Algebra and functions; coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane;

Construction and presentation of rigorous mathematical arguments

through appropriate use of precise statements and logical
deduction, involving correct use of symbols and appropriate
exhibit correct understanding and use of mathematical language
and grammar in respect of terms such as equals, identically
equals, therefore, because, implies, is implied by, necessary,
, ,
and

For this unit, students may

have access to any calculating aids,

Mathematical Formulae
including Statistical Formulae and Tables, which will be provided for

This section lists formulae that students are expected to remember

ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots

function

derivative

xn

nxn 1

function

integral

xn

xn + 1 + c, n

The equivalence of am/n and

am

Students should be able to

Solution of quadratic equations by

factorisation, use of the formula
For example, where one equation
is linear and one equation is
For example, ax + b > cx + d,

px2 + qx + r

0, px2 + qx + r < ax + b.

Algebraic manipulation of polynomials, including

Students should be able to

polynomials of degree n, n 3,
eg x3 + 4x2 + 3x. The notation f(x)
theorem is not
Functions to include simple cubic
functions and the reciprocal
k
function y = x with x 0.

Knowledge of the term asymptote

Knowledge of the effect of simple transformations on
the graph of y = f(x) as represented by y = af(x), y = f(x) + a,
y = f(x + a), y = f(ax).

Students should be able to apply

one of these transformations
to any of the above functions
(quadratics, cubics, reciprocal)
Given the graph of any function
y = f(x) students should be able to

x y
Equation of a straight line, including the forms
y y1 = m(x x1) and ax + by + c = 0.

(i) the equation of a line through

two given points
(ii) the equation of a line parallel
(or perpendicular) to a
given line through a given

Conditions for two straight lines to be parallel or

perpendicular to the line

3x + 4y = 18 through the point
(2, 3) has equation
4
y 3 = 3 (x 2).

Sequences, including those given by a formula

for the nth term and those generated by a simple
relation of the form xn+1 = f(xn).
Arithmetic series, including the formula for the sum
n

The general term and the sum to

n
The proof of the sum formula
Understanding of

notation will be

The derivative of f(x) as the gradient of the tangent

to the graph of y = f (x) at a point; the gradient of the
tangent as a limit; interpretation as a rate of change;

For example,

is

the rate of change of y with respect

to x
The notation f (x)

Differentiation of xn, and related sums and

For example, for n 1, the ability

to differentiate expressions such
as (2x + 5)(x
expect

Applications of differentiation to gradients, tangents

Integration of xn.

1) and

is

equations of tangents and normals

For example, the ability to

integrate expressions such as
and

is

expecte
Given f (x) and a point on the
curve, students should be able to
form y = f(x).

Algebra and functions; coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane;

sequences and series; trigonometry; exponentials and logarithms;

Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least

+, , , , , x2, x, 1 , xy, ln x, ex, x!, sine, cosine and
x
tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and

Mathematical Formulae
including Statistical Formulae and Tables, which will be provided for

This section lists formulae that students are expected to remember

logax + logay = loga(xy)

klogax = loga(xk)
In the triangle ABC

area =

area under a curve =

Simple algebraic division; use of the Factor Theorem

Only division by (x + a) or (x a) will

f(x) = 0 when x = a, then (x a) is a

factor of f(x)
Students may be required to
factorise cubic expressions such
as x3 + 3x2 4 and 6x3 + 11x2 x 6
Students should be familiar
with the terms quotient and
remainder and be able to
determine the remainder when the
polynomial f(x) is divided by
(ax + b)

x, y
Coordinate geometry of the circle using the equation
of a circle in the form (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2 and
(i) the angle in a semicircle is a right angle;

(ii) the perpendicular from the centre to a chord

bisects the chord;

the radius and the coordinates of

the centre of the circle given the
equation of the circle, and vice

The general term and the sum to n

the use of r < 1

The proof of the sum formula

Binomial expansion of (1 + x)n for positive integer n

Expansion of (a + bx)n may be

The notations n! and

The sine and cosine rules, and the area of a triangle

in the form ab sin C.
Radian measure, including use for arc length and

Use of the formulae

A = r2

and

Knowledge of graphs of curves

with equations such as

y = 3 sin x, y = sin

Knowledge and use of tan =

sin2 + cos2 = 1

, and

, y = sin 2x is

Solution of simple trigonometric equations in a given

Students should be able to solve

equations such as

sin

for 0 < x < 2 ,

cos (x + 30 ) =

for 180 < x < 180 ,

tan 2x = 1 for 90 < x < 270 ,

6 cos2 x + sin x
sin2

5 = 0, 0
for

x < 360,

x< .

y = ax
Laws of logarithms

To include

log a xy = log a x + log a y,

log a

x
= log a x
y

loga xk = k log a x,

log a a = 1
The solution of equations of the form ax = b

log a y,

Students may use the change of

Applications of differentiation to maxima and minima

and stationary points, increasing and decreasing

The notation f (x) may be used for

To include applications to curve
problems may be set in the context

Students will be expected to be

able to evaluate the area of a
region bounded by a curve and

the curve y = 6x x2 and the line

y = 2x.

x dy
Approximation of area under a curve using the

For example,
evaluate
using the values of (2x + 1) at x = 0,
0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.

