Outline 1: The UNO has failed to Measure up to the demands of its Charter

Introduction
Charter Preamble
Aim and purpose of charter:
Major issues remain unresolved
Poor states ignored
Root Cause Prevention Efforts
Conclusion
Even little wars are dangerous in a nuclear world. The long labour of peace is an undertaking for every
nation - and in this effort none of us can remain unaligned. To this goal none can be uncommitted
John F. Kennedy
The picture of the United Nations in meeting the demands of its charter is bleak as the UNO has
miserably failed to meet its charter demands. The world body is deeply under the influence of the
United States, the chief financial donor to the United Nations. The UNs financial dependence on major
powers has contributed largely in the world bodys failure to act in a neutral and unbiased manner. A
decade or so back, it was Japan, UK, France and Germany which helped substantially along with the US
to bolster the fiscal kitty of the UN but slowly all these states drifted away leaving the US to remain
almost the sole power to meet the finances of the world body. Such a situation is unfortunate as the
United States is dominating the world body today.
It has been seen over the years that the UN has been successful in the economic cooperation only in
the developed countries, while the weaker states continue to be exploited by the stronger ones. Major
issues like Kashmir and Palestine remain unresolved even today. Two resolutions on Kashmir
demanding plebiscite in the Indian held Kashmir are lying pending in the United Nations since 1948-49.
Israel has been ruthless against the Palestinians and the helpless Palestinians have no one to support
their cause except the toothless Muslim states. The Palestinians remain deprived of their homeland
even today.
The US invasion of Iraq on the pretence to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and to
renounce their further use proved totally incorrect. A series of inspections by the IAEA failed to find
conclusive evidence that proved allegations that Iraq was continuing to develop or harbour such
weapons.
The UN has also failed to differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom-fighter. This is a million dollar
question today. The freedom fighters in Kashmir and Palestine have been dumped as terrorists, though
they are struggling for freedom from the Indian and the Israeli yokes. The UN has also failed in the field
of disarmament and to implement its nuclear non-proliferation policy.
The killings in the ethnic war in former Yugoslavia, saw hundreds of innocent Muslims men and women
being massacred by the Serbs. The UN remained helpless as the major powers were least pushed at
the horrific situation. The killings continued for weeks before the UN came into action.
However, despite its failure in many fields, the UNO has made credible achievements in preserving the
world from the scourge of the third world war thus saved the humanity at large from total
destruction. Yet, saving the world from catastrophe, though a major UN aim, is not the sole purpose of
what it was carved out in 1945, after the world had witnessed two world wars.
Charter Preamble
Before discussing the role of the United Nations that how far it has measured up to the demands of its
charter, it is essential to take a look at the charter.
Following in the wake of the failed League of Nations (19191946) (which the United States never
joined) the United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and promote
cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems.The Charter of the
United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations
Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the
International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter. Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61
of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on
31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20
December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted
by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968.

Aim and purpose of charter:

To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold
sorrow to mankind; and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small; to establish
conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of
international law can be maintained; and to promote social progress and better standards of life in
larger freedom; to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors;
and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the
acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the
common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social
advancement of all peoples,
UNO has failed to meet charters goals
So, taking a cursory look at the charter, one is forced to arrive at the conclusion that the UNO has
failed to measure up to the demands of its charter. The world, since the inception of the United
Nations, has witnessed wars, unresolved issues, coercive tactics and double standards employed by
the powerful states, no concrete steps to maintain fundamental human rights in the states ruled by
dictators, has miserably failed to promote social progress and better standards of life in poor states,
failed to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of
all peoples, and to employ international machinery for promotion of the economic and social
advancement of all peoples.
The UN has also failed to achieve the goals included in its charter to promote peace among regional
states and ensure amicable settlement of disputes. Though terrorism has not been explicitly stated in
the charter, it is implicitly a major factor in creating regional wars, killings of innocent people and
creating hurdles in the economic development of the states affected by terrorists. The UN has also
failed in the field of disarmament and to implement its nuclear non-proliferation policy. The arms race,
today, continues to threaten the world peace.
