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De-Xing Peng
Abstract
Meeting the growing demand for sustainable energy is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. In the Kyoto conference on global climate change, numerous nations committed to large reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
Reduced greenhouse gas emissions are a major advantage of using biodiesel on diesel engines. The test uses three biodiesels (soybean oil, palm oil, and waste edible oil) in the engine, comparing engine performance and exhaust emissions
with the baseline (pure petrodiesel) case. The results indicated that the use of biodiesel produces decreased smoke opacity but increased fuel consumption up to 7.38% compared with petrodiesel. Exhaust emissions, such as CO and HC,
were reduced using biodiesel in fuels, primarily because of the effect of complete combustion of the oxygen contained in
biodiesel.
Keywords
Biodiesel, biodiesel engine, engine testing
Introduction
Rapid urbanization and economic growth of developing countries have produced air pollution, particularly
in the road transport sector. The increasing demand for
petroleum-based fuels and their combustion in internal
combustion engines have had adverse effects on air
quality, human health, and global warming. This has
triggered awareness to find alternative sources of sustainable energy. Similar to petroleum diesel, biodiesel
can be used in compression ignition engines with little
or no modification. The primary advantages of using
biodiesel are its renewability and superior quality of
exhaust gas emissions. Biofuels are renewable, can supplement HC fuels, assist in their conservation, and mitigate their adverse effects on the environment. To fulfill
emission regulations and contribute to the reduction of
CO2 from transportation, one strategy is the use of
cleaner fuels. Bioderived biodiesel fuels are viable candidates as a renewable alternative and for meeting bioenergy consumption targets in the transport sector.13
Many countries are seeking alternative fuels for diesel engines. So far, biodiesel is one of the alternative
fuels being promoted. The search for alternative fuels is
motivated by the goals of sustainable development,
energy conservation, efficiency, and environmental preservation. Nearly all (97%) of the fossil fuel energy
consumption in the transportation sector is from oil.
However, the use of various fossil fuels, such as petroleum products and coal, leads to several environmental
problems such as reduction in underground-based carbon energy sources and subsidence of the ground surface after the extraction of fuels and minerals. Among
them, biodiesel seems a very promising resource.47
Department of Vehicle Engineering, Army Academy, Taiwan, ROC
Corresponding author:
De-Xing Peng, Department of Vehicle Engineering, Army Academy,
No.750, 3rd Neighborhood, Longdong Rd., Zhongli City, Taoyuan County
32093, Taiwan, ROC.
Email: sugarest.tw@yahoo.com.tw
Creative Commons CC-BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
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Peng
3
Table 1. Test engine specifications.
Item
Specifications
Engine
Engine category
Engine type
Bore 3 stroke
Displacement
Cylinders
Compression ratio
Fuel system
Injection pressure
Nozzle
Air intake system
Emission control system
0.16
0.14
0.12
CO (%)
Diesel engine
Four strokes, water cooled
HYUNDAI, TRAJET 2.0, TCI
83 3 92 mm
1991 cc
In-line four cylinders
17.7:1
Common rail (direct injection)
1500 bar maximum
Hole
Turbocharged with inter cooler
DOC, PCV, EGR
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
Experimental procedure
0.00
This study was a comparison of biodiesel and pure petrodiesel in terms of engine exhaust emitted by a diesel
engine. The water-cooled diesel engine used in the
engine test had a four-cylinder four-stroke engine with
direct injection (Figure 1). The engine was operated at
3000 r/min at a constant 70% throttle position. The
engine operation showed good stability at 70% rather
than 100% throttle position. Hence, for safety reasons,
the 70% throttle was chosen. The engine specifications
are shown in Table 1. The essential fuel properties are
given in Table 2. To examine the emission characteristics, a portable SINCRO exhaust gas analyzer (model
EGA2001C) was used to measure the concentration of
exhaust gases of the test engine such as HC and NOx
(ppm); CO, CO2, O2, and smoke (%vol) and exhaust
gas temperature (C).
Various diesel
Figure 2. CO emissions for various types of fuel.
Petrodiesel
Soybean oil
Palm oil
WEO
2.62
88
0.01
50.2
52.3
4.45
149
\0.01
247
53.1
4.54
162
\0.01
250.4
52.6
4.56
158
\0.01
258
54
40
35
CO2 (%)
HC (ppm)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
Various diesel
Various diesel
Figure 3. Hydrocarbon emissions for various types of fuel.
Peng
100
90
70
O2 (%)
NOx (ppm)
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Various diesel
Various diesel
30
500
27
Smoke (%)
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Various diesel
Various diesel
Fuel consumption(cc)
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Funding
Petro-diesel
Soybean oil
Palm oil
Various diesel
Figure 9. Fuel consumption for various types of fuel.
Conclusion
The tests apply four diesel fuels on the engine performance, and exhaust emission results are compared to
the baseline (pure petrodiesel) case. Results show that
the fuel consumption is increased by 7.38% for the biodiesel case, the engine combustion temperature can be
increased by 7.17% for the biodiesel case, the O2 emission can be increased by 14.14%, CO emissions can be
reduced up to 25.24%, HC emissions can be reduced
up to 18.57%, and smoke emissions can be reduced up
to 19.6%. Thus, the biodiesel can be applied in the diesel fuel to upgrade the engine performance. The exhaust
emissions of biodiesel are also lower than those of pure
petrodiesel because of the presence of O2 in the
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