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Sewerage System
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Formulas used.....
Chezys formula
Kutters formula
Bazins formula
Mannings formula
Crimp and Burges formula
William Hazen formula
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Mannings formula
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Clarifications
30
Pumping Station
(Civil Works)
30
Pumping
Machinery
15
Sewage
Treatment Plant
30
Effluent
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disposal
utilization
30
Component
Collection
System i.e.
Sewer network
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Freeboard to be left in
metres
Below 0.3
0.3
0.3 1.0
0.4
15
0.5
5 10
0.6
10 30
0.75
30 150
0.90
1.0
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may be neglected.
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To start with........
Mannings formula
Given:
Sewer Dia, D = 300mm
d = 0.3 times the full depth
Velocity of flow = 0.90 m/sec
Mannings rugosity coefficient =
At full depth,
0.013
To Find:
Required grade
Associated Velocity
Rate of discharge at this depth
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Solution........
V = 0.90 m/sec
N = 0.013
R = D/4 = 300/4 = 75mm
0.90=(1/0.013).(0.075)2/3 . (S)1/2
(S)1/2 =0.90 x 0.013/0.178 = 0.0657
S = 0.0043 (Say 4.3 0/00)
Q = A . V = (d2/4) . V = 0.064 cumecs.
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Solution........
Now at a depth (d) equals to 0.3 times the full depth (D)
d/D = 0.3
Using table 4.8,
For d/D = 0.3, /A = 0.252, r/R = 0.684
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Solution........
Velocity generated at this gradient,
= 1 x (0.684)1/6 x 0.9 m/sec
= 0.939 x 0.9
= 0.846 m/sec.
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Problem: 2
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To start with........
Given:
Population=36,000
Per capita water supply=135litres
Mannings formula
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Solution........
Population = 36,000
Per Capita water supply = 135 litres/person/day
Avg water supplied daily = 36,000 x 135 litres/day
= 4860000 litres/day
Avg water supplied in cumecs = 4860000/(1000x24x60x60)
= 0.0562 cumecs.
Avg Sewage discharge = 80% of water supplied
= 0.8 x 0.0562 cumecs
= 0.045 cumecs
D.W.F = 0.045 cumecs
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Solution........
Maximum discharge for which sewer should be designed running
full,
= 4 x 0.045 cumecs
= 0.18 cumecs
Now, using Mannings formula,
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Solution........
Velocity of flow when running full,
V=Q/A
= 0.18 / ( . 0.312 / 4)
V = 2.39 m/sec
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Problem: 3
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To start with........
Given:
Catchment area = 300 hectares
Maximum hourly rainfall design = 4cm/hr
Time of Concentration = 1 hour
Longitudinal slope = 1 in 2300
To Find:
Design a stone pitched section for a drain?
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Solution........
p0 = 4 cm/hr
Tc = 1 hr
pc = 4 cm/hr
Using K = 0.55 in Rational formula,
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Solution........
The expected peak discharge in the drain,
(OR)
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Solution........
Free Board
y
B
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Solution........
Using Mannings formula and value of n as 0.020, for ordinary dry
stone pitching,
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Solution........
Velocity generated
V=Q/A
= 18.30 / 15.75
V = 1.16 m/sec < permissible velocity of 1.5 m/sec.
Hence, use a trapezoidal drain section with base width as
9m and water depth as 1.5m, side slopes 1:1, laid at a longitudinal
bed slope (parallel to water surface) of 1 in 2300.
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Computer Applications
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Computer Applications
Sewer Modelling is a computer program that designs and
analyzes the gravity flow and pressure flow through
sanitary sewer pipe networks and lift stations.
This program is also useful in:
Designing new lift stations
Analyzing different what-if scenarios
Calculating flows for future development and the effects
downstream of that development
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Computer Applications
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Construction of Sewers
Sewer pipes are generally circular in shape laid below the
ground level sloping continuously towards the outfall.
Forces acting on Sewer pipes
Internal pressure of sewage
Pressure due to external loads
Temperature stresses
Flexural stresses
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Construction of Sewers
Factors to be considered on selecting Sewer materials,
Resistance to corrosion
Resistance to abrasion
Strength and Durability
Light weight
Imperviousness
Economy and Cost
Hydraulically efficient
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Construction of Sewers
Sewer materials,
Asbestos Cement
PCC and RCC
Vitrified clay
Brick sewers
Cast iron
Lead sewers
Plastic sewers
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Excavation
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Width of the trench
The width of the trench at and below the top of the
sewer should be the minimum necessary and depends
on the following,
The type of shoring
Working space required in the lower part of the
trench for making joints
Its effect upon the adjoining services and nearby
structures
Increase width would cause unduly increased load
on the pipe
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Depth of Cover
Minimum cover b/w Top of the pipe and finished
grade elevation of the pipe 900mm
Under extraordinary conditions < 900mm
Dewatering of trench
The ground water may be removed through an open
jointed drain constructed below the sewer trench.
