0
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-7
Table 21-5: Peak Flow Rate Runoff Coefficients versus AEP. Refer to the Proposed City Plan (Christchurch City Council
2005) for zone abbreviations.
Storm AEP
Zone
20%
10%
5%
<=2%
Residential: L1
0.38
0.42
0.44
0.47
Residential: L2
0.47
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.56
0.60
0.63
0.65
Business (industrial/commercial)
0.73
0.77
0.79
0.82
Residential: LH
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.61
Table 21-6: Zone average effective pervious and impervious area percentages. Refer to the Christchurch City Plan, 1995
(Christchurch City Council 2005) for zone abbreviations.
District Zone
Pervious
Area%
pv%
Pervious
Contribution
%PvContrib
Impervious
Area%
im%
Impervious
Contribution
%ImContrib
Residential: L1
50%
30%
50%
90%
Residential: L2
35%
25%
65%
90%
30%
25%
70%
100%
Business (industrial/commercial)
10%
50%
90%
100%
Residential: LH
55%
50%
45%
90%
Table 21-7: Zone 30 minute average infiltration rates and ponding losses as used to derive peak runoff coefficients.
Pervious
Infiltration
(mm/hr)
Pervious
Ponding
(mm)
Impervious
Infiltration
(mm/hr)
Impervious
Ponding
(mm)
10
5.0
2.5
Business
10
2.5
2.5
Residential: LH
5.0
1.0
1.0
District Zone
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Figure 21-4:
Median annual
maximum 24 hour
rainfall depth (P24)
isoline map.
Figure 21-5:
Mean annual
rainfall depth
isoline map.
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-9
Pm = aDb
Step 1
a) Where D 24 hours
The 0.5 hour median annual maximum rainfall (mm)
is nearly constant over all of Christchurch at 7.3mm
then gradually develops into the 24 hour isoline
values of Figure 21-4. Progression from 0.5 to 24
hours follows a power law of the form:
Eqn (21-5)
Pm = 19.19 D0.3013
Eqn (21-8)
Duration (hrs)
Scale factor (SF)
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
72
84
96
1.000
1.070
1.130
1.184
1.232
1.277
1.318
1.392
1.459
1.518
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Eqn (21-9)
Step 3
Eqn (21-10)
a = 0.3080
k = -0.1080
h = -0.0992
Step 4
Eqn (21-11)
or alternatively:
x = u+a[1-{(1-Fh)/h}k]/k
Eqn (21-12)
Eqn (21-13)
Step 5
Eqn (21-14)
Table 21-9: Rainfall dimensionless frequency factors versus AEP. Note that factors are made dimensionless using median
rainfall.
AEP
50%
33%
20%
10%
5%
2%
1%
0.5%
0.2%
0.1%
1.00
1.07
1.39
1.68
1.97
2.39
2.73
3.09
3.62
4.05
Area
(km2)
Duration (hours)
0.5
0.95
1
0.96
2
0.97
4
0.98
6
0.98
12
0.98
24
0.99
48
0.99
96
0.99
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
10
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
20
0.85
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
50
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.91
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.97
100
0.74
0.80
0.85
0.89
0.90
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.97
200
0.68
0.76
0.82
0.86
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.96
500
0.60
0.69
0.76
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.95
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-11
Step 6
Climate Change
i peak = 2 i avg
it =
it =
Eqn (21-16)
i peak
0.7D
i peak
0.3
21.4.2
Eqn (21-17)
Eqn (21-18)
(1 t
Eqn (21-19)
21.4.2.1 Infiltration
ipeak
1.0
1.5
iavg
1.0
For t = 0.7D to D
For t = 0 to 0.7D
2.0
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
Time
Time
Infiltration Type
Poor
Moderate
Free
Table 21-12: Christchurch typical and ultimate infiltration rates and Horton decay rates.
Infiltration
Type
Poor
Moderate
Free
Initial infiltration
rate f o
(mm/hr)
0-5
5-10
10-15
Ultimate infiltration
rate f c
(mm/hr)
1.0
2.5
5.0
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
Eqn (21-20)
Ultimate
infiltration rate
(mm/hr)
Clay
0.6
Silty Clay
1.0
Sandy Clay
1.2
Clay Loam
Silt Loam
Loam
13
Sandy Loam
22
Loamy Sand
60
Sand
230
Infiltration
Type
Poor
Moderate
Free
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-13
Method:
Eqn (21-21)
Eqn (21-22)
Figure 21-9:
Regional Flood
Method coefficient
map for Banks
Peninsula.
Table 21-14: Flood AEP versus dimensionless flood scale factors. [ex McKerchar and Pearson for Canterbury including
Banks Peninsula.]
AEP
20%
10%
5%
2%
1%
0.5%
1.69
2.25
2.78
3.48
4.00
4.52
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011
The volume coefficients vary with surface and subsurface soil infiltration types. Hence, the underlying
ground strata should be checked using either:
District Zone
Infiltration
Type
Cvol
Residential:
L1
Poor
Moderate
Free
0.51
0.44
0.44
Poor
0.62
Moderate
Free
Poor
Moderate
Free
Poor
Moderate
Free
Loess
0.58
0.58
0.72
0.69
0.69
0.91
0.89
0.89
0.60
Residential:
L2
Residential:
L3, L4, L5
Business
(industrial/
commercial)
Residential: LH
21.7 References
Chr istchurch City Council 2005. City of
Christchurch City Plan, 1995. The District Plan for
the City of Christchurch. Christchurch City Council,
Christchurch.
Couling and Walter 2008. Banks Peninsula Regional
Flood Method. CCC, Christchurch.
Depar tment of Building and Housing 2010.
Compliance Document for the New Zealand Building
Code, Clause E1 Surface Water. Department of
Building and Housing, Wellington.
Table 21-16: District zone average infiltration rates and ponding losses for various soil infiltration types used to derive
detention volume coefficients.
District Zone
Residential:
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
Business
Residential: LH
Infiltration
Type
Pervious
Infiltration
mm/hr
Pervious
Ponding
mm
Impervious
Infiltration
mm/hr
Impervious
Ponding
mm
Poor
Moderate
Free
Poor
2.5
7.5
12.5
2.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.5
0
0
0
0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Moderate
Free
Hill
7.5
12.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
1.0
0
0
0
2.5
2.5
1.0
Part B: Design Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-poAMENDED December 2011 Christchurch City Council
21-15
Waterways, Wetlands and Drainage GuideKo Te Anga Whakaora mo- Nga- Arawai Re-po- Part B: Design
Christchurch City Council AMENDED December 2011