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[SSM] Various objects lie on the bed of a truck that is moving along
a straight horizontal road. If the truck gradually speeds up, what force acts on the
objects to cause them to speed up too? Explain why some of the objects might
stay stationary on the floor while others might slip backward on the floor.
Determine the Concept Static and kinetic frictional forces are responsible for the
accelerations. If the coefficient of static friction between the truck bed and the
object is sufficiently large, then the object will not slip on the truck bed. The
larger the acceleration of the truck, the larger the coefficient of static friction that
is needed to prevent slipping.
2
Blocks made of the same material but differing in size lie on the bed of
a truck that is moving along a straight horizontal road. All of the blocks will slide
if the trucks acceleration is sufficiently great. How does the minimum
acceleration at which a small block slips compare with the minimum acceleration
at which a much heavier block slips?
Determine the Concept The forces
acting on an object are the normal force
exerted by the floor of the truck, the
gravitational force exerted by Earth,
and the friction force; also exerted by
the floor of the truck. Of these forces,
the only one that acts in the direction of
the acceleration (chosen to be to the
right) is the static friction force. Apply
Newtons second law to the object to
determine how the critical acceleration
depends on its weight.
r
Fn
r
fs x
r
Fg
f s = s Fg = s mg = ma x a x = s g
Because a x is independent of m and Fg, the critical accelerations are the same.
3
387
388 Chapter 5
y r
Fn
Apply
= ma x to the block:
= ma y in the y direction:
x
r
fs
r
Fg
f s Fg sin = 0
or, because Fg = mg,
f s mg sin = 0
(1)
Fn mg cos = 0
(2)
tan =
tan
fs
Fn
s Fn
Fn
= s and (d ) is correct.
r
Fn y
x
r
fs
30
r
Fg
Apply
= 0 to the block to
obtain:
f s mg sin = 0 f s = mg sin
and (d ) is correct.
Apply
r
r
F
= ma to the car:
r
Fn
x
r
f s, max
r
Fg
= f s, max = m
2
vmax
R
and
Fy = Fn mg = 0
From the y equation we have:
Fn = mg
vmax = s gR
(1)
When s = 's :
(2)
v' max
=
vmax
v' max =
's gR
s gR
's
v
s max
's
s
390 Chapter 5
Evaluate v'max for 's = 14 s :
v'max =
1
4 max
= 0.5vmax = 50%vmax
r
Fn
r
Fg
7
Here is an interesting experiment that you can perform at home: take a
wooden block and rest it on the floor or some other flat surface. Attach a rubber
band to the block and pull gently and steadily on the rubber band in the horizontal
direction. Keep your hand moving at constant speed. At some point, the block will
start moving, but it will not move smoothly. Instead, it will start moving, stop
again, start moving again, stop again, and so on. Explain why the block moves
this way. (The start-stop motion is sometimes called stick-slip motion.)
Determine the Concept As the spring is extended, the force exerted by the spring
on the block increases. Once that force exceeds the maximum value of the force
of static friction, the block will slip. As it does, it will shorten the length of the
spring, decreasing the force that the spring exerts. The force of kinetic friction
then slows the block to a stop, which starts the cycle over again.
8
(a) Demonstration 1:
Demonstration 2:
(b) Because the magnet doesnt lift the iron in the first demonstration, the force
exerted on the iron must be less than its (the irons) weight. This is still true when
the two are falling, but the motion of the iron is not restrained by the table, and the
392 Chapter 5
motion of the magnet is not restrained by the hand. Looking at the second
diagram, the net force pulling the magnet down is greater than its weight, implying
that its acceleration is greater than g. The opposite is true for the iron: the
magnetic force acts upwards, slowing it down, so its acceleration will be less than
g. Because of this, the magnet will catch up to the iron piece as they fall.
11 [SSM] The following question is an excellent braintwister
invented by Boris Korsunsky. Two identical blocks are attached by a massless
string running over a pulley as shown in Figure 5-58. The rope initially runs over
the pulley at the ropes midpoint, and the surface that block 1 rests on is
frictionless. Blocks 1 and 2 are initially at rest when block 2 is released with the
string taut and horizontal. Will block 1 hit the pulley before or after block 2 hits
the wall? (Assume that the initial distance from block 1 to the pulley is the same
as the initial distance from block 2 to the wall.) There is a very simple solution.
Picture the Problem The following free-body diagrams show the forces acting
on the two objects some time after block 2 is dropped. Note that the tension in the
string is the same on both sides of the pulley. The only force pulling block 2 to the
left is the horizontal component of the tension. Because this force is smaller than
the T and blocks 1 and 2 have the same mass, the acceleration of block 1 to the
right will always be greater than the acceleration of block 2 to the left.
y
Fn, 1
T
T
mg
mg
Because the initial distance from block 1 to the pulley is the same as the initial
distance of block 2 to the wall, block 1 will hit the pulley before block 2 hits the
wall.
12
In class, most professors do the following experiment while discussing
the conditions under which air drag can be neglected while analyzing free-fall.
First, a flat piece of paper and a small lead weight are dropped next to each other,
and clearly the papers acceleration is less than that of the lead weight. Then, the
paper is crumpled into a small wad and the experiment repeated. Over the
distance of a meter or two, it is clear the acceleration of the paper is now very
close to that of the lead weight. To your dismay, the professor calls on you to
explain why the papers acceleration changed so dramatically. Repeat your
explanation here!
394 Chapter 5
moon exerts on Earth.
(c) is correct.
16
A block is sliding on a frictionless surface along a loop-the-loop, as in
Figure 5-59. The block is moving fast enough so that it never loses contact with
the track. Match the points along the track to the appropriate free-body diagrams
in the figure.
Determine the Concept The only forces acting on the block are its weight and the
force the surface exerts on it. Because the loop-the-loop surface is frictionless, the
force it exerts on the block must be perpendicular to its surface.
At point A the weight is downward and the normal force is to the right. The
normal force is the centripetal force. Free-body diagram 3 matches these
forces.
At point B the weight is downward, the normal force is upward, and the
normal force is greater than the weight so that their difference is the
centripetal force. Free-body diagram 4 matches these forces.
At point C the weight is downward and the normal force is to the left. The
normal force is the centripetal force. Free-body diagram 5 matches these
forces.
At point D both the weight and the normal forces are downward. Their sum is the
centripetal force. Free-body diagram 2 matches these forces.
17
[SSM] (a) A rock and a feather held at the same height above the
ground are simultaneously dropped. During the first few milliseconds following
release, the drag force on the rock is smaller than the drag force on the feather, but
later on during the fall the opposite is true. Explain. (b) In light of this result,
explain how the rocks acceleration can be so obviously larger than that of the
feather. Hint: Draw a free-body diagram of each object.
Fd, feather
Fg, feather
Fd, rock
Fg, rock
(a) The drag force is proportional to the area presented and some power of the
speed. The drag force on the feather is larger because the feather presents a larger
area than does the rock. As the rock gains speed, the drag force on it increases.
The drag force on the rock eventually exceeds the drag force on the feather
because the drag force on the feather cannot exceed the gravitational force on the
feather.
A short time after being released the feather reaches terminal speed. During the
rest of its fall the drag force on it is equal to the gravitational force acting on it.
However, the gravitational force on the rock is much greater than the drag force
on the feather, so the rock continues to gain speed long after the feather reaches
terminal speed. As the rock continues to gain speed, the drag force on it continues
to increase. As a result, the drag force on the rock eventually exceeds the drag
force on the feather.
(b) Terminal speed is much higher for the rock than for the feather. The
acceleration of the rock will remain high until its speed approaches its terminal
speed.
18
Two pucks of masses m1 and m2 are lying on a frictionless table and
are connected by a massless spring of force constant k. A horizontal force F1
directed away from m2 is then exerted on m1. What is the magnitude of the
resulting acceleration of the center of mass of the two-puck system? (a) F1/m1.
(b) F1/(m1 + m2). (c) (F1 + kx)/(m1 + m2), where x is the amount the spring is
stretched. (d) (m1 + m2)F1/m1m2.
Determine the Concept The acceleration of the center of mass of a system of
r
r
r
particles is described by Fnet,ext = Fi,ext = Macm , where M is the total mass of the
i
system.
396 Chapter 5
Express the acceleration of the
center of mass of the two pucks:
acm =
Fnet,ext
F1
=
M
m1 + m2
aCM, disconnected =
aCM, connected =
Because
F1
m1
F1
m1 + m2
F1
F1
>
the magnitude of the acceleration of m1 is greater.
m1 m1 + m2
20
If only external forces can cause the center of mass of a system of
particles to accelerate, how can a car on level ground ever accelerate? We
normally think of the cars engine as supplying the force needed to accelerate the
car, but is this true? Where does the external force that accelerates the car come
from?
Determine the Concept There is only one force that can cause the car to move
forwardthe friction of the road! The cars engine causes the tires to rotate, but if
the road were frictionless (as is closely approximated by icy conditions) the
wheels would simply spin without the car moving anywhere. Because of friction,
the cars tire pushes backwards against the roadfrom Newtons third law, the
frictional force acting on the tire must then push it forward. This may seem odd,
as we tend to think of friction as being a retarding force only, but it is true.
21
When we push on the brake pedal to slow down a car, a brake pad is
pressed against the rotor so that the friction of the pad slows the wheels rotation.
However, the friction of the pad against the rotor cannot be the force that slows
the car down, because it is an internal force (both the rotor and the wheel are parts
of the car, so any forces between them are purely internal to the system). What is
398 Chapter 5
mass velocity was the same as before. After a while, however, the backward pull
of gravity of Earth will cause it to decrease because the speeds of both the lunar
ship and the booster decrease.
25
You throw a boomerang and for a while it flies horizontally in a
straight line at a constant speed, while spinning rapidly. Draw a series of pictures,
as viewed vertically down from overhead, of the boomerang in different rotational
positions as it moves parallel to the surface of Earth. On each picture, indicate the
location of the boomerangs center of mass and connect the dots to trace the
trajectory of its center of mass. What is the center of masss acceleration during
this part of the flight?
Determine the Concept The diagram shows a spinning boomerang with its
center of mass at the location of the circle. As viewed from above, the center of
mass moves in a straight line as the boomerang spins about it. The acceleration of
the center of mass is zero.
+
r
Fd
r
f rolling
(a) Apply Fx = max to the car to
relate the average force acting on it to
its average acceleration:
r
Fn
r
Fg
Fav = maav = m
v
t
Fav = (1020 kg )
mi
km
1h
1000 m
1.609
h
mi 3600 s
km
= 581 N = 0.58 kN
3.92 s
= 0.20 kN
Fd = 12 C Av 2 C =
2F d
Av 2
400 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and evaluate C:
C=
2(381 N )
mi 1.609 km
1h
10 3 m
h
mi
3600 s km
)(
= 0.50
Fd
v
b=
ML
2
[b] = TL = M
T
T
and the units of b are kg/s
b=
ML
2
[b] = T 2 = M
L
L
T
Fd
v2
[Fd ] = r v = M3 (L )2 L
L
T
ML
=
T2
[Fd ] = bv = M L = ML2
T
L T
2 2
1
2
[ ]
2
2mg
r 2
mg 12 r 2 vt2 = 0 v t =
vt =
2(56 kg ) 9.81m/s 2
= 57 m/s
2
1.2 kg/m 3 (0.30 m )
vt =
2(56 kg ) 9.81m/s 2
2
0.514 kg/m 3 (0.30 m )
= 87 m/s
28
Estimate the terminal velocity of an average sized raindrop and a golfball- sized hailstone. (Hint: See Problems 26 and 27.)
Picture the Problem From Newtons second law, the equation describing the
motion of falling raindrops and large hailstones is mg Fd = ma where
Fd = 12 r 2v 2 = bv 2 is the drag force. Under terminal speed conditions (a = 0),
the drag force is equal to the weight of the falling object. Take the radius of a
raindrop to be 0.50 mm and the radius of a golf-ball sized hailstone to be 2.0 cm.
Express the relationship between vt
and the weight of a falling object
under terminal speed:
Using b = 12 r 2 , evaluate br:
bvt2 = mg v t =
mg
b
(1)
)(
= 4.71 10 7 kg/m
Evaluating bh yields:
)(
402 Chapter 5
Express the mass of a sphere in
terms of its volume and density:
4 r 3
m = V =
3
v t,r =
(5.24 10
)(
)(
kg 9.81 m/s 2
4.71 10 7 kg/m
= 3.3 m/s
v t,h =
(3.08 10
kg 9.81 m/s 2
7.54 10 4 kg/m
= 20 m/s
29
Estimate the minimum coefficient of static friction needed between a
cars tires and the pavement in order to complete a left turn at a city street
intersection at the posted straight-ahead speed limit of 25 mph and on narrow
inner-city streets. Comment on the wisdom of attempting such a turn at that
speed.
Picture the Problem In order to perform this estimate, we need to determine a
rough radius of curvature for the cars turn in a normal city intersection.
Assuming the car goes from right-hand lane to right-hand lane, and assuming
fairly normal dimensions of 40 feet for the width of the street, the center of the
cars path travels along a circle of, say, 30 feet in radius. The net centripetal force
is provided by the force of static friction and the acceleration of the car is equal to
this net force divided by the mass of the car. Finally, we solve for the coefficient
of static friction.
r
Fn
x
r
Fg
Apply Fx = ma x to the cars tires:
v2
r
or, because f s, max = s Fn
f s, max = ma x = m
s Fn = m
Apply Fy = ma y to the cars tires:
r
f s, max
v2
mv 2
s =
r
rFn
(1)
Fn Fg = 0
or, because Fg = mg,
Fn mg = 0 Fn = mg
mv 2 v 2
s =
=
rmg rg
1h
1609 m
mi
25
h 3600 s
mi
s =
m
2
30 ft 0.3048 9.81 m/s
ft
= 1.4
This is probably not such a good idea. Tires on asphalt or concrete have a
maximum coefficient of static friction of about 1.
30 Estimate the widest stance you can take when standing on a dry, icy
surface. That is, how wide can you safely place your feet and not slip into an
undesired split? Let the coefficient of static friction of rubber on ice be roughly
0.25.