Algebra and functions; trigonometry; exponentials and logarithms;

prerequisites and associated formulae, is assumed and may be

Methods of proof, including proof by contradiction and disproof by

The examination will consist of one 1

Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least

1
the follo
+, , ,
x2, x, x , xy, ln x, ex, x!, sine, cosine and
tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and

Mathematical Formulae
including Statistical Formulae and Tables, which will be provided for

This section lists formulae that students are expected to remember

cos2A + sin2 A
sec2A

cosec A
2

sin 2A
cos2A

function

A cos A

A sin2 A

derivative

sin kx

k cos kx

ekx

kekx

cos kx

k sin kx

ln x
f (x) + g (x)

f (x) + g (x)

f (g (x))

f (g (x)) g (x)

f (x) g (x)

f (x) g (x) +f (x) g (x)

Denominators of rational
expressions will be linear or
quadratic, eg

,
The concept of a function as a
one-one or many-one mapping
from (or a subset of ) to
and f(x) will be
The notation f : x

mean do g

fg will

exists, then f 1f(x) = ff 1(x) = x.

the graphs of y = ax + b and the

graphs of y = f(x) and y = f( x ),
given the graph of y = f(x)
Combinations of the transformations y = f(x) as
represented by y = af(x), y = f(x) + a, y = f(x + a), y = f(ax)

the graph of, for example,

y = 2f(3x), y = f( x) + 1, given the
graph of y = f(x) or the graph of, for
example, y = 3 + sin 2x,

y = cos
The graph of y = f(ax + b) will not be

Knowledge of secant, cosecant and cotangent and of

Knowledge and use of sec2

cosec2 = 1 + cot2 .

Angles measured in both degrees

= 1 + tan2 and

Knowledge and use of double angle formulae; use of

formulae for sin (A B), cos (A B) and tan (A B) and of
sin in the equivalent forms
expressions for a cos
a) or r sin ( a)
of r cos (

To include application to half

t (tan
formulae will not

The function ex

To include the graph of y = eax + b + c.

The function ln x and its graph; ln x as the inverse

function of ex

Solution of equations of the form

eax + b = p and ln (ax + b) = q is

Students should be able to solve

equations such as
a cos + b sin = c in a given
interval, and to prove simple
identities such as
cos x cos 2x + sin x sin 2x cos x

Differentiation of ex, ln x, sin x, cos x, tan x and their

sums and differences.
Differentiation using the product rule, the quotient

Differentiation of cosec x, cot x and

sec x
expected in the differentiation of
functions generated from standard
forms using products, quotients
and composition, such as 2x4 sin x,
, cos x2 and tan 2 2x

The use of

for x = sin 3y

Location of roots of f(x) = 0 by considering changes

of sign of f(x) in an interval of x in which f(x) is
Approximate solution of equations using simple
iterative methods, including recurrence relations of
the form xn+1 = f(xn).

Solution of equations by use of

iterative procedures for which

Algebra and functions; coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane;

preambles, prerequisites and associated formulae, is assumed and

The examination will consist of one 1

Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least

1
the following
+, , ,
x2, x, , xy, ln x, ex, x!, sine, cosine and
x
tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and

Mathematical Formulae
including Statistical Formulae and Tables, which will be provided for

This section lists formulae that students are expected to remember

.

function

cos kx
sin kx
ekx

f(x) + g(x)

f(g(x)) g(x)

integral

kx + c
kx + c

+c

ln |x| + c, x
f (x) + g(x) + c
f (g(x)) + c

Partial fractions to include

denominators such as
(ax + b)(cx + d)(ex + f)
and (ax + b)(cx + d)2.
The degree of the numerator may
equal or exceed the degree of
integration, differentiation and
Quadratic factors in the
denominator such as (x2 + a), a > 0,
are not

Parametric equations of curves and conversion

the area under a curve given its

will not
a curve from its parametric

Binomial series for any rational n

For x

b
a , students should be

able to obtain the expansion of

(ax + b)n, and the expansion of
rational functions by decomposition

tangents and normals to curves

given parametrically or implicitly is
Knowledge and use of the result

(ax) = ax ln a
Questions involving connected

Integration of ex,

, sinx, cosx.