Major issues remain unresolved
Major world issues have remained unresolved since decades. Kashmir and Palestinian issues are
deadlocked despite untiring efforts by the grieved parties. Two resolutions on Kashmir demanding
plebiscite in the Indian held Kashmir are lying pending in the United Nations since 1948-49. Three wars
have been fought on the Kashmir issue between Pakistan and India, yet no outcome by the United
Nations. Both states have nuclear weapons and another war on Kashmir can be destructive. The UN
has failed to resolve the lingering issue since 1948. The US role is dominating in the world body and if
wants sincerely, it can help resolve the Kashmir issue by implementing the UN resolutions on Kashmir.
The Palestrina issue has yet to be resolved despite endeavors by Palestinians and the support of the
Muslim states since the creation of Israel. Israel has been ruthless against the Palestinians and the
helpless Palestinians have no one to support their cause except the toothless Muslim states. The
Palestinians remain deprived of their homeland even today. The United Nations have failed to resolve
the Palestinian issue since decades. The powerful Jewish lobby in the United States is the stumbling
block is helping resolve the issue.
Iran and North Korean nuclear issues continue to remain unresolved due to UNs double standards and
pro-US policies. These issues would have resolved long before if the UN had dealt with the issues
impartially.
Poor states ignored
In socio-economic affairs, the lot of the poor women and children in underdeveloped countries has not
improved. What is being witnessed is a deplorable story of the poor states being ignored with social
and economic conditions pitiable. Third world poor states miseries are being multiplied in sectors like
economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters. The Article 62 of the UN charter
has been laterally dumped. Hunger and starvation in the poor states is rampant. Huge amount is
being spent on the defence by the United States and other major states but peanut share for the
United Nations is being on this count. This practice is in violation of the the UN charter which clearly
states its purpose in the Article 62. Thus the United Nations have also failed in the purpose for which it
wa created by its lip service in meeting the social and economic sectors. The UN functions include: to
achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or

humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and To be a
centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
Root Cause Prevention Efforts
Though there is no universal agreement over the precise causes of deadly conflict, it is common to
differentiate between underlying or root and precipitating or "direct" causes of armed conflict. There
is a growing and widespread recognition that armed conflicts are taking place by ignoring the root
causes as rights of self-determination, poverty, political repression, and uneven distribution of
resources. Urgent steps are needed towards reducing poverty and achieving broad-based economic
growth and implanting plebiscite in the regions like Kashmir and Palestinian rights, accordind to the UN
resolutions. Preventive strategies must therefore work to promote human rights, to protect minority
rights and to institute political arrangements in which all groups are represented. Ignoring these
underlying factors amounts to addressing the symptoms rather the causes of deadly conflict.
Conclusion
The United Nations is a criminal enterprise in which no moral nation should ever participate, let alone
perpetuate said Tom DeWeese, one of the US leading advocates of individual liberty who fought over
30 years against oppression world-wide.
Today, we find the United Nations buried under scandals. It has oil for food scandals, power-abuse
scandals, smuggling scandals, theft scandals. The UN sets its own standards of conduct and it controls
its own judge and jury. These, of course, are the very reasons why many have opposed US membership
in the UN. And it's why many have feared the UN gaining any sort of power to gain its own ability to
tax, field an army, or create a court system. Possessing these three powers drastically changes the UN
from a volunteer membership organization to a global governing body.
While most agree that the UN could be improved, Noam Chomsky, a leading critic of US foreign policy,
proposed that measures such as the US relinquishing its veto power in the Security Council and
submitting to the rulings of the International Court of Justice could significantly improve the UN's ability
to foster the growth of democracy and promote global peace and the protection of human rights.