Picture the Problem We need to estimate the forces active at the place of each
foot. Assuming a symmetrical stance, with the defining angle being the angle
between each leg and the ground,, we can then draw a force diagram and apply
Newtons second law to your foot. The free-body diagram shows the normal
404 Chapter 5
force, exerted by the icy surface, the maximum static friction force, also exerted
by the icy surface, and the force due to gravity exerted on your foot.
y
r
Fn
r x
f s, max
r
Fg
r
r
Apply F = ma to one of your feet:
= f s,max Fg cos = 0
(1)
= Fn Fg sin = 0
(2)
and
F
Substituting fs, max = sFn in equation
(1) gives:
s Fn Fg cos = 0
or
s Fn = Fg cos
(3)
Fn = Fg sin
(4)
tan =
= tan 1
1
= tan 1
s
s
1
= 76
0.25
Friction
31
[SSM] A block of mass m slides at constant speed down a plane
inclined at an angle of with the horizontal. It follows that (a) k = mg sin ,
(b) k = tan , (c) k = 1 cos , (d) k = cos sin .
r
r
Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of Fn , mg,
r
r
r r
and f k ; that is, Fn + mg + f k = 0. We can apply Newtons second law to
determine the relationship between fk, , and mg.
x
r
fk
r
Fg
k =
fk
Fn
(1)
f k mg sin = max
or, because ax = 0,
f k = mg sin
Apply
= ma y to the block:
Fn mg cos = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
Fn = mg cos
k =
mg sin
= tan
mg cos
r
r r r
Fn + Fg + Fapp + f k = 0
We can apply Newtons second law to
determine fk.
r
Fn
r
Fapp
r
fk
r
Fg
406 Chapter 5
Apply
Fapp f k = ma x
or, because ax = 0,
f k = Fapp = 20 N and (e) is correct.
33
[SSM] A block weighing 20-N rests on a horizontal surface. The
coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the surface and the block are
s = 0.80 and k = 0.60. A horizontal string is then attached to the block and a
constant tension T is maintained in the string. What is the subsequent force of
friction acting on the block if (a) T = 15 N or (b) T = 20 N?
y
r
Fn
r
T
r
fk
r
Fg
f = f s = T = 15 N
f = f k = k Fn = k Fg
= (0.60 )(20 N ) = 12 N
34
A block of mass m is pulled at a constant velocity across a horizontal
surface by a string as shown in Figure 5-60. The magnitude of the frictional force
is (a) k mg, (b) T cos , (c) k (T mg), (d) k T sin , or (e) k (mg T sin ).
Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces
r
r r r r
r r r
T, f k , Fn , and Fg ; that is T + f k + Fg + Fn = 0. We can apply Newtons second
r
T
r
Fn
x
r
fk
r
Fg
Apply
Because ax = 0:
T cos + f k = ma x
f k = T cos and (b) is correct.
35
[SSM] A 100-kg crate rests on a thick-pile carpet. A weary worker
then pushes on the crate with a horizontal force of 500 N. The coefficients of
static and kinetic friction between the crate and the carpet are 0.600 and 0.400,
respectively. Find the subsequent frictional force exerted by the carpet on the
crate.
Picture the Problem Whether the
friction force is that due to static
friction or kinetic friction depends on
whether the applied tension is greater
than the maximum static friction force.
If it is, then the box moves and the
friction force is the force of kinetic
friction. If it is less, the box does not
move.
r
Fn
r
Fapp
r
f
r
Fg
f s,max = s Fn
or, because Fn = Fg = mg,
f s,max = s mg
Fapp = f s = 500 N
= 589 N
408 Chapter 5
y
r
Fn
Apply
= ma y to the box:
r
Fg
r
Fapp
r
fk
k =
fk
Fn
(1)
Fn Fg = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
Fn Fg = 0 Fn = Fg = mg = 600 N
Apply
Fapp f k = ma x
or, because ax = 0,
Fapp = f k = 250 N
k =
250 N
= 0.417
600 N
37
[SSM] The coefficient of static friction between the tires of a car and
a horizontal road is 0.60. Neglecting air resistance and rolling friction, (a) what is
the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the car when it is braked?
(b) What is the shortest distance in which the car can stop if it is initially traveling
at 30 m/s?
Picture the Problem Assume that the car is traveling to the right and let the
positive x direction also be to the right. We can use Newtons second law of
motion and the definition of s to determine the maximum acceleration of the car.
Once we know the cars maximum acceleration, we can use a constantacceleration equation to determine the least stopping distance.
r
Fn
x
r
fk
r
Fg
f s,max = s Fn = max
Fn Fg = ma y
(1)
Fn w = may = 0
or, because ay = 0 and Fg = mg,
Fn = mg
(2)
f s,max = s mg = ma x
a x ,max = s g
v x2 = v02x + 2a x x
= 5.9 m/s 2
or, because vx = 0,
0 = v02x + 2a x x x =
v02x
2a x
(30 m/s )
= 76 m
2 5.89 m/s 2
2
x =
38
The force that accelerates a car along a flat road is the frictional force
exerted by the road on the cars tires. (a) Explain why the acceleration can be
greater when the wheels do not slip. (b) If a car is to accelerate from 0 to 90 km/h
in 12 s, what is the minimum coefficient of friction needed between the road and
tires? Assume that the drive wheels support exactly half the weight of the car.
410 Chapter 5
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of acceleration and apply
Newtons second law to the horizontal and vertical components of the forces to
determine the minimum coefficient of friction between the road and the tires.
r
Fn
r
fs
x
r
Fg
f s = s Fn = max
Fn Fg = ma y
for Fn:
(1)
Fn = 12 mg
Substituting for Fn in equation (1)
yields:
1
2
s mg = max s =
2a x
g
s =
km 10 3 m
1h
2 90
h
km 3600 s
s =
m
9.81 2 (12 s )
s
2v
gt
= 0.42
39
A 5.00-kg block is held at rest against a vertical wall by a horizontal
force of 100 N. (a) What is the frictional force exerted by the wall on the block?
(b) What is the minimum horizontal force needed to prevent the block from
falling if the static coefficient of friction between the wall and the block is 0.400?
r
fs
r
Fn
100 N
r
Fg
f s mg = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
f s mg = 0 f s = mg
f s = (5.00 kg )(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 49.1 N
Fn =
Fn =
f s,max
s
49.1 N
= 123 N
0.400
412 Chapter 5
(a) The force diagram shows the forces
acting on the book. The normal force is
the net force the student exerts in
squeezing the book. Let the horizontal
direction be the +x direction and
upward the +y direction. Note that the
normal force is the same on either side
of the book because it is not
accelerating in the horizontal direction.
The book could be accelerating
downward.
Apply
F = ma to the book:
2 F2,min
Tipler/Mosca
r
F2,min
1 F1,min
r
F1,min
r
mg
= F2,min F1,min = 0
and
Fmin =
Fmin =
(3.2 kg )(9.81m/s 2 ) =
= k ,1 F + k,2 F mg = ma
(b) Apply
= ma y with the
mg
s, 1 + s,2
0.320 + 0.160
65 N
ay =
k ,1 + k , 2
m
Fg
0.200 + 0.090
(61 N ) 9.81 m/s 2
a y =
3.2 kg
41
You are racing in a rally on a snowy day when the temperature is near
the freezing point. The coefficient of static friction between a cars tires and an
icy road is 0.080. Your crew boss is concerned about some of the hills on the
course and wants you to think about switching to studded tires. To address the
issue, he wants to compare the actual hill angles on the course to see which of
them your car can negotiate. (a) What is the angle of the steepest incline that a
vehicle with four-wheel drive can climb at constant speed? (b) Given that the hills
are icy, what is the steepest possible hill angle for the same four-wheel drive car
to descend at constant speed?
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the coefficient of static friction
Apply
F = ma to the car:
x
r
fs
r
Fg
= f s Fg sin = 0
(1)
and
Fy = Fn Fg cos = 0
(2)
f s mg sin = 0
(3)
and
Fn mg cos = 0
(4)
f s = mg sin
and
Fn = mg cos
f s mg sin
=
= tan
Fn mg cos
s =
414 Chapter 5
diagrams for the two methods are
shown to the right. Method 1 results in
the box being pushed into the floor,
increasing the normal force and the
static friction force. Method 2 partially
lifts the box,, reducing the normal force
and the static friction force. We can
apply Newtons second law to obtain
expressions that relate the maximum
static friction force to the applied
r
force F .
y
Method 1
r
fs
r
Fn
Method 2
r
Fg
x
r
F
r
Fn
r
F
r
fs
r
Fg
= ma y to the
Fn mg F sin = 0
and
Fn = mg + F sin
F cos f x = F cos s Fn = 0
= ma y to the
Fn mg + F sin = 0
and
Fn = mg F sin
f s,max = F cos
F1 =
s mg
cos s sin
(4)
F2 =
s mg
cos + s sin
(5)
(3)
(
0.60 )(50 kg )(9.81 m/s 2 )
F1 (30) =
cos 30 (0.60)sin 30
= 0.52 kN
and
(
0.60 )(50 kg ) (9.81 m/s 2 )
F2 (30) =
cos 30 + (0.60)sin 30
= 0.25 kN
F1 (0) =
= 0.29 kN
and
F2 (0) =
= 0.29 kN
43 [SSM] A block of mass m1 = 250 g is at rest on a plane that makes
an angle of = 30 with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and the plane is 0.100. The block is attached to a second block of mass
m2 = 200 g that hangs freely by a string that passes over a frictionless, massless
pulley (Figure 5-62). When the second block has fallen 30.0 cm, what will be its
speed?
Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the +x direction is up
the incline for the block whose mass is m1 and downward for the block whose
mass is m2. We can find the speed of the system when it has moved a given
distance by using a constant-acceleration equation. Well assume that the string is
massless and that it does not stretch. Under the influence of the forces shown in
the free-body diagrams, the blocks will have a common acceleration a. The
application of Newtons second law to each block, followed by the elimination of
the tension T and the use of the definition of fk, will allow us to determine the
acceleration of the system.
y
Fn,1
T
x
m1
fk
Fg,1
T
30
m2
Fg,2
30
416 Chapter 5
v x2 = v02x + 2a x x
Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the speed of the
system to its acceleration and
displacement:
r
r
Apply F = ma to the block whose
mass is m1:
and
Fy = Fn,1 Fg,1 cos 30 = 0
(3)
T f k m1 g sin 30 = m1a x
(4)
and
Fn,1 = m1 g cos 30
(5)
T k m1 g cos 30 m1 g sin 30
Fg,2 T = m2 a x
ax =
= m1a x
(6)
(7)
(1)
m1 + m2
= 84 cm/s
r
fs
r
T
r
Fn,1
m1
r
Fg,1
m2
x
r
T
r
Fg,2
x
30
is m1:
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1 g cos 30 = 0
(2)
is m2:
m2 g T = 0
(4)
418 Chapter 5
Add equations (3) and (4) to
eliminate T and solve for m2:
Substitute numerical values to
obtain:
Denoting the value of m2 with a plus
sign as m2,+ and the value of m2 with
the minus sign as m2,- determine the
range of values of m2 for which the
system is in static equilibrium:
(b) With m2 = 1 kg, the impending
motion is down the incline and the
static friction force is up the incline.
Apply Fx = max to the block
(5)
T + f s m1 g sin 30 = 0
(6)
m2g T = 0
(7)
f s = (m1sin30 m2 )g
f s = [(4.0 kg )sin 30 1.0 kg ](9.81 m/s 2 )
= 9.8 N
45
In Figure 5-62, m1 = 4.0 kg, m2 = 5.0 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the inclined plane and the 4.0-kg block is k = 0.24. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the masses and the tension in the cord.
Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the +x direction is up
the incline for the block whose mass is m1 and downward for the block whose
mass is m2. Well assume that the string is massless and that it does not stretch.
Under the influence of the forces shown in the free-body diagrams, the blocks will
have a common acceleration a. The application of Newtons second law to each
block, followed by the elimination of the tension T and the use of the definition of
fk, will allow us to determine the acceleration of the system. Finally, we can
substitute for the tension in either of the motion equations to determine the
acceleration of the masses.
r
fs
r
T
r
Fn,1
m1
r
Fg,1
m2
x
r
T
r
Fg,2
30
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1g cos 30 = 0
T k m1 g cos 30
m 2 g T = m2 a x
m1 g sin 30 = m1a x
(2)
(3)
(4)
mass is m2:
Add equations (3) and (4) to eliminate
T and solve for ax to obtain:
ax =
[
5.0 kg (0.24)(4.0 kg ) cos 30 (4.0 kg )sin 30] (9.81 m/s 2 )
=
=
2.4 m/s 2
4.0 kg + 5.0 kg
46
A 12-kg turtle rests on the bed of a zookeepers truck, which is
traveling down a country road at 55 mi/h. The zookeeper spots a deer in the road,
and slows to a stop in 12 s. Assuming constant acceleration, what is the minimum
coefficient of static friction between the turtle and the truck bed surface that is
needed to prevent the turtle from sliding?
420 Chapter 5
r
Fn
r
fs
x
r
Fg
fs
Fn
s =
Fx = f s = ma x
(2)
and
Fy = Fn Fg = ma y
(3)
(1)
f s = ma x
Fn = Fg = mg
s =
v vf, x vi, x
=
t
t
or, because vf,x = 0,
vi, x
ax =
t
s =
ma x a x
=
mg
g
(4)
ax =
s =
vi, x
gt
55
mi 1609 m
1h
h
mi
3600 s = 0.21
2
9.81 m/s (12 s )
y r
Fn
r
fk
r
Fg
v x2 = v02x + 2a x x
or, because vx = 0,
r
r
Apply F = ma to the block:
Fx = f k Fg sin = ma x
(2)
and
Fy = Fn Fg cos = 0
(3)
Substituting f k = k Fn and Fg = mg
in equations (2) and (3) yields:
v02x
0 = v + 2a x x x =
(1)
2a x
2
0x
k Fn mg sin = ma x
and
Fn mg cos = 0
k mg cos mg sin = ma x
a x = ( k cos + sin )g
x =
v02x
2( k cos + sin )g
(4)
(5)
422 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and evaluate x:
x =
(7.0 m/s)2
) = 3.957 m =
4.0 m
y r
Fn
x
r
f s ,max
r
Fg
r
r
Apply F = ma to the block when it
is in equilibrium at the point at which
it is momentarily at rest:
Fx = f s,max Fg sin = 0
(5)
and
Fy = Fn Fg cos = 0
(6)
Fn = Fg cos
s Fg cos Fg sin = 0
becomes:
or
s = tan 25 = 0.47
48
An automobile is going up a 15 grade at a speed of 30 m/s. The
coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road is 0.70. (a) What
minimum distance does it take to stop the car? (b) What minimum distance would
it take to stop if the car were going down the grade?