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
Ductile Iron and Cast Iron pipe: Rubber gasket BIS
12820:1989
Stoneware pipes: Light caulking not more than socket
depth Socket filled with cement mortar 1:1 with clean
fine sand faces were smoothened using trowel forming
45o
RCC pipes with Collars: Light caulking not more than
socket depth Socket filled with cement mortar 1:2 with
clean fine sand faces were smoothened using trowel
forming 45o
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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
Haunching of Sewers:
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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
Encasing of Sewers:
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Construction of Sewers
Testing of Sewer pipes
Alignment test: Flashing of light or reflection of sunlight
using mirror from one manhole to another manhole.
Atleast 75% sewer should be visible.
Deflection test: Using Go-No-Go Mandrell Max allowable
deflection shall not exceed 5% of the pipes internal
diameter.
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Construction of Sewers
Testing of Sewer pipes
Infiltration test: Tested when GW table is min of 1200m
above the crown of the sewer throughout the full length
of the segment.
Less than 600mm dia = 10 l/mm/day/km
Larger than 600mm dia = 30 /mm/day/km
Hydraulic testing: Using Plumbers expansion plug tested
between two MH.
Leakage test: Testing head of about 1.5m is maintained in
MH.
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Construction of Sewers
Need for Sewer Appurtenances
Structures constructed at suitable interval along the sewer
network. Appurtenances help in efficient operation and
maintenance (O&M) of the sewage system.
Sewer Appurtenances
Manholes
Drop manholes
Street inlets called Gullies
Flushing tanks
Grease and Oil traps
Inverted siphons
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PUMPS
Pumping of sewage is required to elevate and transport
sewage in a sewerage system when continuation of
gravity flow is no longer feasible or uneconomical.
Necessity of pumping sewage:
1. From low lying areas of city
2. When area is flat, gradient line goes deeper were lifting from
final point of collection to treatment point
3. For disposing of sewage from a low basement storage area
4. When outfall sewer is lower than the level of the treatment plant
5. When sewer has to go across a high ridge
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PUMPS
Type:
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Reciprocating pump
a. Ram type
b. Propeller type
3. Pneumatic ejectors or Air pressure pumps
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PUMPS
Selection of pumps:
1. Non-clog Submersible pumps as appropriate are proposed. The
pumps shall be of single speed with low rpm
2. All pumps in a pumping station shall be of equal capacities
3. For all pumping stations, provision is made for automatic and
manual operations
4. Manual operation: Two starts and two stops
5. Automatic operation: Six starts and stops
6. Screens shall be provided ahead of wet well to prevent large size
solids entering the pump
7. Natural or forced ventilation system would be provided for all
pumping stations
8. Level indicators are also provided in all stations
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PIPES
Selection of pipe connections:
1. Each pump should have suction pipe
2. Full closing valves shall be installed on the discharge piping of
each pump and on the suction piping of all dry pit pumps
3. Check valve shall be installed proceeding the full closing valve
4. Flanged pipe and welded pipe shall be used for exposed piping
inside of pumping stations
5. A flexible or flanged connections shall be installed in the piping
for easier removal during repairs
6. Provisions shall be made in the design to permit flexure where
pipes pass through walls of the station
7. Piping should be normally sized where max suction velocity does
not exceed 1.5m/s and max discharge velocity does not exceed
2.4m/s
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Water closets
Urinals
Flushing cistern for water closets
Bath tubs
Washing basins
Kitchen sinks
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Systems of plumbing
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Partially ventilated single stack system
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Problem: 4
Design a three barrel siphon for carrying sewage across a
river stream. The total length of the siphon measured along
the central line including slopes is about 80m. The invert
levels at the inlet and the outlet ends of the sewer are
202.38m and 201.80m respectively. The average flow of
the sewage is 180 litres per second, the maximum and the
minimum flows are 250% and 40% of the average
respectively, Assume the minor losses to be about 6cm.
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Problem: 5
A low lying residential colony is having a population of
3000 persons. The colony gets a per capita supply of
water at the rate of 140 litres per day. A separate
sewerage system for the colony is installed. It is further
required to lift the entire sewage of the colony by
installing an air-ejector. Assuming the velocity in the
main sewer as 0.9 m/sec, velocity of compressed air as
5m/sec, design the ejector.
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Problem: 6
Draw a typical sketch of a sewage pumping station for a town having
a population of 50,000 supplied with a per capita water supply of
130 litres per day. The sewage from this town enters the pumping
station through a low levelled sewer at R.L 195.0m and leaves
through the high levelled sewer at R.L 205.0m. The town has been
provided with a separate sewerage system, and there are no chances
of storm water getting infiltrated into sewers. Calculate (a) The size
of the rising main, (b) Size of the sump well, (c) B.H.P of the pump
motor required. Assume the length of the rising main as 100m. Make
other suitable assumptions, where needed.
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Wastewater Recycling
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