To include integration of standard

functions such as sin 3x, sec2 2x, tan x,

e5x,

Students should recognise

integrals of the form

= ln f(x) + c

Students are expected to be able

to use trigonometric identities to
integrate, for example, sin2 x, tan2 x,
cos2 3x.
is required, but not

olution,
Simple cases of integration by substitution and

able

Except in the simplest of cases the

The integral

ln x dx

More than one application of

integration by parts may be
required, for example x2 ex dx

Integration of rational expressions

such as those arising from partial
fractions, eg

Note that the integration of other

rational expressions, such as
and

is also required (see

above paragrap

General and particular solutions

to functions covered in C3 and

Questions will not require more

Simpsons Rule is not

unit vector in the direction of a,

and be familiar with a
Algebraic operations of vector addition and
multiplication by scalars, and their geometrical

The distance d between two points

(x1 , y1 , z1) and (x2 , y2 , z2) is given by
d2 = (x1 x2)2 + (y1 y2)2 + (z1 z2)2
To include the forms r = a + tb and
r = c + t(d c)
Intersection, or otherwise, of two

= a = a1i + a2j + a3k and

= b = b1i + b2j + b3k then

a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 and

cos AOB

a . b = 0, and a and b are nona and b are

Mathematical models in mechanics; vectors in mechanics;

particle moving in a straight line or plane; statics of a particle;

Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least

+, , ,
x2, x, 1 , xy, ln x, ex, sine, cosine and
the fol
x
tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and

Tables

Mathematical Formulae including Statistical Formulae and

Momentum = mv

Impulse = mv mu

v = u + at
s = ut + at 2
s = vt at 2

v 2 = u2 + 2as
s = (u + v)t

The basic ideas of mathematical modelling as applied

Students should be familiar with

body, rod (light, uniform,
non-uniform), inextensible string,
smooth and rough surface, light
Students should be familiar with
the assumptions made in using

Students may be required

to resolve a vector into two
components or use a vector
involving the unit vectors i and j
Application of vectors to displacements, velocities,

Use of
velocity =
in the case of constant velocity,
and of
acceleration =

in the case of constant

Graphical solutions may be

required, including
displacement-time, velocity-time,
speed-time and acceleration-time
formulae for constant acceleration

Simple problems involving

constant acceleration in scalar
form or as a vector of the form
ai + bj.
Simple applications including the motion of two

Problems may include

(i) the motion of two connected
particles moving in a straight
line or under gravity when the
forces on each particle are
constant; problems involving
pegs may be set;

(ii) motion under a force which

to another, eg a particle hitting
the ground;

(iii) motion directly up or down

a smooth or rough inclined
Knowledge of Newtons law

An understanding of F = R when a

Only simple cases of the

application of the conditions for
equilibrium to uncomplicated
An understanding of F

R in a

Simple problems involving

coplanar parallel forces acting
on a body and conditions for

Mathematical models in probability and statistics; representation

and summary of data; probability; correlation and regression;
discrete random variables; discrete distributions; the Normal

Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least

1
+, , ,
x2, x, x , xy, ln x, ex, x!, sine, cosine and
the followin
tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and

Mathematical Formulae including Statistical Formulae and Tables,

Mean =

or

Standard deviation = (Variance)

Interquartile range = IQR = Q3 Q1

P(A ) = 1 P(A)

For independent events A and B,

P(B A) = P(B), P(A B) = P(A),

P(A

B) = P(A) P(B)

E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b

Var (aX + b) = a2 Var (X)

F(x0 ) = P(X

x0) =

Standardised Normal Random Variable Z =

where X N ( , 2)

The basic ideas of mathematical modelling as applied

Using histograms, stem and

leaf diagrams and box plots to

Drawing of histograms, stem and

leaf diagrams or box plots will not
be the direct focus of examination
Calculation of mean, mode and
median, range and interquartile
range will not be the direct focus
Students will be expected to
draw simple inferences and give
interpretations to measures

Data may be discrete, continuous,

Measures of dispersion variance, standard

Simple interpolation may

of measures of location and

illustrate the location of outliers

Understanding and use of

P(A ) = 1
P(A
P(A

P(A),

B) = P(A) + P(B)

B) = P(A) P(B A).

P(A

B),

P(B A) = P(B), P(A B) = P(A),

P(A

B) = P(A) P(B).

Use of tree diagrams and Venn

Calculation of the equation of

a linear regression line using
Students may be required to draw
this regression line on a scatter
Explanatory (independent) and response

range of values of the explanatory

variable and the dangers of
and y
Derivations and tests of

The probability function and the cumulative

Simple uses of the probability

function p(x) where p(x) = P(X = x).
Use of the cumulative distribution

F(x0 ) = P(X

x0) =

Use of E(X), E(X 2) for calculating

the variance of X.
Knowledge and use of

E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b,

Var (aX + b) = a2 Var (X).

The mean and variance of this

The Normal distribution including the mean, variance

and use of tables of the cumulative distribution

Knowledge of the shape and the

symmetry of the distribution
probability density function is
mean, variance and cumulative
distribution function is not
the solution of simultaneous