Picture the Problem We can find the stopping distances by applying Newtons
second law to the automobile and then using a constant-acceleration equation. The
friction force the road exerts on the tires and the component of the cars weight
along the incline combine to provide the net force that stops the car. The pictorial
representation summarizes what we know about the motion of the car. We can use
Newtons second law to determine the acceleration of the car and a constantacceleration equation to obtain its stopping distance.
t0 = 0
x0 = 0
v0 = 30 m/s
(1)
r
Fn
r
f s,max
r
Fg
and
Fy = Fn mg cos = 0
amax, x = g ( s cos + sin )
xmin =
v02x
2 g ( s cos + sin )
49 m
(3)
424 Chapter 5
y
Apply
F = ma
to the car:
r
Fn
r
f s,max
r
Fg
= mg sin f s,max = ma x
and
Fy = Fn mg cos = 0
Proceed as in (a) to obtain:
Substituting for amax, x in equation (1)
yields:
v02x
2 g (sin s cos )
xmin =
0
t0 = 0
x0 = 0
v0 = 0
x
1
t1 = ?
x1 = ?
v1 = 100 km/h
Apply
F = ma to the drive
wheels:
r
Fn
r
fs
x
r
0.4m g
= f s,max = mamax,x
(1)
and
Fy = Fn 0.4mg = 0
(2)
amax, x = 0.4 s g
t1 =
100
km
1h
1000 m
h 3600 s
km = 10 s
2
2.747 m/s
50 You and your best pal make a friendly bet that you can place a 2.0-kg
box against the side of a cart, as in Figure 5-63, and that the box will not fall to
the ground, even though you guarantee to use no hooks, ropes, fasteners, magnets,
glue, or adhesives of any kind. When your friend accepts the bet, you begin
pushing the cart in the direction shown in the figure. The coefficient of static
friction between the box and the cart is 0.60. (a) Find the minimum acceleration
for which you will win the bet. (b) What is the magnitude of the frictional force in
this case? (c) Find the force of friction on the box if the acceleration is twice the
minimum needed for the box not to fall. (d) Show that, for a box of any mass, the
box will not fall if the magnitude of the forward acceleration is a g/s, where s
is the coefficient of static friction.
426 Chapter 5
y
r
f s,max
r
Fn
r
Fg
= Fn = mamin, x
(1)
and
Fy = fs, max mg = 0
(2)
s Fn mg = 0
s (mamin,x ) mg = 0 amin, x =
a min, x =
f s,max = mg
f s,max = 20 N
9.81m/s 2
= 16 m/s 2
0.60
k, 1
m1g
Apply
= f k,1 + T + m1 g sin
(1)
= m1a
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1g cos = 0
(2)
(3)
(4)
= m1a
y
T2
Fn, 2
f
m2
k, 2
x
m2g
428 Chapter 5
Apply
F = ma to the block:
= f k,2 T + m2 g sin
(5)
= m2 a
and
Fy = Fn,2 m2 g cos = 0
(6)
m + k,2 m2
a = sin k,1 1
cos g
m1 + m2
(7)
(8)
= m1a
0.25 kg + 0.80 kg
= 0.96 m/s 2
(b) Eliminate a between equations
(4) and (8) and solve for T = T1 = T2
to obtain:
T=
0.18 N
52
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are sliding down an incline as shown
in Figure 5-64. They are connected by a massless rod. The coefficients of kinetic
friction between the block and the surface are 1 for block 1 and 2 for block 2.
(a) Determine the acceleration of the two blocks. (b) Determine the force that the
rod exerts on each of the two blocks. Show that the forces are both 0 when 1 = 2
and give a simple, nonmathematical argument why this is true.
Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on the two
blocks as they slide down the incline. Down the incline has been chosen as the +x
direction. T is the force transmitted by the rod; it can be either tensile (T > 0) or
r
f k,1
m1
r
T2
r
Fn,1
r
Fn,2
r
f k,2
r
T1
r
m1 g
Apply
F = ma to block 1:
r
F = ma to block 2:
x
r
m2 g
(a) Apply
m2
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1 g cos = 0
= m2 g sin T2 f k,2 = m2 a x
and
Fy = Fn,2 m2 g cos = 0
m + 2 m2
a x = g sin 1 1
cos
m1 + m2
a x = g sin +
T
1 g cos
m1
(3)
T
2 g cos
m2
(4)
and
a x = g sin
mm
T = 1 2 (1 2 )g cos
m1 + m2
430 Chapter 5
If 1 = 2, T = 0 and the blocks move down the incline with the same acceleration
of g(sin cos). Inserting a stick between them cant change this; therefore,
the stick must exert no force on either block.
53
[SSM] A block of mass m rests on a horizontal table (Figure 5-65).
r
The block is pulled by a massless rope with a force F at an angle . The
coefficient of static friction is 0.60. The minimum value of the force needed to
move the block depends on the angle . (a) Discuss qualitatively how you would
expect this force to depend on . (b) Compute the force for the angles = 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, and 60, and make a plot of F versus for mg = 400 N. From
your plot, at what angle is it most efficient to apply the force to move the block?
r
F
r
Fn
r m
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
(a) The static-friction force opposes the motion of the object, and the maximum
value of the static-friction force is proportional to the normal force FN. The
normal force is equal to the weight minus the vertical component FV of the force
F. Keeping the magnitude F constant while increasing from zero results in an
increase in FV and a decrease in Fn; thus decreasing the maximum static-friction
force fmax. The object will begin to move if the horizontal component FH of the
force F exceeds fmax. An increase in results in a decrease in FH. As increases
from 0, the decrease in FN is larger than the decrease in FH, so the object is more
and more likely to slip. However, as approaches 90, FH approaches zero and
no movement will be initiated. If F is large enough and if increases from 0,
then at some value of the block will start to move.
(b) Apply
F = ma to the block:
= F cos f s = 0
(1)
and
Fy = Fn + F sin mg = 0 (2)
Assuming that fs = fs,max, eliminate fs
and Fn between equations (1) and (2)
and solve for F:
F=
s mg
cos + s sin
(deg)
F
(N)
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
240 220 210 206 208 218 235
F (N)
230
225
220
215
210
205
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(degrees)
From the graph, we can see that the minimum value for F occurs when 32.
Remarks: An alternative to manually plotting F as a function of or using a
spreadsheet program is to use a graphing calculator to enter and graph the
function.
54
Consider the block in Problem 53. Show that, in general, the
following results hold for a block of mass m resting on a horizontal surface whose
coefficient of static friction is s. (a) If you want to apply the minimum possible
force to move the block, you should apply it with the force pulling upward at an
angle min = tan1 s, and (b) the minimum force necessary to start the block
moving is Fmin = s
apply the least possible force to keep it moving, should you keep the angle at
which you are pulling the same? increase it? decrease it?
432 Chapter 5
r
F
r
Fn
r m
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
(a) Apply
F = ma to the block:
= F cos f s = 0
(1)
and
Fy = Fn + F sin mg = 0
(2)
F=
s mg
cos + s sin
(3)
To find min, differentiate F with respect to and set the derivative equal to zero
for extrema of the function:
d
d
(
(cos + s sin )
cos + s sin ) (s mg ) s mg
dF
d
d
=
d
(cos + s sin )2
(cos + s sin )2
mg ( sin + s cos )
= 0 for extrema
= s
(cos + s sin )2
Solving for min yields:
min = tan 1 s
Fmin =
s mg
1
1 + s2
+ s
s mg
1 + s2
1 + s2
s
1 + s2
mg
s
1 + s2
r
55
Answer the questions in Problem 54, but for a force F that pushes
down on the block at an angle below the horizontal.
r
Picture the Problem The vertical component of F increases the normal force and
the static friction force between the surface and the block. The horizontal
component is responsible for any tendency to move and equals the static friction
force until it exceeds its maximum value. We can apply Newtons second law to
the box, under equilibrium conditions, to relate F to .
r
Fn
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
(b) Apply
F = ma to the block:
r
F
= F cos f s = 0
(1)
and
Fy = Fn F sin mg = 0 (2)
Assuming that fs = fs,max, eliminate fs
and Fn between equations (1) and (2)
and solve for F:
F=
s mg
cos s sin
Use this function with mg = 400 N to generate the table shown below.
(deg) 0
10 20 30 40
50
(N) 240 273 327 424 631 1310
60
very
large
(3)
434 Chapter 5
The following graph of F as a function of , plotted using a spreadsheet program,
confirms our prediction that F continues to increase with .
1400
1200
F (N)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
(degrees)
min = 0
F=
s mg
= s mg
cos 0 s sin 0
r
Fn,1
r
f k,1
m1
x
r
r
Fg = m1 g
Apply
F = ma to this mass:
= f k,1 = m1a1x
(1)
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1g = 0
Substitute numerical values in
equation (1) and evaluate fk,1:
(2)
r
Fn,2
r
f k,2
r
F
m2
r
r
Fg,2 = m2 g
r
Fn,1
Apply
F = Fnet + f k,2
a=
Fnet 680 N
=
= 6.80 m/s 2
m 100 kg
436 Chapter 5
57
A 60.0-kg block slides along the top of a 100-kg block. The 60.0-kg
block has an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2 when a horizontal force of 320 N is applied,
as in Figure 5-67. There is no friction between the 100-kg block and a horizontal
frictionless surface, but there is friction between the two blocks. (a) Find the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the blocks. (b) Find the acceleration of the
100-kg block during the time that the 60.0-kg block remains in contact.
Picture the Problem The forces acting
on each of these blocks are shown in
the free-body diagrams to the right. m1
represents the mass of the 60-kg block
and m2 that of the 100-kg block. As
described by Newtons 3rd law, the
normal reaction force Fn,1 and the
friction force fk,1 (= fk,2) act on both
objects but in opposite directions.
Newtons second law and the definition
of kinetic friction forces can be used to
determine the coefficient of kinetic
friction and acceleration of the 100-kg
block.
(a) Apply
F = ma to the 60-kg
= F f k,1 = m1a1, x
(1)
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1g = 0
block:
Apply
(2)
f k,2 = m2 a2, x
(3)
block:
Using equation (2), express the
relationship between the kinetic
r
r
friction forces f k ,1 and f k , 2 :
k =
F m1a1
m1 g
= 0.24
a2, x =
a 2, x =
k m1 g
m2
(0.238)(60 kg )(9.81m/s 2 )
100 kg
= 1.4 m/s 2
58
The coefficient of static friction between a rubber tire and the road
surface is 0.85. What is the maximum acceleration of a 1000-kg four-wheel-drive
truck if the road makes an angle of 12 with the horizontal and the truck is
(a) climbing and (b) descending?
Picture the Problem Choose a
coordinate system in which the +x
direction is up the incline and apply
Newtons second law of motion. The
free-body diagram shows the truck
climbing the incline with maximum
acceleration.
r
Fn
x
r
f s,max
r
Fg
(a) Apply
F = ma to the truck
and
Fy = Fn mg cos = 0
f s,max = s mg cos
a x = g ( s cos sin )
(2)
(3)
a x = 9.81 m/s 2
= 6.1 m/s 2
438 Chapter 5
f s,max mg sin = ma x
(4)
a x = g ( s cos + sin )
a x = 9.81 m/s 2
= 10 m/s 2
(a) Apply
block:
r
r
F
= ma to the 2.0-kg
r
Fn,4
y r
Fn,2
r
m2 g
r
F
r
f s,4
x
r
f s,2
r
Fn , 2
r
m4 g
= f s,2,max = m2 a 2,max
and
Fy = Fn,2 m2 g = 0
(1)
(2)
Apply
F = ma to the 4.0-kg
block:
= F f s,2,max = m4 a4,max
and
Fy = Fn,4 Fn,2 m4 g = 0
f s,2,max = f s , 4,max = s m2 g
r
Substitute for f s , 2,max in equation
a2,max = s g
(3)
(4)
(5)
Fmax = m4 s g + s m2 g
= (m4 + m2 ) s g
to obtain:
ax =
ax =
= 17.66 N = 18 N
1
F
F
= 2 max
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
1
2
(17.66 N )
2.0 kg + 4.0 kg
= 1.472 m/s 2
= 1.5 m/s 2
Because the friction forces are an
action-reaction pair, the friction
force acting on each block is given
by:
f s = m1a x
440 Chapter 5
f = f k = k m2 g
f k = k m1 g = m2 a2, x
and
a2, x = k g
F k m2 g = m4 a 4 , x
= 2.0 m/s 2
a4, x =
F k m2 g
m4
Apply
F = ma to the 10-kg
r
F
r
Fn,10
r
fs
r
m10 g
r
Fn,5
r
2F
r
fs
r
Fn,10
r
m5 g
and
Fy = Fn,10 m10 g = 0
(1)
(2)
f s,max = s Fn,10
(3)
(4)
2 F s m10 g = m5 a5,max
(5)
obtain:
Because a5,max = a10,max, denote this
acceleration by amax . Eliminate F
a max =
s m10 g
m5 + 2m10
a max =
(0.40)(10 kg )(9.81m/s 2 )
5.0 kg + 2(10 kg )
442 Chapter 5
(a) Substitute numerical values and evaluate F:
r
fk
r
Fn
r
r
(a) Apply F = ma to the pig:
cline
v2 = 0
the in
Pig g
r
Fg
own
ing d
v3
x0 = 0
v0 = 0
x2
v2 = 0
x1 = 1.5 m
v1
cline
the in
p
u
g
oin
Pig g
Fx = f k Fg sin = ma x
(1)
and
Fy = Fn Fg cos = 0
(2)
Substitute f k = k Fn and Fg = mg in
equation (1) to obtain:
k Fn mg sin = ma x
(3)
Fn = Fg cos
k mg cos mg sin = ma x
a x = g ( k cos + sin )
(4)
v22 = v12 + 2a x d
or, because v2 = 0,
0 = v12 + 2a x d
v12 = v02 + 2a x x
or, because v0 = 0,
v12 = 2a x x
0 = 2a x x 2 g ( k cos + sin )d
h = d sin d =
0 = 2a x x 2 g ( k cos + sin )
h
k
= tan 1
a
x
x h
g
(
)(
)
0
.
070
0
.
45
m
= tan 1
2
5.0 m/s (1.5 m ) 0.45 m
9.81 m/s 2
(5)
(6)
h
sin
h
sin
= 5.719 = 5.7
(b) Use a constant-acceleration
equation to express v3 as a function
of the pigs acceleration down the
incline adown, its initial speed v2, the
distance d it slides down the
incline:
444 Chapter 5
When the pig is sliding down the
incline, the kinetic friction force
shown in the free-body diagram is
reversed (it points up the incline
opposing the pigs motion) and the
pigs acceleration is:
v3 = 2 g (sin k cos )d
d = 1.5 m +
(8)
d
sin
sin
0.45 m
fk
Fg = Mg
= f k + Mg sin = 0
and
Fy = Fn Mg cos = 0
block:
Using f k = k Fn , eliminate Fn
between the two equations and solve
for the net force acting on the block:
Because k = 0.40 > tan 18 , the block will not move unless pushed.
