2/1/2012

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

By
Nazeer Ahmad Anjum
NazeerAnjum@uettaxila.edu.pk

Department of Mechanical Engineering.

University of Engineering & Technology
Taxila

TOPIC:
ENGINEERING CURVES
Outline

2/1/2012

Cycloidal
Spirals
Helices
Involutes
Assignment
Engineering Drawing & Graphics

ENGINEERING CURVES
The curves are used for design of

various moving machine parts, such as

pistons, tooth gears etc. some of these
curves are obtained by cutting a right
circular cone, by planes in different
positions. These curves are parabola,
Ellipse, Hyperbolic etc are called conics.

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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

ENGINEERING CURVES
Axis:- The imaginary line joining
the apex to the center of the base of
a cone.

Apex
Generator

Axis

Apex:- The top point of the cone.

Generator:-

Base

The line from the

apex to the circumference of the
base circle.

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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

ENGINEERING CURVES
PARABOLIC:-

When a section is inclined to the axis, but is

parallel to one of the generator of the cone.

A
V

Ordinate:- Any line (AF)

XY is called ordinate.

Y
Latus

to the axis

Rectum:-

Double ordinate
passing through the focus, F is called Latus
Rectum, AA,

HYPERBOLA:- When the section plane makes a

smaller angle with the axis than that of the angle made by
the generator of the cone.
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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

PLANE AND SPACE CURVES

Plane Curves

Cycloidal

Spirals

Cycloid

Helices

Involutes

Archemedian
Cylindrical

Epicycloid

Logarithmetic

Hypocycloid
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Conical
Engineering Drawing & Graphics

PLANE AND SPACE CURVES

PLANE CURVE:- The curve obtained when a point
moves in a constantly changing direction in the same
plane, is called plane Curve.
CYCLOID:- A cycloid is a curve generated by a point on
the circumference of a circle (generating circle), that
rolls in plane along a straight line (directing line),
without slipping

Problem:The diameter of a generating circle is 50 mm,

Construct a cycloid curve.
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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

CYCLOID CURVE
Rolling circle is called generating circle & the fixed
straight line or circle is called the directing circle.

Procedure:1. Draw a circle of radius d/2=25 mm with center O, let

P be a generating point on the circle.

2. Draw a line P-P tangential to and equal to the circumference

of the circle (d=157.2mm).
3. Divide the line P-P and the circle into same number of equal
parts, say 12 divisions and mark as 1, 2, 3. etc.
4. Number the circle in anticlockwise, assuming the circle is
rolling in clockwise direction.
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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

CYCLOID CURVE
5. Through O, draw a line O-O12 ||e & equal to P-P/ erect at
points 1,2,3, etc on P-P12 at O1, O2,O3 etc
6.

Draw Horizontal lines (||e to P-P) through the point

1,2,3 etc, on the circle.
7. With O1 as center & radius R=25 mm, draw an arc to cut the
Hori. line through the point 1 of the circle, at P1. Similarly
with O2 as center & R=25 as radius Hori. line through the
point 2 of the circle at P2

8. Similarly with O3,O4, etc as center & R=25 as radius draw

arcs to cut corresponding horizontal lines at P3,P4,etc
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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

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EPICYCLOID CURVE
EPICYCLOID:-

An epicycloid is a curve
generated by a point on the circumference of a circle
(generating circle), that rolls on the outside of the
another fixed circle (directing circle), without
slipping.

Problem:- A circle of 33 mm diameter rolls on the

circumference of another circle of 98 mm diameter and outside
it. Trace the locus of a point on the circumference of the
rolling circle for one complete revolution.

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PROCEDURE TO DRAW EPICYCLOID

1. Let r be the radius of the rolling circle (=33/2mm

or 16.5 mm) & R be the radius of directing or base

circle (98/2 mm or 49 mm).
2. Determine the arc of base circle by calculating the
angle subtended by it at its center using the formula
= 360X r/R (=360X16.5/49=121o). Note: the arc
length of base circle for one complete revolution of
rolling circle is equal to the circumference of the
rolling circle.
3. With any point O as center & radius R (radius of
base circle = 49 mm) draw an arc P-P12, subtending
an angle = 121o at its center i. e. the angle between
OP & OP12 will be 121o.
4. Produce OP, and on it mark a point C such that PC
= r (16.5 mm radius) of rolling circle.
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PROCEDURE TO DRAW EPICYCLOID

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

With center C and radius r=16.5 mm, draw rolling

circle.
Draw an arc C-C12 = r+R, is the center line of rolling
circle.
Divide the rolling circle and arc P-P12 of directing circle
into same number of equal parts say 12.
Number the division points on the arc P-P12 as 1,2,3,
.. etc. Number the division points on rolling circle as
1,2,3, etc in anticlockwise direction.
With O as center, draw arcs passing through the
points 1, 2, 3, 4, etc on the rolling circle.
Draw radial lines connecting O and points 1, 2, 3,
etc. on the arc P-P12.

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PROCEDURE TO DRAW EPICYCLOID

11. Produce the radial lines O-1, O-2, O-3, etc. to cut
the arc C-C12 at C1, C2, C3, ... etc.
12. With center C1 & radius = r, radius of rolling circle,
draw a short arcs to cut the arc through point 1 on
rolling circle at P1.
13. Similarly with C2, C3, C4, etc as centers & radius =r
draw arcs to cut corresponding arcs from the point 1,
2, 3, etc. on rolling circle, at P2, P3, , P12 etc.
14.

Draw a smooth curve passing through the points P1,

P2, P3, P12 which gives the required epicycloid.

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INVOLUTE CURVE
INVOLUTE :- An involute is a curved line generated by
one end of a piece of string when unwound from a
line, circle or a polygon, without slipping, the string
being kept tight.
4

Involute of an Equilateral Triangle

1

C
A

3
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PROCEDURE OF INVOLUTE CURVE

Involute of an Equilateral Triangle
1. Let ABC be the triangle. With C as center & radius
2.

equal to CA draw arc A-1 meeting the line BC

prolonged at 1.
With B as center & B-1 as radius draw arc 1-2
meeting the line AB prolonged at 2.

3.

With A as center & A-2 as radius draw arc 2-3

meeting the line AC prolonged at 3.

4.

Next, with C as center & C-3 as radius draw arc 3-4.

5.

With B as center & B-4 as radius draw arc 4-5 and

so on.
Join points with a smooth curve.

5.

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ARCHEMEDIAN SPIRAL
It is a curve generated by a point moving in such a way
that its movement towards or away from the pole is
uniform with increase of the vectorial angle from the
starting line

USES:-

This curve is used to set the profiles of teeth

of helical gears, the profiles of cams & clock springs

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TERMS USED IN SPIRAL

Pole:- The point about which the

Pole

line rotates.

Vector
Angle

Radius Vector:- The line

joining any point on the curve

with the pole.
Vectorial Angle:- The angle
b/w the radius vector & the line in
its initial position.

Convolution:Each complete revolution of the curve.

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Convolution

Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Radius Vector
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ASSIGNMENT #
Write down the steps & Draw the curves of
1. Hypocycloid
2. Involute of
Square, Pentagon, Regular Hexagon, & Circle
3. Spiral

Submission date:

Archemedian Spiral

Logarithmic Spiral

Difference b/w Logarithmetic & Archemedian spiral

4. Solve
Draw one
& half
turns of 4,
a right
5.
Exercise
Problems
15 tohanded
18, 23, helix
& 27of pitch 60 mm
on a cylinder of diameter 70 mm.
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Engineering Drawing & Graphics

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