In popular usage the words are often used interchangeably, although phonics

[fn'ks] is the term usually employed when speaking of a method of beginning

reading instruction. In this use, phonics is regarded as a simplified form of
phonetics [f-nt'ks], which is the scientific study of speech sounds.
NOTE: Although phonics and phonetics end with s, they take singular verbs:
Phonics is the most effective way to teach reading.
Here are definitions from the OED:
phonics
The branch of linguistics concerned with spoken sounds; phonetics
The correlations between sound and symbol in an alphabetic writing system;
the phonic method of teaching reading.
phonetics
The study and classification of speech sounds, esp. with regard to the physical
aspects of their production; the branch of linguistics that deals with this.
Using phonics to teach reading involves teaching the beginner the sounds
associated with the letters of the alphabet before introducing written words.
The beginner learns to analyze words by comparing the letters in them to the
sounds they represent.
NOTE: Early practice is confined to words in which the letter/sound
correspondence is regular. Once the beginner has established the habit of
expecting letters to represent spoken sounds, words containing one or more
non-phonetic elements are introduced.
Another term, phonology [f-nl'-j, f-], refers to the study of speech sounds.
Phonology encompasses rules governing pronunciation in a given language.
phonology n. Originally: the science of speech sounds and pronunciation, esp.
as they occur in a particular language. Now: the branch of linguistics concerned
with the study of phonological relationships within a language or between
different languages; the system of contrastive and phonotactic* relations
among the speech sounds of a particular language. OED
*phonotactics The branch of linguistics concerned with the rules governing
the possible phoneme** sequences in a language or languages; these rules as
they occur in a particular language.
**phoneme A unit of sound in a language that cannot be analysed into
smaller linear units and that can distinguish one word from another (e.g. /p/
and /b/ in English pat, bat).

Phonics is the method of teaching beginners to read and pronounce words by

learning the phonetic values of letters, groups of letters, syllables, etc. Thus,
it's concentrating on written language, and how to translate written language
into speech.

Phonetics is the study and classification of spoken sounds in languages.

So no, you couldn't teach phonetics by learning only phonics. Phonics is an

application of phonetic research, so with the right classes and research into
phonetics, you could conceivably teach phonics. However, that would be time
consuming unless you just focused on phonics as a sub-area of phonetics.

If your interest is in teaching phonics, better then to take specific courses about
that, and not try to ingest the enormous field of phonetics, encompassing all its
numerous branches and sub-branches. Indeed, professional academics who
study phonetics tend to specialize in certain areas of it.