Because k = 0.2, this condition is
satisfied and:
mmin = 0
Mg sin k Mg cos mg
446 Chapter 5
The range of values for m is:
0 m 12 kg
= 49.9 kg
= 68.9 kg
50 kg m 69 kg
y r
Fn
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
F
= ma to the 0.50-kg
(1)
and
Fmin = mtot a x ,min
(2)
= Fn sin f s cos = ma x
(3)
and
Fy = Fn cos + fs sin mg = 0 (4)
block:
f s,max = s Fn
mg
cos + s sin
Fn =
a x ,min = g
sin s cos
cos + s sin
sin s cos
Fmin = mtot g
cos
sin
+
s
= Fn sin + f s cos = ma x
and
Fy = Fn cos fs sin mg = 0
sin + s cos
a x ,max = g
cos s sin
sin + s cos
Fmax = mtot g
cos
sin
448 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fmax :
sin35 + (0.80)cos35
Fmax = (2.5 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2
= 84 N
cos35 (0.80)sin35
64 In your physics lab, you and your lab partners push a block of wood
with a mass of 10.0 kg (starting from rest), with a constant horizontal force of 70
N across a wooden floor. In the previous weeks laboratory meeting, your group
determined that the coefficient of kinetic friction was not exactly constant, but
instead was found to vary with the objects speed according to
k = 0.11/(1 + 2.3 104 v2)2. Write a spreadsheet program using Eulers method
to calculate and graph both the speed and the position of the block as a function of
time from 0 to 10 s. Compare this result to the result you would get if you
assumed the coefficient of kinetic friction had a constant value of 0.11.
Picture the Problem The kinetic friction force fk is the product of the coefficient
of sliding friction k and the normal force Fn the surface exerts on the sliding
object. By applying Newtons second law in the vertical direction, we can see
that, on a horizontal surface, the normal force is the weight of the sliding object.
We can apply Newtons second law in the horizontal (x) direction to relate the
blocks acceleration to the net force acting on it. In the spreadsheet program, well
find the acceleration of the block from this net force (which is speed dependent),
calculate the increase in the blocks speed from its acceleration and the elapsed
time and add this increase to its speed at end of the previous time interval,
determine how far it has moved in this time interval, and add this distance to its
previous position to find its current position. Well also calculate the position of
the block x2, under the assumption that k = 0.11, using a constant-acceleration
equation.
E10/$B$5
G9
K9
G9+D10*$B$6
0.5*5.922*I10^2
L9
J10-K10
A
B
C
1
g= 9.81
m/s2
2 Coeff1= 0.11
3 Coeff2= 2.30E04
4
m= 10
kg
5
Fapp= 70
N
6
0.05
s
t=
7
8
9
Fnet
t
v
10 0.00
0.00
11 0.05
0.30
59.22
12 0.10
0.59
59.22
13 0.15
0.89
59.22
14 0.20
1.18
59.22
15 0.25
1.48
59.23
205 9.75
206 9.80
207 9.85
208 9.90
209 9.95
210 10.00
61.06
61.40
61.73
62.07
62.40
62.74
66.84
66.88
66.91
66.94
66.97
67.00
Algebraic Form
t + t
v + at
k mg
F
1 + 2.34 10 4 v 2
Fnet / m
x + vt
2
1
2 at
x x2
a,
x2
xx2
variable constant
5.92
5.92
5.92
5.92
5.92
x
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.19
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
6.68
6.69
6.69
6.69
6.70
6.70
292.37
295.44
298.53
301.63
304.75
307.89
9.75
9.80
9.85
9.90
9.95
10.00
292.37
295.44
298.53
301.63
304.75
307.89
281.48
284.37
287.28
290.21
293.15
296.10
10.89
11.07
11.25
11.42
11.61
11.79
450 Chapter 5
300
250
mu = variable
mu = constant
x (m)
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
t (s)
The speed of the block as a function of time, with variable coefficient of kinetic
friction, is shown in the following graph.
70
60
v (m/s)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
t (s)
(a) Apply
F = ma to the block of
wood:
r
Fn
r
fk
r
r
Fg = m g
= f k = ma x
and
= Fn mg = 0
a x = k g
x = v0 x t + 12 a x (t )
(2)
v +v
x = vav t = 0 x
t
2
or, because v = 0,
x = 12 v0 x t
(3)
x = 12 a x (t )
(4)
(1)
k =
2x
2
g (t )
k =
2(1.37 m )
= 0.30
2
9.81 m/s 2 (0.97 s )
v0 =
2x 2(1.37 m )
=
= 2.8 m/s
t
0.97 s
452 Chapter 5
66 (a) A block is sliding down an inclined plane. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the plane is k. Show that a graph of
ax/cos versus tan (where ax is the acceleration down the incline and is the
angle the plane is inclined with the horizontal) would be a straight line with slope
g and intercept kg. (b) The following data show the acceleration of a block
sliding down an inclined plane as a function of the angle that the plane is
inclined with the horizontal:
2
(degrees) Acceleration (m/s )
25.0
27.0
29.0
31.0
33.0
35.0
37.0
39.0
41.0
43.0
45.0
1.69
2.10
2.41
2.89
3.18
3.49
3.79
4.15
4.33
4.72
5.11
Using a spreadsheet program, graph these data and fit a straight line (a Trendline
in Excel parlance) to them to determine k and g. What is the percentage
difference between the obtained value of g and the commonly specified value of
9.81 m/s2?
Picture the Problem The free-body
diagram shows the forces acting on the
block as it slides down an incline. We
can apply Newtons second law to
these forces to obtain the acceleration
of the block and then manipulate this
expression algebraically to show that a
graph of a/cos versus tan will be
linear with a slope equal to the
acceleration due to gravity and an
intercept whose absolute value is the
coefficient of kinetic friction.
(a) Apply
F = ma to the block as
y
r
Fn
r
fk
x
r
r
Fg = m g
= mg sin f k = ma x
and
= Fn mg cos = 0
a x = g (sin k cos )
ax
= g tan g k
cos
Note that this equation is of the form y = mx + b. Thus, if we graph a/cos versus
tan, we should get a straight line with slope g and y-intercept gk.
(b) A spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the
quantities in the columns are as follows:
Cell
C7
D7
E7
Formula/Content
a
TAN(C7*PI()/180)
F7
D7/COS(C7*PI()/180)
C
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
25.0
27.0
29.0
31.0
33.0
35.0
37.0
39.0
41.0
43.0
45.0
D
a
1.69
2.10
2.41
2.89
3.18
3.49
3.78
4.15
4.33
4.72
5.11
Algebraic Form
tan
180
a
cos
180
E
tan
0.466
0.510
0.554
0.601
0.649
0.700
0.754
0.810
0.869
0.933
1.000
F
a/cos
1.866
2.362
2.751
3.370
3.786
4.259
4.735
5.338
5.732
6.451
7.220
454 Chapter 5
A graph of a/cos versus tan follows. From the curve fit (Excels Trendline
2.62 m/s 2
2
was used), g = 9.77 m/s and k =
= 0.268 .
9.77 m/s 2
8
y = 9.7681x 2.6154
7
6
a /cos
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
tan
The percentage error in g from the commonly accepted value of 9.81 m/s2 is:
9.81 m/s 2 9.77 m/s 2
= 0.408%
100
2
9
.
81
m/s
Drag Forces
67
[SSM] A Ping-Pong ball has a mass of 2.3 g and a terminal speed of
9.0 m/s. The drag force is of the form bv2. What is the value of b?
Picture the Problem The ping-pong ball experiences a downward gravitational
force exerted by Earth and an upward drag force exerted by the air. We can apply
Newtons second law to the Ping-Pong ball to obtain its equation of motion.
Applying terminal speed conditions will yield an expression for b that we can
evaluate using the given numerical values. Let the downward direction be the +y
direction.
Apply
= ma y to the Ping-Pong
mg bv 2 = ma y
ball:
When the Ping-Pong ball reaches its
terminal speed v = vt and ay = 0:
mg bvt2 = 0 b =
mg
vt2
b=
(2.3 10
)(
kg 9.81 m/s 2
(9.0 m/s )2
= 2.8 10 4 kg/m
68
A small pollution particle settles toward Earth in still air. The terminal
speed is 0.30 mm/s, the mass of the particle is 1.0 1010 g and the drag force is
of the form bv. What is the value of b?
Picture the Problem The pollution particle experiences a downward gravitational
force exerted by Earth and an upward drag force exerted by the air. We can apply
Newtons second law to the particle to obtain its equation of motion. Applying
terminal speed conditions will yield an expression for b that we can evaluate
using the given numerical values. Let the downward direction by the +y direction.
Apply
= ma y to the particle:
mg bv = ma y
mg bvt = 0 b =
b=
(1.0 10
13
mg
vt
)(
kg 9.81 m/s 2
3.0 10 4 m/s
= 3.3 10 9 kg/s
69
[SSM] A common classroom demonstration involves dropping
basket-shaped coffee filters and measuring the time required for them to fall a
given distance. A professor drops a single basket-shaped coffee filter from a
height h above the floor, and records the time for the fall as t. How far will a
stacked set of n identical filters fall during the same time interval t? Consider
the filters to be so light that they instantaneously reach their terminal velocities.
Assume a drag force that varies as the square of the speed and assume the filters
are released oriented right-side up.
Picture the Problem The force
diagram shows n coffee filters
experiencing an upward drag force
exerted by the air that varies with the
square of their terminal velocity and a
downward gravitational force exerted
by Earth. We can use the definition of
average velocity and Newtons second
law to establish the dependence of the
distance of fall on n.
r
Fd = Cv t2 j
r
Fg = nmgj
y
456 Chapter 5
Express the distance fallen by 1
coffee filter, falling at its terminal
speed, in time t:
d1 filter = v t, 1 filter t
(1)
d n filters = v t, n filters t
(2)
nmg Cv t2 = ma y
filters:
or, because ay = 0,
nmg Cv t2 = 0
v t, n filters =
(3)
nmg
mg
=
n
C
C
mg
,
C
v t, n filters = v t, 1 filter n
Substitute for vt, n filters in equation (3)
to obtain:
v
n
d
=
d n filters = t, 1 filter
v t, 1 filter 1 filter
n d1 filter
This result tells us that n filters will fall farther, in the same amount of time, than
1 filter by a factor of n .
70
A skydiver of mass 60.0 kg can slow herself to a constant speed of
90 km/h by orienting her body horizontally, looking straight down with arms and
legs extended. In this position she presents the maximum cross-sectional area and
thus maximizes the air-drag force on her. (a) What is the magnitude of the drag
force on the skydiver? (b) If the drag force is given by bv2, what is the value of b?
(c) At some instant she quickly flips into a knife position, orienting her body
vertically with her arms straight down. Suppose this reduces the value of b to 55
percent of the value in Parts (a) and (b). What is her acceleration at the instant she
achieves the knife position?
(a) Apply
= ma y to the sky
diver:
Fd mg = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
Fd = mg
(1)
(2)
bvt2 = mg b =
(2) to obtain:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate b:
= 589 N
b=
mg Fd
= 2
vt2
vt
588.6 N
1h
km
90
h 3600 s
= 0.9418 kg/m
= 0.94 kg/m
(c) Solving equation (1) for ay yields:
ay =
ay =
Fd
g
m
71
Your team of test engineers is to release the parking brake so an 800kg car will roll down a very long 6.0% grade in preparation for a crash test at the
bottom of the incline. (On a 6.0 % grade the change in altitude is 6.0% of the
horizontal distance traveled.) The total resistive force (air drag plus rolling
friction) for this car has been previously established to be Fd = 100 N +
(1.2 Ns2/m2)v2, where m and v are the mass and speed of the car. What is the
terminal speed for the car rolling down this grade?
458 Chapter 5
y
Apply
r
Fn
r
Fd
r
r
Fg = m g
mg sin Fd = ma x
vt =
mg sin 100 N
1.2 N s 2 / m 2
= 25 m/s
(a) Apply
particle:
= ma y to a pollution
mg 6 rv = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
mg 6 rv t = 0 v t =
mg
6 r
4 r 3
m = V =
3
vt =
2r 2 g
9
t=
10 4 cm
= 4.128 10 3 s = 1.15 h
2.422 cm/s
radial
= maradial to a
pollution particle:
t sediment =
x
vt
6Rvt = mac
(1)
460 Chapter 5
m = V = 43 R 3
2 r
2
v
4 2 r
T
ac =
=
= 2
r
r
T
4 2 r 16 3 rR 3
6Rvt = 43 R 3 2 =
3T 2
T
vt =
8 2 rR 2
9T 2
t sediment =
9T 2 x
x
=
8 2 rR 2 8 2 rR 2
9T 2
t sediment
s
1
(8.0 cm )
91.8 10 5 2
m 800 rev 1 min
min
60
s
=
= 38.47 ms 38 ms
2
kg
2
5
8 2000 3 (0.12 m )(10 m )
m
x
8.0 cm
=
= 3.31 s
v
2.42 cm/s
tair =
t air
3.31 s
=
86
t sediment 38.47 ms
With the drag force in Problem 72 it takes about 86 times longer than it does
using the centrifuge.
r
Tmax
r
r
Fg = m g
2
vmax
Tmax mg = m
r
vmax = max g r
m
vmax =
9.81 m/s 2 (0.20 m ) = 6.2 m/s
0.050 kg
75
[SSM] A 95-g stone is whirled in a horizontal circle on the end of an
85-cm-long string. The stone takes 1.2 s to make one complete revolution.
Determine the angle that the string makes with the horizontal.
462 Chapter 5
Picture the Problem The only forces
acting on the stone are the tension in
the string and the gravitational force.
The centripetal force required to
maintain the circular motion is a
component of the tension. Well solve
the problem for the general case in
which the angle with the horizontal is
by applying Newtons second law of
motion to the forces acting on the
stone.
Apply
r
r
F
= ma to the stone:
v2
Fx = T cos = mac = m r (1)
and
(2)
Fy = T sin mg = 0
r = L cos
(3)
v 2 = gL cot cos
(4)
v=
= sin 1
= sin 1
2r
t1 rev
(5)
gt12rev
2
4
9.81m/s 2 (1.2 s )2
= 25
2
4 (0.85 m )
76
A 0.20-kg stone is whirled in a horizontal circle on the end of an 0.80m-long string. The string makes an angle of 20 with the horizontal. Determine
the speed of the stone.
Apply
r
r
F
= ma to the stone:
= T cos = mac = m
v2
(1)
r
and
Fy = T sin mg = 0
(2)
r = L cos
(3)
v = gL cot cos
v=
= 4.5 m/s
77
A 0.75-kg stone attached to a string is whirled in a horizontal circle of
radius 35 cm as in the tetherball Example 5-11. The string makes an angle of 30
with the vertical. (a) Find the speed of the stone. (b) Find the tension in the string.
Picture the Problem The only forces
acting on the stone are the tension in
the string and the gravitational force.
The centripetal force required to
maintain the circular motion is a
component of the tension. Well solve
the problem for the general case in
which the angle with the vertical is
by applying Newtons second law of
motion to the forces acting on the
stone.