There can be no doubt about the agenda of further steps. There is a need to continue to seek
agreements on measures which prevent war by accident or miscalculation and to continue to seek
agreements on safeguards against surprise attack, including observation posts at key points. The UN
must exert its influence to continue to seek agreement on further measures to curb the nuclear arms
race, by controlling the transfer of nuclear weapons, converting fissionable materials to peaceful
purposes, and banning underground testing, with adequate inspection and enforcement. There is a
need to continue to seek agreement on a freer flow of information and people from East to West and
West to East. The world has not escaped from the darkness. The long shadows of conflict and crisis
envelop us still. But in an atmosphere of rising hope, and at a moment of comparative calm, there is
still ray of hope prevails among the member states of the United Nations.
Essay 2: UN: An instrument of international understanding and World Peace
The United Nation was established to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war____ and to
affirm faith in fundamental human rights, and to establish conditions under which justice can be
maintained.To this end, the Charter laid down the pursuit of the following purposes by the United
Nations:
i To maintain international peace and security through collective measures;
ii to promote the process of self-determination of peoples or decolonization;
iii to bring about the peaceful settlement of international disputes;
iv and to help achieve international cooperation in social, economic, cultural, educational, Scientific
and humanitarian fields.
Arising from these purposes and from the common concern of mankind, the UN has set itself two
other important goals or objectives, namely, disarmament and the establishment of a New
International Economic Or- Manifestly, the foremost UN goal is the maintenance of world peace and
security, the primarily responsibility for which is centered, the Security Council, In this context, it may
be noted that generally speaking, only an act of aggression committed or backed by one of the Great
Powers Britain, China, France, Russia and the USA can seriously threaten the peace of the world. But
when such is the case, the Security Council in which each. Great Power has a Veto would be

structurally and operationally unable the aggressor. To this day, the UN Security Council has been able
to vote for enforcement action only in two major conflict situations i.e.. Korean War forty years ago and
the Gulf crisis arising from Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait. In the Korean War, North Korea was
adjudged as the aggressor, which enjoyed the support of the USSR.
However, the time when the Koran case came before the Security Council, the Soviet Union had been
boycotting the Council. Hence the enforcement action plan proposed by the US-escaped the Soviet
veto. Thus it was just an exception, which confirms the rule of the Security Council's inability in any
aggression committed or supported by a veto-wielding Great Power. In the Gulf crisis, the Security
Council was able to ask Iraq to evacuate Kuwaiti territory. It also voted for the blockade of Iraq. This
had been possible because of the prevailing East-West detente arising chiefly due to the extraordinary
domestic and global initiatives of the then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Surely, a third world
war has not occurred since 1945. But this has been due, chiefly, to the balance of terror between the
super powers the USA and the former USSR and their perception that a major direct clash between
them would, among other probable damage, lead to a near-total destruction of both of them.
As regards the UN record in the matter of the peaceful settlement of disputes or conflicts, it may be
noted that in the post 1945 era, there have been over 150 critical international disputes or conflict
situations, notably, the India-China conflict, India-Pakistan conflicts, Ethiopia-Somalia conflict, the
Afghanistan crisis, the Cuban missile crisis, the crises in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, the
Vietnam war and the Iran-Iraq war. In all these cases, the disputes has either lingered on or has been
set along three major landmarks in conflict resolution or the pacific, settlement of disputes-the ShastriSirimavo Agreement 1965, the Simla Agreement 1972 and the Farakka Accord 1977, were bilaterally
negotiated. Likewise, India's boundary dispute with China which has lingered for over three decades is
being bilaterally pursued through successive rounds of India-China talks at various levels. Thus the UN
has had very little to do with the settlement of major international disputes. However, the UN has done
a lot in the field of peace-keeping' from the time of the Suez crisis in 1956 through Cyprus, Lebanon
and Congo and other areas to its current involvement in Cambodia, Somalia and Bosnia Herzegovina.
But the future of these operations is rather uncertain. First there is the problem of funding, for already
member nations owe more than 500 million dollars to the United Nations on account of these peacekeeping operations. Secondly, there is the problem of having to raise a sufficiently strong and trained
peace-keeping force to be used as and when an emergency arises.
