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dEcv
dt
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
1 / 23
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
2 / 23
_ + W
_ + m
_ i ei m
_ e ee
=Q
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
3 / 23
T133
T134
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
4 / 23
W = Ws + Wb + Wf + . . .
_
_
_
W
cv Ws + Wb
_
_
_
W
_ i vi m
_ e ve )
f = P (Vi Ve ) = P (m
Closed System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0.
dEcv
_ + W
_
_
_
=Q
cv = Q + Wnet
dt
dEcv
dt
dEcv
dt
_ = 0.
Closed & Adiabatic (Isolated) System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0; Q
_ + W
_ + m
= Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee
V2
V2
_ + W
_ + m
= Q
_ i
ui + i + gzi m
_ e
ue + e + gze
2
2
2
V
V2
_ + W_
_ i
hi + i + gzi m
_ e
he + e + gze
= Q
cv + m
2
2
X
X
V2i
V2e
_ +W
_
+
gz
+
gz
h
+
h
+
+
m
_
m
_
=Q
i
e
i
e
cv
i
e
2
2
out
dEcv
_
=W
cv = Ecv = Wcv ,ad
dt
Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:
X
X
dmcv
= 0 =
m
_ i =
m
_ e
dt
e
X
X
V2
V2
dme
+ gz dmi
+ gz
h+
+
h+
2
2
i
e
out
0 = Q + Wcv + m
_
(h1 h2 ) +
in
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
5 / 23
in
dEcv = Q + Wcv
(BUET)
P
g
V2
2g
(BUET)
+ g(z1 z2 )
ME 6101 (2016)
6 / 23
_
Q
cv = 180kJ /min = 3.0 kW
m
_ = AV
+ z1 =
P2
g
V22
2g
T147
dEcv
dt
+ z2
= Q + Wcv
= P/RT
X
V2i
V2
+ gzi
hi +
he + e + gze
+
m
_ i
m
_ e
2
2
e
i
h
2 2 i
V V
_ +W
_
0=Q
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2
cv + m
X
: pressure head
: velocity head
: elevation head
_
[Moran Ex. 4.5]: Air Compressor Power: Determine power required, W
cv .
V21 V22
2
Bernoullis Equation
P1
g
dEcv
=0
dt
_
= W
cv = +119.4 kW (work input required)
ME 6101 (2016)
7 / 23
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
8 / 23
_ + W
_ + m
_ + W
_
=Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee = Q
E = U + KE + PE +
Q + W = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) +
Q
dt
W
dt
dU
dt
d(KE )
dt
d(PE )
dt
dEcm
dt
+ =
T129
dEcm
dt
_ + W
_
=Q
R2
dU = U2 U1 = m(u2 u1 )
R2
d(KE ) = mVdV = 1 d(KE ) = 21 m(V22 V21 )
R2
d(PE ) = mgdZ = 1 d(PE ) = mg(Z2 Z1 ) = mgh
Q12 + W12 = (U2 U1 ) + 21 m(V22 V21 ) + mg(Z2 Z1 ) (U2 U1 )
q12 + w12 = (u2 u1 ) + 21 (V22 V21 ) + g(Z2 Z1 ) (u2 u1 )
dU =
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
9 / 23
T130
T131
(BUET)
T132
ME 6101 (2016)
10 / 23
h u + Pv
Q12 + W12 = E
Q12 + W12 = U if KE 0, PE 0
R2
W12 = 1 PdV = P (V2 V1 )
Q12 = U2 U1 + P (V2 V1 )
T458
a. U is fixed by the initial and final states. First law does not
restrict the magnitude of net heat input and net work output.
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
Q12 = H2 H1
T117
11 / 23
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
12 / 23
Qnet = 3.7 kJ
We = 7.2 kJ
h1 = h (300 kPa, x = 1)
h2 = h (300 kPa, T2 )
Qnet + Wnet = E U
Qnet + (We + Wb ) = E U
T139
Qnet + We P(V2 V1 ) = U2 U1
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
13 / 23
1 Q
m T
CV
1
m
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
14 / 23
ME 6101 (2016)
16 / 23
Specific Heats
C
T2 = ?
T118
Q
T
CP
q
u
T
= T
U
T V + 0
1
m
Q
T
dv
P T
q + w = du q = du + Pdv
+
q
u
dv
cV T
= T + P T V =
V
q
du
: du = cV dT if u = f (T ) (e.g. ideal gas)
= dT
= cV T
V
q
h
dP
= T
v T
q + w = du = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP T
q
h
dP
h
= T
0
v T
= T
cP T
P
P
P
q
dh
= cP T
: dh = cP dT if h = f (T ) (e.g. ideal gas)
= dT
Ru
M
cP (T ) cV (T ) = R
)
: k (T ) = ccVP (T
(T )
R2
du = cV dT u2 u1 = 1 cV (T )dT
R2
dh = cP dT h2 h1 = 1 cP (T )dT
cV (T ) =
R
k (T )1
T128
cP cV = R
(BUET)
cV =
R
k 1
cP =
kR
k 1
15 / 23
(BUET)
T127
First Law of Thermodynamics
X
X
V2
V2
+
h+
dme
+ gz dmi
+ gz
h+
2
2
i
e
out
in
Rt
Rt
dEcv
_
_
+ 0W
dt = 0 Qdt
cv dt
dt
P Rt
V2
m
_ e dt
e 0 h + 2 + gz
e
Rt
P Rt
i 0 h +
V2
2
+ gz
m
_ i dt
dt
R
R
2
2
h + V2 + gz dmi
Ucv = Q + Wcv +
h + V2 + gz dme
i
e
R
R
R
dUcv = d(mu ) = (mdu + udm): alternative form.
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
17 / 23
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
18 / 23
mcv = mi me m2
m
m
1 = mi
e
m2 = mi
R
R
0
T119
T120
= u2 = hi
Assumptions:
Adiabatic, rigid control volume
Uniform state within the tank at any instant
Negligible K.E. of influx gas
Uniform inlet flow
(BUET)
Ucv = m2 u2
m
1 u1 = m2 u2 = mi u2
Example: Estimate T2 .
hi = h (Steam, P1 = 1.0 MPa, T1 = 300o C ) = 3051 kJ/kg
ME 6101 (2016)
19 / 23
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
20 / 23
Discharging Process
e835
Ucv = m(u2 u1 )
T121
R
W = PdV = P (V2 V1 ) = P [Vtank (Vtank + V1 )] = mP1 v1
m(u2 u1 ) = mP1 v1 u2 = u1 + P1 v1
: same result.
= u2 = hi
(BUET)
= mdv + vdm dv = dm
V = mv
dV
v
m
dm
dv
du
=
0
ds
=
0 s = const
+
Pdv
= Pv = m = v = du
| {z }
ME 6101 (2016)
21 / 23
e835
s = constant Pv = constant
1/ 1/(1)
T2
m2
P2
dv
dP
dm
= T
m = v = P = m1 = P1
1
m1 =
m2
m1
m2 =
P1 V1
RT1
= 2338 kg
1/
P2
= m2 = 143 kg
P1
P2 V2
RT2
T2 = 175o C
(BUET)
dm = 0 dm dm = dm
dmcv =
dm
i
e
e
e
cv
0
2
2
dEcv = Q + Wcv + h + V2 + gz
dm
h
+ V2 + gz dme
i
i
e
= dUcv = he dme = +hdm : m = ncv = mass in CV
hdm = dUcv = d(mu ) = mdu + udm
du
du
(h u )dm = mdu dm
m = hu = Pv
ME 6101 (2016)
23 / 23
Tds
(BUET)
ME 6101 (2016)
22 / 23