464 Chapter 5
(a) Apply
F = ma to the stone:
v2
Fx = T sin = mac = m r
and
Fy = T cos mg = 0
v = rg tan
v=
T=
T=
(1)
(2)
= 1.4 m/s
mg
cos
(0.75 kg )(9.81m/s 2 ) =
cos30
8.5 N
78
A pilot with a mass of 50 kg comes out of a vertical dive in a circular
arc such that at the bottom of the arc her upward acceleration is 3.5g. (a) How
does the magnitude of the force exerted by the airplane seat on the pilot at the
bottom of the arc compare to her weight? (b) Use Newtons laws of motion to
explain why the pilot might be subject to a blackout. This means that an above
normal volume of blood pools in her lower limbs. How would an inertial
reference frame observer describe the cause of the blood pooling?
Picture the Problem The diagram
shows the forces acting on the pilot
when her plane is at the lowest point
r
of its dive. Fn is the force the
airplane seat exerts on her. Well
apply Newtons second law for
circular motion to determine Fn and
the radius of the circular path
followed by the airplane.
(a) Apply
radial
= maradial to the
r
r
Fn
r
r
Fg = m g
Fn mg = mac Fn = m( g + ac )
pilot:
Because ac = 3.5 g :
Fn = m( g + 3.5 g ) = 4.5mg
Fn 4.5mg
=
= 4.5
mg
mg
(b) An observer in an inertial reference frame would see the pilots blood continue
to flow in a straight line tangent to the circle at the lowest point of the arc. The
pilot accelerates upward away from this lowest point and therefore it appears,
from the reference frame of the plane, as though the blood accelerates downward.
79 A 80.0-kg airplane pilot pulls out of a dive by following, at a constant
speed of 180 km/h, the arc of a circle whose radius is 300 m. (a) At the bottom of
the circle, what are the direction and magnitude of his acceleration? (b) What is
the net force acting on him at the bottom of the circle? (c) What is the force
exerted on the pilot by the airplane seat?
Picture the Problem The diagram
shows the forces acting on the pilot
when his plane is at the lowest point of
r
its dive. Fn is the force the airplane seat
exerts on the pilot. Well use the
definitions of centripetal acceleration
and centripetal force and apply
Newtons second law to calculate these
quantities and the normal force acting
on the pilot.
r
r
Fn
r
r
Fg = m g
ac =
v2
, upward
r
2
km
1h
180
h 3600 s
ac =
= 8.333 m/s 2
300 m
= 8.33 m/s 2 , upward
= ma y to the pilot:
Fn mg = mac Fn = m( g + ac )
466 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate Fn :
Apply
y
T'
m2
Fn
x
m2 g
T'
m1
m1 g
m2 g T ' = 0
and
T ' = m1ac = m1
m2 g m1
v=
v2
r
v2
=0
r
(1)
2r
T
m2 g m1
m2 gT 2
4 2 r
=
r
=
0
4 2 m1
T2
Apply
y
Fn,1
T1
T2
m1
Fn,2
x
T2
m1 g
T1 T2 = m1
T2 = m2
m2
m2 g
v12
L1
v22
L1 + L2
2L1
2 (L1 + L2 )
and v2 =
T
T
v1 =
2
T2 = [m2 (L1 + L2 )]
2
T1 = [m2 (L1 + L2 ) + m1 L1 ]
468 Chapter 5
Picture the Problem (a) and (b) The path of the particle and its position at 1-s
intervals are shown in the following diagram. The displacement vectors are also
shown. The velocity vectors for the average velocities in the first and second
r
r
r
intervals are along r01 and r12 , respectively. v points toward the center of the
circle.
t = 2s
r
r12
t = 3s
t = 1s
r
r r01
v
r
t = 4s
t = 5s
t =0
t = 7s
t = 6s
r = 2r sin 22.5
r
r 2r sin 22.5
=
vav =
t
t
r
v2
45
2r sin 22.5
v = 2
sin 22.5
t
2
4r sin 22.5
=
t
v
:
t
4r sin 2 22.5
4r sin 2 22.5
t
a=
=
t
(t )2
a=
= 2.3 cm/s 2
v2
r
ac =
v=
2r
4 2 r
T
ac =
= 2
r
T
2r
T
2
ac =
4 2 (4.0 cm )
= 2.47 cm/s 2
2
(8.0 s )
= 2.5 cm/s 2
Compare ac and a by taking their
ratio:
ac 2.47 cm/s 2
=
= 1.06 ac = 1.1a
a 2.34 cm/s 2
83
You are swinging your younger sister in a circle of radius 0.75 m, as
shown in Figure 5-74. If her mass is 25 kg and you arrange it so she makes one
revolution every 1.5 s, (a) what are the magnitude and direction of the force that
must be exerted by you on her? (Model her as a point particle.) (b) What are the
magnitude and direction of the force she exerts on you?
Picture the Problem The following diagram shows the free-body diagram for the
child superimposed on a pictorial representation of her motion. The force you
r
exert on your sister is F and the angle it makes with respect to the direction weve
chosen as the positive y direction is . We can infer her speed from the given
information concerning the radius of her path and the period of her motion.
Applying Newtons second law will allow us to find both the direction and
r
magnitude of F .
470 Chapter 5
(a) Apply
F = ma to the child:
Fx = F sin = m
v2
r
and
Fy = F cos mg = 0
Eliminate F between these equations
and solve for to obtain:
= tan 1
v=
= tan 1
4 2 (0.75 m )
= tan
= 53.3
2
2
9.81 m/s (1.5 s )
v2
rg
2r
T
4 2 r
2
gT
= 53 above horizontal
F=
F=
mg
cos
(25 kg )(9.81m/s 2 ) =
cos53.3
0.41 kN
(b) The force your sister exerts on you is the reaction force to the force you exert
on her. Thus its magnitude is the same as the force you exert on her (0.41 kN) and
its direction is 53 below horizontal.
(a) Apply
r
r
F
= ma to the
pendulum bob:
v2
Fx = F cos = m r
and
Fy = F sin mg = 0
mg
1 mg
= 9.6
= sin
F
6mg
= sin 1
v = 6rg cos
T=
r = L cos
2 r
=
v
2 r
6rg cos
472 Chapter 5
Substitute for r in the expression for
the period and simplify to obtain:
T = 2
L
6g
T = 2
0.50 m
= 0.58 s
6 9.81 m/s 2
85
A 100-g coin sits on a horizontally rotating turntable. The turntable
makes exactly 1.00 revolution each second. The coin is located 10 cm from the
axis of rotation of the turntable. (a) What is the frictional force acting on the coin?
(b) If the coin slides off the turntable when it is located more than 16.0 cm from
the axis of rotation, what is the coefficient of static friction between the coin and
the turntable?
y
(a) Apply
r
r
F
= ma to the coin:
r
Fn
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
v2
Fx = f s = m r
and
Fy = Fn mg = 0
2r
T
v=
fs =
4 2 mr
T2
fs =
4 2 ((0.100 kg )(0.10 m )
(1.00 s )2
= 0.40 N
(b) Determine Fn from the y equation:
Fn = mg
(1)
s =
f s ,max
Fn
s =
4 2 (0.160 m )
= 0.644
2
9.81 m/s 2 (1.00 s )
(a) Apply
F = ma to the
tetherball:
Fx = T sin 20 = m
v2
r
and
Fy = T cos 20 mg = 0
T=
T=
mg
cos 20
(0.25 kg )(9.81m/s 2 ) =
cos 20
v = rg tan 20
r = L sin 20
v = gL sin 20 tan 20
2.6 N
474 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate v:
v=
= 1.2 m/s
r
r
Apply F = ma to the bead:
L
y
Fn
x
m
mg
Fx = Fn sin = m
v2
r
and
Fy = Fn cos mg = 0
Eliminate Fn from the force
equations to obtain:
tan =
v2
rg
2r
T
v=
r = L sin
= cos 1
= cos 1
Centripetal Force
88
A car speeds along the curved exit ramp of a freeway. The radius of
the curve is 80.0 m. A 70.0-kg passenger holds the armrest of the car door with a
220-N force in order to keep from sliding across the front seat of the car. (Assume
the exit ramp is not banked and ignore friction with the car seat.) What is the cars
speed?
r
Picture the Problem The force F the
passenger exerts on the armrest of the
car door is the radial force required to
maintain the passengers speed around
the curve and is related to that speed
through Newtons second law of
motion.
Apply
r
Fn
r
F
passenger
r
r
Fg = m g
F =m
v=
v2
v =
r
rF
m
(80.0 m )(220 N ) =
70.0 kg
15.9 m/s
89
[SSM] The radius of curvature of the track at the top of a loop-theloop on a roller-coaster ride is 12.0 m. At the top of the loop, the force that the
seat exerts on a passenger of mass m is 0.40mg. How fast is the roller-coaster car
moving as it moves through the highest point of the loop.
Picture the Problem There are two solutions to this problem. Pictorial diagrams
that include a free-body diagram for each solution are shown below. The speed of
the roller coaster is embedded in the expression for its radial acceleration and the
radial acceleration is determined by the net radial force force exerted on the
passenger by the seat of the roller coaster. We can use Newtons second law to
relate the net force on the passenger to the speed of the roller coaster.
476 Chapter 5
r
v
r
v
m
mg
0.40 mg
m
mg
0.40 mg
First solution
First solution
Apply Fradial = maradial to the
Second solution
mg + 0.40mg = m
v2
v = 1.40 gr
r
passenger:
(1.40)(9.81m/s 2 )(12.0 m )
v=
Second solution
Apply Fradial = maradial to the
v2
mg 0.40mg = m v = 0.60 gr
r
= 12.8 m/s
passenger:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate v:
v=
(0.60)(9.81m/s2 )(12.0 m )
= 8.4 m/s
90
On a runway of a decommissioned airport, a 2000-kg car travels at a
constant speed of 100 km/h. At 100-km/h the air drag on the car is 500 N.
Assume that rolling friction is negligible. (a) What is the force of static friction
exerted on the car by the runway surface, and what is the minimum coefficient of
static friction necessary for the car to sustain this speed? (b) The car continues to
travel at 100 km/h, but now along a path with radius of curvature r. For what
value of r will the angle between the static frictional force vector and the velocity
vector equal 45.0, and for what value of r will it equal 88.0? (c) What is the
minimum coefficient of static friction necessary for the car to hold this last radius
of curvature without skidding?
Picture the Problem (a) We can apply Newtons second law to the car to find the
force of static friction exerted on the car by the surface and use the definition of
the coefficient of static friction to find the minimum coefficient of static friction
necessary for the car to sustain its speed. In Part (b), we can again apply Newtons
second law, this time in both tangential and radial form, to find the values of r for
the given angles.
r
Fn
r
Fd
r
fs
x
r
mg
r
r
Apply F = ma to the car to obtain:
= f s Fd = 0
(1)
and
Fy = Fn mg = 0
(2)
f s = Fd = 500 N
s, min =
fs
Fn
s, min =
fs
mg
s, min =
500 N
(2000 kg )(9.81 m/s 2 )
= 0.0255
r
Fd
Apply
obtain:
radial
f s sin = m
v2
r
r
fs
(1)
478 Chapter 5
Appling
tangential
yields:
f s cos Fd = 0
or
f s cos = Fd
tan =
(2)
mv 2
mv 2
r =
Fd tan
rFd
(2000 kg )100 km 10 m 1 h
h
km 3600 s
r=
(500 N ) tan 45.0
= 3.09 km
(2000 kg )100 km 10 m 1 h
h
km 3600 s
r=
(500 N ) tan 88.0
= 107.8 m = 108 m
s, min
s, min
v2
f
v2
= s, min = r =
mg
mg
rg
m
km 103 m 1 h
100
h
km 3600 s
=
(107.8 m ) 9.81 m/s 2
= 0.730
91
Suppose you ride a bicycle in a 20-m-radius circle on a horizontal
surface. The resultant force exerted by the surface on the bicycle (normal force
plus frictional force) makes an angle of 15 with the vertical. (a) What is your
speed? (b) If the frictional force on the bicycle is half its maximum possible
value, what is the coefficient of static friction?
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
F
= ma to the bicycle:
r
fs
= fs =
r
Fn
mv 2
r
and
Fy = Fn mg = 0
Relate Fn and fs to :
mv 2
v2
f
tan = s = r =
mg
rg
Fn
v = rg tan
v=
fs =
1
2
s =
2 f s 2v 2
=
mg
rg
2(7.25 m/s )
s =
= 0.54
(20 m ) 9.81m/s 2
= 7.3 m/s
f s,max = 12 s mg
92
An airplane is flying in a horizontal circle at a speed of 480 km/h. The
plane is banked for this turn, its wings tilted at an angle of 40 from the horizontal
(Figure 5-76). Assume that a lift force acting perpendicular to the wings acts on
the aircraft as it moves through the air. What is the radius of the circle in which
the plane is flying?
480 Chapter 5
Picture the Problem The diagram
shows the forces acting on the plane
as it flies in a horizontal circle of
radius r. We can apply Newtons
second law to the plane and
eliminate the lift force in order to
obtain an expression for r as a
function of v and .
Apply
F = ma to the plane:
r
Flift
x
r
r
Fg = m g
Fx = Flift sin = m
v2
r
and
Fy = Flift cos mg = 0
Eliminate Flift between these
equations to obtain:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate r:
tan =
v2
v2
r =
rg
g tan
2
km
1h
480
h 3600 s
r=
= 2.2 km
9.81 m/s 2 tan40
r
Fn
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
F
= ma to the car:
v2
Fx = Fn sin = m r
and
= Fn cos mg = 0
2
v2
1 v
tan =
= tan
rg
rg
2
km
1h
90
h 3600 s
= tan 1
= 22
2
(
)
160
m
9.81
m/s
94
A curve of radius 150 m is banked at an angle of 10. An 800-kg car
negotiates the curve at 85 km/h without skidding. Neglect the effects of air drag
and rolling friction. Find (a) the normal force exerted by the pavement on the
tires, (b) the frictional force exerted by the pavement on the tires, (c) the
minimum coefficient of static friction between the pavement and the tires.
Picture the Problem Both the
normal force and the static friction
force contribute to the centripetal
force in the situation described in this
problem. We can apply Newtons
second law to relate fs and Fn and
then
solve
these
equations
simultaneously to determine each of
these quantities.
(a) Apply
F = ma to the car:
r
Fn
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
Fx = Fn sin + f s cos = m
v2
r
and
Fy = Fn cos f s sin mg = 0
Multiply the x equation by sin and
the y equation by cos to obtain:
v2
sin
r
and
Fn cos 2 f s sin cos mg cos = 0
482 Chapter 5
Add these equations to eliminate fs:
Solve for Fn:
v2
Fn mg cos = m sin
r
v2
Fn = mg cos + m sin
r
2
v
= m g cos + sin
r
1h
km
85
h 3600 s
150 m
= 8.3 kN
fs =
Fn cos mg
sin
1.6 kN
s,min =
fs
Fn
s,min =
1.565 kN
= 0.19
8.245 kN
95
On another occasion, the car in Problem 94 negotiates the curve at
38 km/h. Neglect the effects of air drag and rolling friction. Find (a) the normal
force exerted on the tires by the pavement, and (b) the frictional force exerted on
the tires by the pavement.