Aside from conflict resolution and the pacific settlement of disputes, the question of disarmament is
also significantly linked to the problem of world peace and security. Enormous stockpiles of nuclear and
conventional armaments and the annual global armament expenditure of over one thousand billion
dollars threaten the very survival of mankind. But the progress in this direction has been very limited,
and the UN involvement in it has been rather minimal. Even such partial or limited measures as the
Non-proliferation Treaty, the SALT-I & II, the I. N. F. Treaty and the START treaty were negotiated outside
the UN framework. However, the United Nations General Assembly has had three special exclusively to
arms control and disarmament. Among these three special disarmament sessions, SSOD-I had some
limited success in as much as it adopted a consensual resolution pointing to the grave danger arising
from escalating arms race and urging immediate steps towards global disarmament. But, in practice,
its impact was almost nil. As for SSOD-II & III they failed even to adopt a consensual declaration for all
their diplomatic noises and fan fare. In the field of self-determination of peoples and decolonization
which the charter declared the UN record has also been rather peripheral or nugatory. Thus, Rupert
Emerson a leading American expert on colonial affairs, says, The United Nations did not in fact
establish working jurisdiction over decolonization; and the great bulk of the politics of decolonization
did not pass, as it were through the UN funnel, but has been directly worked out whether peacefully or
belligerently by the colonial powers and the peoples whom they ruled. Closely related to the problem
of decolonization is the issue of fundamental freedom or human rights. Surely, in this field, the UN has
issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and several Covenants on Civil, political and
economic rights. But it has no authority whatsoever to implement or enforce these solemn declarations
in various member countries. In South Africa and Israel areas, occupied of Palestine, fundamental
human rights are denied to a vast number of people. And before the recent upsurge in the former
USSR and East Europe, these rights were generally nonexistent in these areas. The social, economic
and cultural activities of the United Nations are operationalized through various specialized agencies,
like the UNESCO, FAO, WHO, UNICEF etc. But, in fact these agencies function knowledgeably on the
periphery of the United Nations system. As an American expert, John Maclaurin, has pointed out, these
organizations have always operated, so to say, on petty, shoe promote the cultural and socio-economic
upliftment of entire human multinationals spend on the publicity or advertisement of their consumer

products. Even so, several member countries to the budgets of these agencies for political or
diplomatic reasons. The UN Charter solemnly declares the principles of the Sovereign equality of all
member nations, But, in fact, thanks to structural provisions like the veto and vast economic and
resource inequalities among the member States, some countries to use George Orwell's phrase are
more equal than the others in the UN's structures and operations. Flowing from this realization a
forward a demand for the re-structuring of the United Nations, and specifically, for the establishment
of a New International Economic order. In May 1974 the UN Gene; Assembly adopted a resolution to
this efficient nations-over whom the UN has no control-there has been no progress in the proposed
North-South dialogue to usher in the cherished New International Economic Order. Apparently, the
United Nations has failed to live up to the principles and purposes of the Charter or fulfill its obligations
in the vital field of world peace and security and related fields like disarmament, decolonization,
human rights and the establishment of a new world economic order. Yet, in many ways, it has helped
to cool tensions and promote dialogue and international contracts. In its committees, cafes, bars,
lounges and galleries, various diplomats often meet and happen to chat informally and so daily. In such
relaxed atmosphere, occasionally new ideas and approaches emerge, which sometimes lead to a fuller
appreciation of opposite viewpoints and their eventual reconciliation. On the face of its, it is a small
contribution. But, let us remember, that all big events or achievements have small beginnings. May be,
in course of time, these informal approaches will tend to affect the formal structures and operations of
the United Nations and make it a more viable instrument of international understanding and world
peace.
Essay 3: UNO: A telling Tale of Apathy and Failure
The UN brings together 193 countries in allegedly shared aims: 'to maintain international security, to
develop friendly relations between nations, to co-operate in solving problems and promote human
rights'. In June 1945 representatives of 50 countries met to draw up a United Nations charter. The UN
officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, with 51 member states.
The major powers wanted a controlled form of international cooperation in order to ensure their world
dominance, while at the same time avoiding the scale of destruction of property, wealth and lives
brought about by world wars. The ill-starred forerunner of the UN was the League of Nations,
established in 1919, which failed to prevent World War II.
