Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
Distribution system state estimation is essential for real-time
monitoring and control of distribution systems. In recent
years, an increasing number of Automated Meter Reading
(AMR) systems have been installed to provide customer
consumption information. The deployment of smart meters
in low voltage (LV) distribution networks, within the
context of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
systems, will enhance the electric energy consumption data
storage, processing and analysis capabilities. Because of the
limited number of real-time measurements in distribution
systems, increased smart metering data availability from LV
consumers is necessary to provide load estimates, which can
be treated as pseudo-measurements to guarantee the network
observability and estimate the system states. This paper
presents two distinctive load estimation methods which
utilize near real-time consumption data and short past
consumption data, respectively. The accuracy of estimated
loads is tested with a combined load and state estimation
approach. Numerical results with a distribution system will
show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Introduction
kWhi 1,today
kWhi 1, prevday
kWhi , prevday
(1)
where
kWhi , today
kWhi , basic
Pi , basic
(2)
where
where
(3)
min J x
z h x
R1 z h x
(4)
where
z : measurement vector,
10
15
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
20
Tim e (H our)
0.8
0.6
10
15
20
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
20
Tim e (H our)
15
0.4
10
Tim e (H our)
10
15
20
Tim e (H our)
(P
i , act
RRMSE
Pi ,est )2
i 1
(5)
2
i , act
i 1
MAPE
1 n Pi , act Pi ,est
P
ni1
i , act
(6)
where
Test Results
2-hour delay
4-hour delay
6-hour delay
LP1
LP2
LP3
LP4
LP5
LP6
Load profiles
LP7
LP8
LP9
0.9
RRMS errors per load profile for various time delays in data transmission
0.9
0.8
Normalized Power
Normalized Power
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
LP1
LP2
LP3
0.5
0.4
0.2
10
15
20
Time (hour)
previous week
actual
previous day
estimated
10
15
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.3
10
15
Time (hour)
20
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.9
Normalized Power
Normalized Power
LP9
20
LP8
Time (hour)
LP7
0.4
0.3
LP4
LP5
LP6
Load profiles
basic
0.2
actual
previous day
estimated
0
5
10
15
20
LP1
LP2
LP3
LP4
LP5
LP6
Load profiles
LP7
LP8
LP9
Time (hour)
1
150/15kV
3
MV Substation
Feeder 1
16
17
14
15
Feeder 2
LV Load
12
13
11
10
Vi , act Vi ,est
i 1
Vi , act
(7)
100%
where
Vi , act : actual voltage magnitude of time interval i ,
Vi , est : estimated voltage magnitude of time interval i .
0.15
0.15
Voltage RPEs(%)
24
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Bus number
Voltage RPEs(%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Bus number
Figure 10. Daily state estimation RPEs per bus using near
real-time and previous day's data, respectively
Previous
day's
data
0.0076
0.0076
0.0065
11
0.0080
0.0065
0.0077
0.0065
12
0.0075
0.0064
0.0075
0.0071
13
0.0072
0.0065
0.0072
0.0067
14
0.0072
0.0067
0.0459
0.0332
15
0.0075
0.0065
0.0408
0.0364
16
0.0076
0.0065
0.0381
0.0348
17
0.0077
0.0065
0.0089
0.0095
Bus
No.
Real-time
data
Bus
No.
0.0065
10
Previous
day's
data
0.0144
Real-time
data
[9]
0.0109
[10]
[11]
[12]
Conclusions
References
[1] Monticelli, A.: "State Estimation in Electric Power Systems:
A Generalized Approach" (Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1999)
[2] Kanchan, A., Singh, K.B.: "Load Modeling, Estimation and
Forecasting" in Proc 45th International Universities Power
Engineering Conference (UPEC) , 2010, pp. 14
[3] Alfares, H.K., Nazeeruddin, M.: "Electric Load Forecasting:
Literature Survey and Classification of Methods" International
Journal of Systems Science, 2002, 33, (1), pp. 2334
[4] Ghosh, ., Lubkeman, D., Downey, M., Jones, R.: Load
Modeling for Distribution Circuit State Estimation" IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, 1997, 12, (2), pp. 999-1005
[5] Farhangi, H.: "The Path of the Smart Grid" IEEE Power &
Energy Journal, 2010, 8, (1), pp. 18-28
[6] N. Lof., M. Pikkarainen, S. Repo and P. Jarventausta,
"Utilizing Smart Meters in LV Network Management", in
Proc. of the CIRED 21st International Conference on
Electricity Distribution, 2011, pp. 69
[7] Abdel-Majeed, A., Braun, M.: "Low Voltage System State
Estimation Using Smart Meters" in Proc. 47th International
Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2012,
pp. 16
[8] Huang, Y.-F., Werner, S., Huang, J., Kashyap, N., Gupta, V.:
"State estimation in Electric Power Grids: Meeting New
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Biographies
Themistoklis C. Xygkis received the Diploma in Electrical and Computer
Engineering and the Post Graduate Specialization Diploma in Automation
Systems from National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, in
2010 and 2011, respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree and
his research interests are state and load estimation, operation of automated
metering systems and meter placement in power distribution networks.
George D. Karlis received the Diploma in Electrical and Computer
Engineering from National Technical University of Athens, Athens,
Greece, in 2014.
Isidoros K. Siderakis is undergraduate student of the School of Electrical
and Computer Engineering of National Technical University of Athens,
Athens, Greece. He is currently pursuing the diploma thesis.
George N. Korres (SM'05) received the Diploma and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical and computer engineering from the National Technical University
of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece, in 1984 and 1988, respectively.
Currently he is Professor with the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering of NTUA. His research interests are in power system state
estimation, power system protection, and industrial automation. Prof.
Korres is a member of CIGRE.