(a) Apply
F = ma to the car:
r
Fn
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
Fx = Fn sin + f s cos = m
v2
r
and
Fy = Fn cos f s sin mg = 0
Multiply the x equation by sin and
the y equation by cos :
v2
sin
r
Fn cos 2 f s sin cos mg cos = 0
f s sin cos + Fn sin 2 = m
Fn mg cos = m
v2
sin
r
v2
sin
r
v2
= m g cos + sin
r
Fn = mg cos + m
1h
km
38
h 3600 s
150 m
= 7.8 kN
fs =
Fn cos mg
mg
= Fn cot
sin
sin
484 Chapter 5
(800 kg )(9.81m/s 2 ) =
0.78 kN
sin10
The negative sign tells us that fs points upward along the inclined plane rather
than as shown in the force diagram.
96 As a civil engineer intern during one of your summers in college, you
are asked to design a curved section of roadway that meets the following
conditions: When ice is on the road, and the coefficient of static friction between
the road and rubber is 0.080, a car at rest must not slide into the ditch and a car
traveling less than 60 km/h must not skid to the outside of the curve. Neglect the
effects of air drag and rolling friction. What is the minimum radius of curvature of
the curve and at what angle should the road be banked?
Picture the Problem The free-body diagram to the left is for the car at rest. The
static friction force up the incline balances the downward component of the cars
weight and prevents it from sliding. In the free-body diagram to the right, the
static friction force points in the opposite direction as the tendency of the moving
car is to slide toward the outside of the curve.
y
r
f s,max
r
Fn
v>0
v=0
r
f s,max
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
Fg = m g
Apply
rest:
r
Fn
and
Fx = Fn sin fs cos = 0
= tan 1 ( s )
(2)
r
r
Apply F = ma to the car that is
moving with speed v:
= Fn sin + f s cos = m
Fn (cos s sin ) = mg
(4)
(5)
and
Fn (s cos + sin ) = m
v2
v2
r
(6)
0.9904Fn = mg
and
v2
0.1595Fn = m
r
r=
v2
0.1610 g
2
1h
km
60
h 3600 s
r=
= 0.18 km
0.1610 9.81m/s 2
486 Chapter 5
y
r
fs
r
Fn
r
Fn
v = v max
v = v min
x
r
r
Fg = m g
Apply
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
F
= ma to a car traveling
= Fn sin = m
2
vmin
r
and
Fy = Fn cos mg =0
tan =
v2
v2
= tan 1
rg
rg
h
km 3600 s
1
= tan
= 22.76
(
30 m ) 9.81 m/s 2
r
r
Apply F = ma to the car traveling
around the curve at minimum speed:
Substitute f s = f s,max = s Fn in
the force equations and simplify
to obtain:
Fx = Fn sin fs cos = m
2
vmin
r
and
Fy = Fn cos + fs sin mg = 0
Fn (sin s cos ) = m
2
vmin
r
and
Fn (cos + s sin ) = mg
2
vmin
0.1102Fn= m
and 1.038Fn = mg
r
vmin = 0.106rg
r
r
Apply F = ma to the car traveling
around the curve at maximum speed:
2
vmax
Fn (s cos + sin ) = m
r
and
Fn (cos s sin ) = mg
2
v max
0.6635Fn = m
r
and
0.8061Fn = 0.8061mg
vmax = 0.8231rg
vmax =
(0.8231)(30 m )(9.81m/s 2 )
= 16 m/s 56 km/h
You should tell them that the safe range of speeds is 20 km/m v 56 km/h .
Eulers Method
98 You are riding in a hot air balloon when you throw a baseball straight
down with an initial speed of 35.0 km/h. The baseball falls with a terminal speed
of 150 km/h. Assuming air drag is proportional to the speed squared, use Eulers
method (spreadsheet) to estimate the speed of the ball after 10.0 s. What is the
uncertainty in this estimate? You drop a second baseball, this one released from
rest. How long does it take for it to reach 99 percent of its terminal speed? How
far does it fall during this time?
488 Chapter 5
Picture the Problem The free-body
diagram shows the forces acting on the
baseball sometime after it has been
thrown downward but before it has
reached its terminal speed. In order to
use Eulers method, well need to
determine how the acceleration of the
ball varies with its speed. We can do
this by applying Newtons second law
to the ball and using its terminal speed
to express the constant in the
acceleration equation in terms of the
balls terminal speed. We can then use
vn+1 = vn + an t to find the speed of the
ball at any given time.
r
Fd = cv 2 j
r
Fg = mgj
mg bv 2 = m
0=g
dv
dv
b
= g v 2 (1)
dt
dt
m
b
g
b 2
= 2
vt
m vt
m
v2
dv
= g 1 2
dt
vt
xn+1 = xn +
vn+1 + vn
t
2
vn+1 = vn + an t
v2
where an = g 1 n2 and t is an
vt
arbitrarily small interval of time.
Formula/Content
B9+$B$1
B9+0.5*(C9+C10)*$B$1
C10
C9+D9*$B$1
D10 $B$4*(1C10^2/$B$5^2)
Algebraic Form
t + t
v +v
xn+1 = xn + n+1 n t
2
vn+1 = vn+ ant
v2
an = g 1 n2
vt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
t
(s)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
x
(m)
0
6
14
25
v
(m/s)
9.7
14.4
18.7
22.6
a
(m/s2)
9.28
8.64
7.84
6.92
28
29
30
9.5
10.0
10.5
317
337
358
41.3
41.4
41.5
0.17
0.13
0.10
38
39
40
41
42
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
524
545
566
587
608
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.5
0
9.722
9.81
41.67
s
m
m/s
m/s2
m/s
From the table we can see that the speed of the ball after 10 s is approximately
41.4 m/s. We can estimate the uncertainty in this result by halving t and
recalculating the speed of the ball at t = 10 s. Doing so yields v(10 s) 41.3 m/s,
a difference of about 0.02%.
490 Chapter 5
The following graph shows the velocity of the ball thrown straight down as a
function of time.
Ball Thrown Straight Down
45
40
35
v (m/s)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
t (s)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
t (s)
99
[SSM] You throw a baseball straight up with an initial speed of 150
km/h. The balls terminal speed when falling is also 150 km/h. (a) Use Eulers
method (spreadsheet) to estimate its height 3.50 s after release. (b) What is the
maximum height it reaches? (c) How long after release does it reach its maximum
height? (d) How much later does it return to the ground? (e) Is the time the ball
spends on the way up less than, the same as, or greater than the time it spends on
the way down?
r
Fd = bv 2 j
r
Fg = mgj
= ma y to the baseball:
dv
dt
where v = v for the upward part of the
bv v mg = m
dv
b
= g v v
dt
m
0 = g +
b
g
b 2
= 2
vt and
m vt
m
vv
g
dv
= g 2 v v = g 1 + 2
vt
vt
dt
v v
where an = g 1 + n 2 n and t is an
vt
Formula/Content
D10+$B$6
41.7
E10$B$4*
Algebraic Form
t + t
v0
vn+1 = vn + an t
492 Chapter 5
(1+E10*ABS(E10)/($B$5^2))*$B$6
F10
0
F11
F10+0.5*(E10+E11)*$B$6
G10
G11
0
$E$10*D110.5*$B$4*D11^2
t
0.00
0.10
0.20
v
41.70
39.74
37.87
y
0.00
4.07
7.95
yno drag
0.00
4.12
8.14
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.01
2.03
1.05
0.07
0.91
1.89
2.87
60.13
60.39
60.54
60.60
60.55
60.41
60.17
81.00
82.18
83.26
84.25
85.14
85.93
86.62
78
79
80
81
6.80
6.90
7.00
7.10
28.34
28.86
29.37
29.87
6.26
3.41
0.49
2.47
56.98
54.44
51.80
49.06
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
A
B
C
g= 9.81 m/s2
vt= 41.7 m/s
t= 0.1 s
y0
Apply
k (0.30 m xn ) = man
an =
k
(0.30 m xn )
m
xn +1 = xn + vn t
and
vn+1 = vn + an t
k
where an = (0.30 m xn ) and t is an
m
arbitrarily small interval of time.
Formula/Content
A9+$B$1
B9+C10*$B$1
Algebraic Form
t + t
xn + vn t
C10
C9+D9*$B$1
vn + an t
D10 ($B$4/$B$5)*(0.30B10)
k
(0.30 xn )
m
494 Chapter 5
A
t=
x0 =
v0 =
k=
m=
B
0.005
0
0
50
0.80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
t
(s)
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
x
(m)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
v
(m/s)
0.00
0.09
0.19
0.28
a
(m/s2)
18.75
18.72
18.69
18.63
45
46
47
48
49
0.180
0.185
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.44
2.85
2.10
1.34
0.58
0.19
s
m
m/s
N/m
kg
From the table we can see that it took about 0.200 s for the spring to push the
block 30 cm and that it was traveling about 2.44 m/s at that time. We can
estimate the uncertainty in this result by halving t and recalculating the speed of
the ball at t = 10 s. Doing so yields v(0.20 s) 2.41 m/s, a difference of about
1.2%.
xcm =
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
m1 + m2 + m3
102
On a weekend archeological dig, you discover an old club-ax that
consists of a symmetrical 8.0-kg stone attached to the end of a uniform 2.5-kg
stick. You measure the dimensions of the club-ax as shown in Figure 5-77. How
far is the center of mass of the club-ax from the handle end of the club-ax?
Picture the Problem Let the left end of the handle be the origin of our coordinate
system. We can disassemble the club-ax, find the center of mass of each piece,
and then use these coordinates and the masses of the handle and stone to find the
center of mass of the club-ax.
xcm =
xcm, stick = 49 cm
xcm, stone = 89 cm
xcm =
= 79 cm
103
Three balls A, B, and C, with masses of 3.0 kg, 1.0 kg, and 1.0 kg,
respectively, are connected by massless rods, as shown in Figure 5-78. What are
the coordinates of the center of mass of this system?
Picture the Problem We can treat each of balls as though they are point objects
and apply the definition of the center of mass to find (xcm, ycm).
xcm =
mA xA + mB xB + mC xC
mA + mB + mC
496 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and evaluate xcm:
xcm =
mA y A + mB y B + mC y C
mA + mB + mC
ycm =
(2.0 m,1.4 m )
(1)
r
rA = 2.0i + 2.0 j + 0k m ,
r
rB = i + j + 0k ,
and
r
rC = 3.0i + 0 j + 0k m
[
(
1
(3.0 kg ) 2.0i + 2.0 j + 0k m + (1.0 kg ) i + j + 0k m
(3.0 kg + 1.0 kg + 1.0 kg )
+ (1.0 kg ) 3.0i + 0 j + 0k m
= (2.0 m )i + (1.4 m ) j + 0k
) ]
xcm = 0
tan 30 =
y cm
1
2a
498 Chapter 5
Express the coordinates of the center
of mass of the sheet of plywood:
xcm =
and
ycm =
m1 xcm,1 m2 xcm, 2
m1 m2
m1 ycm,1 m2 ycm , 2
m1 m2
m1 = A1 = 9 kg
and
m2 = A2 = 2 kg
(9 kg )(1.5 m ) (2 kg )(1.5 kg )
xcm =
= 1.5 m
(9 kg )(1.5 m ) (2 kg )(2.0 m )
ycm =
9 kg 2 kg
= 1.4 m
9 kg 2 kg
xcm
x
H
M + m
2
2
=
M +m
(1)
M
m
x
=
m = M
AH Ax
H
xcm
x 2
H x x
1+
M + M
H H
2 H 2
=
=
x
2 + x
M+ M
1
H
H
(b) Differentiate xcm with respect to x and set the derivative equal to zero for
extrema:
x 2
1+
1 +
dxcm H d H H
=
=
x 2
dx
2 dx
1+
H
x
1
x x 1 1 +
2
H
H
H H H
2
2
x
x
1 +
1 +
H
H
=0
x
x
+ 2 1 = 0
H
H
x = H 2 1 0.414 H
where weve kept the positive solution
because a negative value for x/H would
make no sense.
Use your graphing calculator to convince yourself that the graph of xcm as a
function of x is concave upward at x 0.414 H and that, therefore, the minimum
value of xcm occurs at x 0.414 H .
Evaluate xcm at x = H
2 1 to obtain:
H 2 1 2
1+
H
H
xcm x=H ( 2 1) =
2
H 2 1
1 +
= H
2 1
500 Chapter 5
107 [SSM] Two identical thin uniform rods each of length L are glued
together so that the angle at the joint is 90. Determine the location of the center
of mass (in terms of L) of this configuration relative to the origin taken to be at
the joint. (Hint: You do not need the mass of the rods (why?), but you should start
by assuming a mass m and see that it cancels out.)
Picture the Problem A pictorial
representation of the system is shown
to the right. The x and y coordinates
of the two rods are
(x1,cm , y1,cm ) = (0, 12 L )
and
(x
2,cm
, y 2,cm ) = ( L,0 ).
y
L
m1
y1,cm = 12 L
1
2
(xcm , ycm )
x2,cm = 12 L
xcm =
xcm =
m2
x
L
x1,cm m1 + x2,cm m2
m1 + m2
(0)m1 + ( 12 L )m2
m1 + m2
or, because m1 = m2 = m,
(0)m + ( 12 L )m 1
xcm =
= 4L
m+m
ycm =
ycm =
y1,cm m1 + y 2,cm m2
m1 + m2
( 12 L )m1 + (0)m2
m1 + m2
or, because m1 = m2 = m,
( 1 L )m + (0)m = 1 L
ycm = 2
4
m+m
( 14 L, 14 L )
and
(x
L sin
m1
L
y1,cm
, y 2,cm ) = ( 12 L,0 ).
We can use the definition of the center
of mass to find the coordinates
(xcm , ycm ).
2,cm
(xcm , ycm )
m2
x1,cm x2,cm L cos
xcm =
xcm =
x
L
x1,cm m1 + x2,cm m2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
or, because m1 = m2 = m,
( 1 L cos )m + ( 12 L )m
xcm = 2
m+m
1
= 4 L(1 + cos )
ycm =
ycm =
y1,cm m1 + y 2,cm m2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
or, because m1 = m2 = m,
( 1 L sin )m + (0)m = 1 L sin
ycm = 2
4
m+m
For = 0 :
as expected.
502 Chapter 5
For = 90 :
as expected.
sin
with the x axis.