The UN is a product of its times, founded in the wake of two disastrous world wars. Its organs and way
of functioning reflect the balance of power of that era. Since 1945, the number of political players
states and organizations has increased exponentially. So, in the wake of numerous modern-day
challenges, reforms in this supreme body are inevitable.
Although, in the early years, the UN forums were dominated by the Cold War clash of interests
between the Soviet Union and the United States, from its inception the UN has been a tool of
imperialism. Even today it is dominated by the only world superpower, the United States, and thus also
by the interests of the multinational companies that it represents. The US would use the UN where
useful and ignore it where necessary. Where the UN frustrates the US, for example voting against war
in Iraq, they simply circumvent it. The UN seems to be in a state of paralysis for it is almost
dysfunctional in meeting the challenges that come under the ambit of its mandate that is written and
ratified in its Charter.
Article 99 of the Charter empowers the Secretary-General to bring to the attention of the Security
Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and
security. But the efficiency of these instruments is limited by the reluctance of the UN member states
and particularly by the permanent members of the Security Council (SC) to confer more power on the
Secretary-General and his organization. The proposal for a UN Rapid Reaction Force, an important
element for conflict prevention, has been thwarted, even though eminent policy-makers and experts
have called for it.
Clearly, the resistance by some members of the SC that limits the Secretary-Generals ability to make
vital decisions in conflict resolution is a significant, if not the most important, factor that hampers the
progress towards peace.
Today, the situation is so precarious that the international laws, which all member states have to abide
by, are being violated with impunity by those with big muscles within the Security Council and their
client states. Some of the conflicts are so old that they even predate the establishment of the world
body itself. But, despite many UN resolutions adopted to end these conflicts, there are no signs of
peace in sight.
Lets look around. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the India and Pakistan confrontation over Kashmir,
the Eritrean-Ethiopian border issue, the wars in Somalia, Central African Republic and Democratic

Republic of Congo are but few examples of international crisis that pose a great threat to world peace.
Sadly, the United Nations has done very little, if any, in resolving those as a result of which the people
continue to suffer.
Speaking of international law, its interesting to note how the US government is showing great interest
in the current Ukraine crisis, citing importance of respecting international laws and treaties in
protecting the sovereignty of a nation while totally ignoring similar treaties in other parts of the world
to which its a signatory as well as a guarantor.
In support to his decision to impose additional sanctions on Russian officials over Crimea, Mr Obama
recently made a statement which one finds rather odd, especially given the way US handles similar
situations in other parts of the world.
Granted that the peace-loving people of the world are unequivocally for the respect of sovereignty of
every nation as was articulated by the US President, its the hypocrisy with which world conflicts have
been handled and Americas lack of sensitivities on other countries whose sovereignty have been
violated that one takes Obamas stand on Ukraine with a grain of salt.
A retrospective look at the causes that led to the 1998 Eritrea-Ethiopia war reveals that one major
cause of the problem was TPLF (Ethiopian) regimes unilateral redrawing of Tigrays map, which
included a big chunk of Eritrean territory and the subsequent forced eviction of Eritrean citizens from
their villages. Did we see the US government intervene in the same fashion as it is doing now with
Ukraine to such total disregard to international law perpetrated by the belligerent Ethiopian regime,
other than the usual lip service calling on both the aggressor and the victim to cease the hostilities,
and often with the intention of appearing neutral? Sadly not!
As its difficult to awaken someone who pretends to be asleep, so efforts by oppressed countries to
seek justice by calling on the UN repeatedly have proved futile. Its thus long overdue that all nations
must stand in solidarity and demand that the World Body lives up to its responsibilities as are
enshrined in its Charter and take radical measures aimed at reshaping its misguided policy and
changing the way world conflicts are being managed. That should include, but should not remain
limited to, major reform within the Security Council, putting some restrictions on its unlimited power to
intervene in world conflict as it has often been biased, and to seek for more transparency so as to
prevent that no permanent member of the SC abuses the system and that justice is served for all
member states on equal terms.