1 + cos
= tan 1
dA
R
center of mass.
xcm = 0 by symmetry.
ycm =
y dA
M
y = r sin
dA = 2r cos dy
= (2 R cos )(R cos )d
= 2 R 2 cos 2 d
(1)
M = Ahalf disk = 12 R 2 =
2M
R2
ycm =
2
R2
(R sin )(2R
2
cos 2 d
Simplifying yields:
ycm =
4R
sin cos
du = sin d
and
ycm
l2
4R u 3
u
du
=
=
l1
3 l
4R
l2
4 R cos3 2
4R 1
=
=
3 0
3
=
4R
3
110
Find the location of the center of mass of a nonuniform rod 0.40 m in
length if its density varies linearly from 1.00 g/cm at one end to 5.00 g/cm at the
other end. Specify the center-of-mass location relative to the less-massive end of
the rod.
Picture the Problem The pictorial representation summarizes the information
were given about the non-uniform rod. We can use the definition of the center of
mass for a continuous object to find the center of mass of the non-uniform rod.
dx
dm
0
(x) = 1.00 g/cm 2
x, cm
40
(x) = 5.00 g/cm 2
504 Chapter 5
The x coordinate of the center of
mass of the non-uniform rod is given
by:
xcm =
xdm
dm
x (x )dx
(x )dx
(1)
ycm = 0
By symmetry:
Use the given information regarding
the linear variation in the density of
the non-uniform rod to express (x):
Substituting for (x) in equation (1) and evaluating the integrals yields:
40 cm
xcm =
0
40 cm
= 24 cm
The coordinates of the center of mass of the non-uniform rod are (24 cm, 0) .
111 You have a thin uniform wire bent into part of a circle that is described
by a radius R and angle m (see Figure 5-80). Show that the location of its center
of mass is on the x axis and located a distance xcm = (R sin m)/ m , where m is
expressed in radians. Double check by showing that this answer gives the
physically expected limit for m = 180. Verify that your answer gives you the
result in the text (in the subsection Finding the Center of Mass by Integration) for
the special case of m = 90.
y
R
d
m
dm
ds
xcm =
xdm
dm
or, because dm = ds = Rd ,
m
xcm =
xRd
Rd
By symmetry:
(1)
ycm = 0
xcm =
R cos d
xd
xcm =
R cos d
m
R sin m
The coordinates of the center of mass of the thin uniform wire are
R sin m
, 0 .
m
For m = 180 = radians :
xcm =
R sin
= 0 as expected.
506 Chapter 5
For m = 90 =
radians :
xcm
R sin
2 = 2 R as expected.
=
2
112 A long, thin wire of length L has a linear mass density given by
A Bx , where A and B are positive constants and x is the distance from the more
massive end. (a) A condition for this problem to be realistic is that A > BL .
Explain why. (b) Determine xcm in terms of L, A, and B. Does your answer makes
sense if B = 0? Explain.
Picture the Problem The pictorial representation summarizes the information
were given about the long thin wire. We can use the definition of the center of
mass for a continuous object to find the center of mass of the non-uniform rod.
dx
dm
0
(0) = A
x
(x ) = A Bx
L
(L) = A BL
xcm =
By symmetry:
ycm = 0
dm = ( A Bx )dx
xdm
dm
xcm =
x( A Bx )dx
0
L
( A Bx )dx
0
2 BL
1
L
3A
=
2 1 BL
2A
(1)
r
r
Picture the Problem We can use Equation 5-24 ( Mvcm = mi vi ) to find the
i
r
v cm =
m v
i i
r
r
m1v1 + m2 v 2
=
m1 + m2
r
Substitute numerical values and evaluate v cm :
r
(3.0 kg ) (2.0 m/s ) i + (3.0 m/s) j + (3.0 kg ) (4.0 m/s ) i (6.0 m/s ) j
vcm =
3.0 kg + 3.0 kg
114
A 1500-kg car is moving westward with a speed of 20.0 m/s, and a
3000-kg truck is traveling east with a speed of 16.0 m/s. Find the velocity of the
center of mass of the car-truck system.
Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which east is the +x direction
r
r
and use Equation 5-24 ( Mvcm = mi vi ) to find the velocity of the center of mass
i
508 Chapter 5
r
v cm =
m v
i i
r
r
mt v t + mc v c
mt + mc
r
v t = (16.0 m/s ) i
r
vc = ( 20.0 m/s ) i
r
Substitute numerical values and evaluate v cm :
r
(3000 kg )(16.0 m/s) i + (1500 kg )( 20.0 m/s) i =
vcm =
3000 kg + 1500 kg
(4.00 m/s) i
r
A force F = 12 N i is applied to the 3.0-kg ball in Figure 5-78 in
115
Problem 103. (No forces act on the other two balls.) What is the acceleration of
the center of mass of the three-ball system?
Picture the Problem The acceleration of the center of mass of the ball is
r
r
related to the net external force through Newtons second law: Fnet,ext = Macm .
r
Fnet,ext
r
a cm =
M
r
acm =
(12 N ) i
3.0 kg + 1.0 kg + 1.0 kg
= 2.4 m/s 2 i
116
A block of mass m is attached to a string and suspended inside an
otherwise empty box of mass M. The box rests on a scale that measures the
systems weight. (a) If the string breaks, does the reading on the scale change?
Explain your reasoning. (b) Assume that the string breaks and the mass m falls
with constant acceleration g. Find the magnitude and direction of the acceleration
of the center of mass of the boxblock system. (c) Using the result from (b),
determine the reading on the scale while m is in free-fall.
Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the +y
r
r
direction. We can use Newtons second law, Fnet,ext = Macm , to find the
r
Fnet,ext
r
acm =
mtot
r
mg + M (0 )
mg
acm =
j =
j
M +m
M +m
Fnet,ext = Fn mg Mg = ( M + m)acm
Fn = ( M + m)acm + mg + Mg
mg
Fn = ( M + m)
+ (M + m )g
M +m
= Mg
as expected, given our answer to (a).
(a) The free-body diagrams for the ball and spring follow. Note that, because the
ball has been eased down into the cup, both its speed and acceleration are zero.
510 Chapter 5
r
Fby scale
r
Fby spring
on spring
on ball
mb
k
r
Fby Earth
on ball
on spring
on ball
or, because ay = 0,
Fby spring Fby Earth = 0
on ball
(1)
on ball
kd mb g = 0 d =
Fby Earth = mb g :
mb g
k
on ball
(c) Apply
= ma y to the spring:
(2)
on spring
or, because ay = 0,
Fby scale Fby ball = 0
on spring
on spring
on spring
on ball
on ball
118 In the Atwoods machine in Figure 5-82 the string passes over a fixed
cylinder of mass mc. The cylinder does not rotate. Instead, the string slides on its
frictionless surface. (a) Find the acceleration of the center of mass of the twoblock-cylinder-string system. (b) Use Newtons second law for systems to find the
force F exerted by the support. (c) Find the tension T in the string connecting the
blocks and show that F = mcg + 2T.
r
r
r
r
Ma cm = m1a1 + m2 a 2 + mc a c
m1 m2
acm = a
m1 + m2 + mc
a=g
Substitute to obtain:
m m2 m1 m2
acm = 1
g
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 + mc
=
m1 m2
m1 + m 2
(m1 m2 )2
g
(m1 + m2 )(m1 + m2 + mc )
F + Mg = Macm
where M = m1 + m2 + mc and F is
upwards.
F = Mg Macm
2
(
m1 m2 )
= Mg
g
4m1m2
=
+ mc g
m1 + m2
T=
2m1 m 2
g
m1 + m 2
F = 2
+ mc g = 2 + mc g = 2T + mc g
g
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
512 Chapter 5
119 Starting with the equilibrium situation in Problem 117, the whole
system (scale spring, cup, and ball) is now subjected to an upward acceleration of
magnitude a (for example, in an elevator). Repeat the free-body diagrams and
calculations in Problem 117.
Picture the Problem Because the whole system is accelerating upward, the net
upward force acting on the system must be upward. Because the spring is
massless, the two forces acting on it remain equal and are oppositely directed. (b)
We can apply Newtons second law to the ball to find an expression for the
springs compression under the given conditions. (c) The scale reading, as in
Problem 117, is the force the scale exerts on the spring and can be found from the
application of Newtons second law to the spring.
(a) The free-body diagrams for the ball and spring follow. Note that, because the
system is accelerating upward, Fby spring > Fby Earth whereas Fby scale = Fby ball .
on ball
on ball
on spring
on spring
on ball
r
Fby Earth
on spring
r
Fby scale
r
Fby spring
mb
on ball
on spring
(1)
on ball
kd' mb g = mb a d' =
Fby Earth = mb g :
mb ( g + a )
k
on ball
(c) Apply
= ma y to the spring:
on spring
(2)
on spring
on ball
Fby scale = mb (a + g )
on spring
on ball
on spring
on ball
on spring
obtain:
Remarks: Note that the two forces acting on the spring and the upward force
acting on the ball, while still equal, are larger (because the system is
accelerating upward) than they were in Problem 117.
General Problems
120
In designing your new house in California, you are prepared for it to
withstand a maximum horizontal acceleration of 0.50g. What is the minimum
coefficient of static friction between the floor and your prized Tuscan vase so that
the vase does not slip on the floor under these conditions?
Picture the Problem The forces acting
on the vase are the gravitational force
r
r
Fg = mg exerted by Earth, the normal
r
force Fn exerted by the floor, and the
r
static friction force f s , also exerted by
the floor. We can apply Newtons
second law to find the minimum
coefficient of static friction that will
prevent the vase from slipping.
r
r
Apply F = ma to the vase to
obtain:
r
Relate the static friction force f s to
the minimum coefficient of static
friction s,min that will prevent the
vase from slipping:
r
Fn
r
fs
r
r
Fg = m g
Fx = f s = ma x
and
Fy = Fn mg = 0
f s = s,min Fn
or, because Fn = mg,
f s = s,min mg
(1)
514 Chapter 5
Substituting for fs in equation (1)
yields:
Because a x = 0.50 g :
s,min mg = ma x s,min =
s,min =
ax
g
0.50 g
= 0.50
g
121
A 4.5-kg block slides down an inclined plane that makes an angle of
28 with the horizontal. Starting from rest, the block slides a distance of 2.4 m in
5.2 s. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and plane.
Picture the Problem The forces that
act on the block as it slides down the
incline are shown on the free-body
diagram to the right. The acceleration of
the block can be determined from the
distance-and-time information given in
the problem. The application of
Newtons second law to the block will
lead to an expression for the coefficient
of kinetic friction as a function of the
blocks acceleration and the angle of
the incline.
Apply
F = ma to the block:
r
Fn
r
fk
r
r
Fg = m g
= mg sin f k = ma x (1)
and
Fy = Fn mg cos = 0
(2)
mg sin k Fn = ma x
(3)
mg sin k mg cos = ma x
Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the distance the
block slides to its sliding time:
k =
g sin a x
g cos
(4)
x = v0 x t + 12 a x (t )
2x
(t )2
g sin
k =
2x
(t )2
g cos
0.51
122
You plan to fly a model airplane of mass 0.400 kg that is attached to a
horizontal string. The plane will travel in a horizontal circle of radius 5.70 m.
(Assume the weight of the plane is balanced by the upward lift force of the air
on the wings of the plane.) The plane will make 1.20 revolutions every 4.00 s.
(a) Find the speed at which you must fly the plane. (b) Find the force exerted on
your hand as you hold the string (assume the string is massless).
Picture the Problem The force exerted
on your hand as you hold the string is
r
the reaction force to the tension F in
the string and, hence, has the same
magnitude. The speed of the plane can
be calculated from the data concerning
the radius of its path and the time it
takes to make one revolution. The
application of Newtons second law
will give us the tension F in the string.
r
Flift
r
F
r
r
Fg = m g
v=
v=
2r
T
2(5.70 m )
= 10.7 m/s
4.00 s
1.20 rev
F =m
v2
r
516 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate F:
2
(
0.400 kg )(10.74 m/s )
F=
5.70 m
= 8.10 N
r
Fn
r
fk
r
F
r
Fg
r
r
Apply F = ma to the crate, with
and
Fy = Fn F sin mg cos = 0
Fn = F sin + mg cos
F=
= F cos f k mg sin = 0
mg (sin + k cos )
cos k sin
1.49 kN
(a) Using the fact that the object is in static equilibrium, redraw the force diagram
connecting the forces head-to-tail:
F3
F1
F2
=
=
sin ( 23 ) sin ( 13 ) sin ( 12 )
F1
F2
F3
=
=
sin 23 sin 13 sin 12
518 Chapter 5
r
mg
ac =
v=
v2
r
2 r
T
ac =
4 2 r
T2
ac =
4 2 (5.0 m )
= 49 m/s 2
2
(2.0 s )
(b) Apply
F = ma to yourself
Fr = mg = m
v2
v = gr
r
Tm =
2 r
v
Tm =
2 r
r
= 2
g
gr
Tm1 =
1
2
g
r
Tm1 =
9.81 m/s 2
5.0 m
1
2
= 0.2229 s 1
60 s
min
13 rev/min
Remarks: You are weightless under the conditions described in Part (b).
126
A flat-topped toy cart moves on frictionless wheels, pulled by a rope
under tension T. The mass of the cart is m1. A load of mass m2 rests on top of the
cart with the coefficient of static friction s between the cart and the load. The cart
is pulled up a ramp that is inclined at angle above the horizontal. The rope is
parallel to the ramp. What is the maximum tension T that can be applied without
causing the load to slip?
Picture the Problem The pictorial
representation to the right shows the
cart and its load on the inclined plane.
The load will not slip provided its
maximum acceleration is not exceeded.
We can find that maximum acceleration
by applying Newtons second law to
the load. We can then apply Newtons
second law to the cart-plus-load system
to determine the tension in the rope
when the system is experiencing its
maximum acceleration.
r
T
m2
m1
r
Fn,1
r
T
m1
(m1 + m2 )gr
Apply
its load:
T (m1 + m2 )g sin
= (m1 + m2 )a x ,max
(1)
520 Chapter 5
y
r
Fn,2
r
fs
m2
r
m2 g
Apply
of the cart:
and
Fy = Fn ,2 m2 g cos = 0
(2)
equation becomes:
Solving the y equation for Fn,2 yields:
Fn,2 = m2 g cos
(3)
yields:
Substitute for a x ,max in equation (1)
T=
(m1 + m2 )g s cos
r
Fn,1
r
fs
r
m1 g
Fn,1 m1 g cos = 0
Fn,1 = m1 g cos
f s m1 g sin = 0 f s = m1 g sin
f s = (200 N )sin 15 = 52 N
y
r
Fn,1
r
F
30
r
fk
r
m1 g
Apply Fx = 0 to the sled to obtain:
F cos 30 m1 g sin f k = 0
f k = F cos 30 m1 g sin
522 Chapter 5
fk
Fn,1
k =
k =
fk
m1 g cos F sin 30
k =
34.84 N
(200 N )cos15 (100 N )sin 30
yields:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate k :
(1)
= 0.24
y
r
Fn,2
x
30
r
F
r
f s,max
r
m2 g
Fc = Fn22 + f s,2max
(1)
and
Fy = Fn2 m2 g cos15 F sin 30 = 0
Fc =
(216.0 N )2 + (533.0 N )2
= 0.58 kN
128
In 1976, Gerard ONeill proposed that large space stations be built for
human habitation in orbit around Earth and the moon. Because prolonged free-fall
has adverse medical effects, he proposed making the stations in the form of long
cylinders and spinning them around the cylinder axis to provide the inhabitants
with the sensation of gravity. One such ONeill colony is to be built 5.0 miles
long, with a diameter of 0.60 mi. A worker on the inside of the colony would
experience a sense of gravity, because he would be in an accelerated frame of
reference due to the rotation. (a) Show that the acceleration of gravity
experienced by the worker in the ONeill colony is equal to his centripetal
acceleration. (Hint: Consider someone looking in from outside the colony.)
(b) If we assume that the space station is composed of several decks that are at
varying distances (radii) from the axis of rotation, show that the acceleration of
gravity becomes weaker the closer the worker gets to the axis. (c) How many
revolutions per minute would this space station have to make to give an
acceleration of gravity of 9.8 m/s2 at the outermost edge of the station?
Picture the Problem Let v represent the speed of rotation of the station, and r the
distance from the center of the station. Because the ONeill colony is,
presumably, in deep space, the only acceleration one would experience in it would
be that due to its rotation.
(a) The acceleration of anyone who is standing inside the station is a = v2/r . This
acceleration is directed toward the axis of rotation. If someone inside the station
drops an apple, the apple will not have any forces acting on it once released, but
will move along a straight line at constant speed. However, from the point of
view of our observer inside the station, if he views himself as unmoving, the apple
is perceived to have an acceleration of v2/r directed away from the axis of rotation
(a "centrifugal" acceleration).
(b) Each deck must rotate about the
central axis with the same period T.
Relate the speed of a person on a
particular deck to his/her distance r
from the center:
v=
2 r
T
524 Chapter 5
Express the "acceleration of gravity"
perceived by someone a distance r
from the center:
v 2 4 2 r
=
, a result that tells us
ac =
r
T2
that the acceleration of gravity
decreases as r decreases.
a=
4 2 r
T =
T2
4 2 r
a
1.609 km
4 2 0.30 mi
mi
T=
9.8 m/s 2
= 44 s 0.74 min
129
A child of mass m slides down a slide inclined at 30 in time t1. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between her and the slide is k. She finds that if she
sits on a small sled (also of mass m) with frictionless runners, she slides down the
same slide in time 12 t1 . Find k.
Picture the Problem The following free-body diagram shows the forces acting
on the child as she slides down the incline. Well first use Newtons second law to
derive an expression for k in terms of her acceleration and then use Newtons
second law to find her acceleration when riding the frictionless cart. Using a
constant-acceleration equation, well relate these two accelerations to her descent
times and solve for her acceleration when sliding. Finally, we can use this
acceleration in the expression for k.
y r
Fn
r
fk
x
r
r
Fg = m g
r
r
F
= ma to the child as she
= mg sin f k = ma1, x
and
Fy = Fn mg cos = 0
mg sin k Fn = ma1, x
Fn = mg cos
k = tan 30
a1, x
g cos 30
mg sin 30 = ma2, x
and
a 2, x = g sin 30
(1)
(2)
and
s = v0 x t 2 + 12 a2, x t 22 where v0 x = 0
k = tan 30
k = 34 tan 30 = 0.43
g sin 30 3
= tan 30
g cos 30 4
1
4
526 Chapter 5
(c) Compute the acceleration vector and show that it is directed toward the origin
and has the magnitude v2/R. (d) Find the magnitude and direction of the net force
acting on the particle.
Picture the Problem The path of the particle is a circle if r is constant. Once we
have shown that it is, we can calculate its value from its components and
determine the particles velocity and acceleration by differentiation. The direction
of the net force acting on the particle can be determined from the direction of its
acceleration.
r
(a) Express the magnitude of r in
terms of its components:
r = rx2 + ry2
r=
[R sin t ] 2 + [R cos t ] 2
= R 2 sin 2 t + cos 2 t = R
This result shows that the path of the particle is a circle of radius R centered at the
origin.
r
r
(b) Differentiate r with respect to time to obtain v :
r
r dr
v=
= [R cos t ] i + [ R sin t ] j
dt
= [(8.0 cos 2 t ) m/s] i [(8.0 sin 2 t ) m/s] j
vx
8.0 cos t
=
= cot t (1)
v y 8.0 sin t
vx
:
vy
y
:
x
R cos t
y
=
= cot t
x
R sin t
vx
y
=
vy
x
r
r
(c) Differentiate v with respect to time to obtain a :
r
r dv
a=
=
dt
[( 16
] [(
(2)
)[
] (
r
r
a = 4.0 2 s 2 (4.0 sin t ) i + (4.0 cos t ) j = 4.0 2 s 2 r
r
r
Because a is in the opposite direction from r , it is directed toward the center of
the circle in which the particle is traveling.
v2
:
R
r
r
(d) Apply F = ma to the particle:
v 2 (8.0 m/s)
=
= 16 2 m/s 2
R
4.0 m
2
a=
= 13 2 N
r
r r
Because the direction of Fnet is the same as that of a , Fnet is toward the center of
the circle.
131 You are on an amusement park ride with your back against the wall of
a spinning vertical cylinder. The floor falls away and you are held up by static
friction. Assume your mass is 75 kg. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of yourself.
(b) Use this diagram with Newtons laws to determine the force of friction on
you. (c) The radius of the cylinder is 4.0 m and the coefficient of static friction
between you and the wall is 0.55. What is the minimum number of revolutions per
minute necessary to prevent you from sliding down the wall? Does this answer
hold only for you? Will other, more massive, patrons fall downward? Explain.
Picture the Problem The application of Newtons second law and the definition
of the maximum static friction force will be used to determine the period T of the
motion. The reciprocal of the period will give us the minimum number of
revolutions required per unit time to hold you in place.
y
r
f s,max
r
Fn
m
r
Fg
528 Chapter 5
(b) Apply
F = ma to yourself
v2
r
Fx = Fn = m
(1)
and
Fy = f s,max mg = 0
(2)
f s,max = mg
N=
f s,max
can be written:
1
T
(3)
v2
=
=m
s
r
mg
(4)
2 r
T
v=
2 r
4 2 mr
mg
T
=
= m
r
T2
s
T = 2
g
1
N=
2
N=
s r
1
2
s r
1
2
s r
g
9.81 m/s 2
= 0.336 rev/s
(0.55)(4.0 m )
= 20 rev/min
Because your mass does not appear in the expression for N, this result holds for all
patrons, regardless of their mass.
r
T2
r
T1
r
fk m
1
m2
x
r
m2 g
r
m1 g
Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the displacement of
the system in its first configuration
as a function of its acceleration and
fall time:
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate a x ,1 :
Apply
x = v0 x t + 12 a1x (t )
a x ,1 =
2x
(t )2
2(1.5 m )
= 4.4616 m/s 2
2
(0.82 s )
m2 g T1 = m2 a x ,1 T1 = m2 ( g a1x )
530 Chapter 5
= 13.371N
= T1 f k = m1a x ,1
mass is m1:
and
Fy = Fn,1 m1 g = 0
T1 k m1 g = m1a x ,1
a x,2 =
second run:
(1)
2x 2(1.5 m )
=
= 1.775 m/s 2
(t )2 (1.3 s )2
T2 = m2 (g a x , 2 )
T2 is given by:
Apply
T2 k (m1 + 1.2 kg )g
= (m1 + 1.2 kg )a x , 2
k =
T1 m1a x ,1
m1 g
m1 = 1.215 kg = 1.2 kg
(2)
(3)
k =
133 Sally claims flying squirrels do not really fly; they jump and use folds
of skin that connect their forelegs and their back legs like a parachute to allow
them to glide from tree to tree. Liz decides to test Sallys hypothesis by
calculating the terminal speed of a falling outstretched flying squirrel. If the
constant b in the drag force is proportional to the area of the object facing the air
r
Fdrag = bv t2 j
r
Fg = mgj
Fd Fg = ma y
or, because ay = 0,
Fd Fg = 0
bvt2 mg = 0 v t =
b = (0.1)bhuman
vt =
mg
b
(1)
20 m/s
Because the squirrels terminal speed is approximately 80 km/h and this value is
less than half that of the skydiver in Example 5-8, Sallys claim seems to be
supported by Lizs calculation.
134 After a parachutist jumps from an airplane (but before he pulls the rip
cord to open his parachute), a downward speed of up to 180 km/h can be reached.
When the parachute is finally opened, the drag force is increased by about a factor
of 10, and this can create a large jolt on the jumper. Suppose this jumper falls at
180 km/h before opening his chute. (a) Determine the parachutists acceleration
when the chute is just opened, assuming his mass is 60 kg. (b) If rapid
accelerations greater than 5.0g can harm the structure of the human body, is this a
safe practice?
532 Chapter 5
y
r
Fd = 10bv 2 j
r
Fg = mgj
10bv 2 mg = machute
achute = 10
open
open
open
b 2
v g
m
bv 2 mg = ma y
bvt2 mg = 0
(1)
b
g
= 2
m vt
1
achute = 10 g 2 v 2 g
open
vt
1
= 10 2 v 2 1 g
vt
achute = 10 2 v t2 1 g = 9 g
open
v t
open
(b) Because this acceleration exceeds the safe acceleration by 4g, this is not a safe
practice.
135
Find the location of the center of mass of the Earthmoon system
relative to the center of Earth. Is it inside or outside the surface of Earth?
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the location of the center of
mass of a system of particles to find the location of the center of mass of the
Earth-moon system. The following pictorial representation is, of course, not
shown to scale.
mE
moon
0
xcm
xcm =
mm
xm
mE xcm,E + mm xcm,m
m E + mm
(5.98 10
24
Because the radius of Earth is 6.37 106 m, the center of mass of the Earth-moon
system is inside Earth.
A circular plate of radius R has a circular hole of radius R/2 cut out of
136
it (Figure 5-86). Find the center of mass of the plate after the hole has been cut.
Hint: The plate can be modeled as two disks superimposed, with the hole modeled
as a disk of negative mass.
Picture the Problem By symmetry, xcm = 0. Let be the mass per unit area of
the disk. The mass of the modified disk is the difference between the mass of the
whole disk and the mass that has been removed.
m y
i
M mhole
mdisk ydisk mhole y hole
M mhole
M = A = r 2
mhole
r
= = 14 r 2 = 14 M
2
ycm =
M (0 ) ( 14 M )( 12 r )
=
M 14 M
1
6
534 Chapter 5
137
An unbalanced baton consists of a 50-cm-long uniform rod of mass
200 g. At one end there is a 10-cm-diameter uniform solid sphere of mass 500 g,
and at the other end there is a 8.0-cm-diameter uniform solid sphere of mass 750
g. (The center-to-center distance between the spheres is 59 cm.)
(a) Where, relative to the center of the light sphere, is the center of mass of this
baton? (b) If this baton is tossed straight up (but spinning) so that its initial center
of mass speed is 10.0 m/s, what is the velocity of the center of mass 1.5 s later?
(c) What is the net external force on the baton while in the air? (d) What is the
batons acceleration 1.5 s following its release?
Picture the Problem The pictorial representation summarizes the information
concerning the unbalanced baton and shows a convenient choice for a coordinate
system.
y, cm
m1 = 500 g
r1 = 5.0 cm
m3 = 750 g
r3 = 4.0 cm
m2 = 200 g
55
30
xcm =
59
x , cm
xcm =
35 cm
v(t ) = v0, y + a y t
or, because ay = g,
v(t ) = v0, y g t
Fnet = Fg = (m1 + m2 + m3 )g
= 14.2 kN
138
You are standing at the very rear of a 6.0-m-long, 120-kg raft that is at
rest in a lake with its prow only 0.50 m from the end of the pier (Figure 5-87).
Your mass is 60 kg. Neglect frictional forces between the raft and the water.
(a) How far from the end of the pier is the center of mass of the you-raft system?
(b) You walk to the front of the raft and then stop. How far from the end of the
pier is the center of mass now? (c) When you are at the front of the raft, how far
are you from the end of the pier?
Picture the Problem Let the origin be at the edge of the pier and the +x direction
be to the right as shown in the pictorial representation immediately below.
my
mr
pier
x, m
6.5
3.5
0.5
In the following pictorial representation, d is the distance of the end of the raft
from the pier after you have walked to its front. The raft moves to the left as you
move to the right; with the center of mass of the you-raft system remaining fixed
(because Fext,net = 0). The diagram shows the initial (xy,i) and final (xy,f) positions
of yourself as well as the initial (xr_cm,i) and final (xr_cm,f) positions of the center of
mass of the raft both before and after you have walked to the front of the raft.
my
mr
pier
x, m
d + 6.0 m
d + 3.0 m
xcm =
my x y,i + mr xr_cm, i
m y + mr
536 Chapter 5
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate xcm :
xcm =
= 4.5 m
(b) Because Fext,net = 0, the center of
mass remains fixed:
x'cm =
=
my xy,f + mr xr_cm,f
my + mr
my d + mr (d + 3.0 m )
d=
d=
= 4.5 m
my + mr
= 2.5 m
139
An Atwoods machine that has a frictionless massless pulley and
massless strings has a 2.00-kg object hanging from one side and 4.00-kg object
hanging from the other side. (a) What is the speed of each object 1.50 s after they
are released from rest? (b) At that time, what is the velocity of the center of mass
of the two objects? (c) At that time, what is the acceleration of the center of mass
of the two objects?
Picture the Problem The forces acting
on the 2.00-kg (m1) and 4.00-kg (m2)
objects are shown in the free-body
diagrams to the right. Note that the two
objects have the same acceleration and
common speeds. We can use constantacceleration equations and Newtons
second law in the analysis of the
motion of these objects.
r
T2
r
T1
m2
m1
r
r
Fg,1 = m1 g
r
r
Fg,2 = m 2 g
y
T1 m1 g = m1a y
(1)
m2 g T2 = m2 a y
m2 g m1 g = m2 a y + m1a y
m m1
g
a y = 2
m2 + m1
m m1
g t
v(t ) = 2
m2 + m1
(2)
r
r
r
m1v1 + m2 v 2
v cm =
m1 + m2
r
r
r
m1a1 + m2 a 2
a cm =
m1 + m2
538 Chapter 5
r
a cm
m m1
m m1
g j + m2 2
g j
m1 2
2
m2 + m1
m2 + m1
m2 m1
g j
=
=
+
m1 + m2
m
m
1
2
r
4.00 kg 2.00 kg
9.81 m/s 2 j = 1.09 m/s 2 j
acm =
4
.
00
kg
2
.
00
kg
+
) (