Top 10 Failures of the United Nations
1. Rwanda
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 details the gross inability of the United Nations to carry out its sworn
duty to maintain peace and security. In 1993, UN peacekeeping forces entered the nation, attempted
to secure the capital and enable humanitarian aid. The peacekeeping forces were not authorized to use
military manoeuvres to achieve these goals. In January of 1994, a cable was sent from the Canadian
Force Commander to the UN headquarters detailing the imminent threat of genocide by Hutu mobs on
Tutsi minorities. The Security Council never received the cable, and the notice was largely ignored.
2. Darfur
In 2003, the unstable nation of Sudan erupted in conflict. Early in the war, rebel forces defeated the
Sudanese military. Seeing that defeat was imminent, the government funded the Janjaweed, a group of
Arabs. By 2005, the Janjaweed were carrying out attacks on populated villages using artillery and
helicopters, prompting condemnation by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Despite this condemnation,
the UN did not enter Sudan, instead urging members of the African Union to intervene.
3. The Cold War
The Cold War exemplifies the failure behind the United Nations Charter. In 1948, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was established, which was binding to all nations, along with the
Convention Against Genocide. But, almost immediately, the USSR disregarded these. Civic rights were
virtually non-existent and Stalin continued to rule with an iron fist. With the United Nations unwilling to
act upon such atrocities, the words in the Charter were rendered meaningless for those who needed
them the most.
4. Khmer Rouge Ruling Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge practiced an extreme form of
Communism, as dictated by their borderline-psychotic leader Pol Pot. In 1979, the Vietnamese army
invaded Cambodia to oust the Khmer Rouge and end the massacre and a new government was put in
place in Cambodia. Shockingly, the United Nations refused to recognize this new government because
it was backed by Vietnam, which had recently ended a decade-long conflict with the United States.
5. Srebrenica Massacre
This 1995 Bosnian War massacre was the single worst act of mass murder on European soil since World
War II. After an ethnic cleansing campaign led by the Serbs targeted the Bosniaks, a largely Muslim
community, the United Nations designated Srebrenica a safe-zone in 1993. But, as many as 7,800

Bosniaks were killed by Serbian soldiers mainly due largely to an ill-equipped and unprepared UN
force.
6. Veto Power
Five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council enjoy the luxury of veto power; when
a permanent member vetoes a vote, the Council resolution cannot be adopted. Most recent example of
a veto came when the UNSC attempted to evoke chapter VII sanctions from the UN Charter to
intervene and prevent genocide in Syria. But the vetoes by China and Russia halted any international
intervention and rendered the UN hapless.
7. Child Sex Abuse Scandal
To the oppressed people, the blue helmets of UN peacekeepers represent stability and safety.
Unfortunately, the reports from Bosnia, Kosovo, Cambodia, Haiti, and Mozambique revealed a shocking
trend; areas with peacekeeping forces saw a rapid rise in child prostitution. But, the senior officials in
the UN refused to even condemn the peacekeepers.
8. Sri Lanka
In the final months of the war between LTTE and Sri Lankan army, the opposing sides fought in the
heavily populated northeast coastline, a designated safe zone. Independent experts urged the Human
Rights Council of the UN to investigate claims of war crimes, but the United Nations made no attempts
to intervene on behalf of the civilian population.
9. Nuclear Proliferation
In 1970, the nuclear non-proliferation treaty was signed by 190 nations, including five nations that
admitted to owning nuclear weapons: France, England, Russia, China, and the US. Despite this treaty,
nuclear stockpiles remain high, and numerous nations continue to develop these devastating weapons.
The failure of the non-proliferation treaty details the ineffectiveness of the United Nations, and their
inability to enforce crucial rules and regulations on offending nations.
10. Terrorism
Many experts agree that modern terrorism began with the 1968 hijacking of El Al Israel Flight 426 by
a Palestinian organization. The United Nations condemned the action, but failed to take any further
action. These terrorist acts continued throughout the remainder of the twentieth century, with no
reaction from the UN; a simple condemnation was as far as they would go.