Measurement

Weight & Mass

Customary
1 pound lb. = 16 ounces
1 ton = 2,000 pounds

Metric
1 kilogram = 1,000 grams

Customary
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 36 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet

Metric
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 meter = 1,000 millimeters
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters

Length

Capacity
Customary
1 cup
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 2 pints
1 gallon = 4 quarts
Comparing Customary and Metric Units

Probability and Statistics

Probability is expressed as a number 0 to 1.

Probability is also expressed as a fraction.

Probability of:

NumberofFavorableOutcomes
TotalNumberOfPossibleOutcomes

0 = Impossible
0.01-0.49 = Unlikely (Less than half)
0.50 = Equally Likely
0.51-0.99 = Likely (More than half)
1 = Certain

Examples

0
Im possible
2
1
EquallyLik ely
2
2
Certain
2

Geometry

Polygon: a closed plane figure that has at least three sides

that do not cross. None of the sides are curved.

Rhombus: a quadrilateral with four equal sides.

Triangle: a polygon with three angles and three sides.

Pentagon: 5-sided polygon

Quadrilateral: a polygon with four sides.

Hexagon: a 6-sided polygon

Rectangle: a quadrilateral with four right angles.

Heptagon: a 7-sided polygon

Square: a rectangle with four sides of equal length.

Octagon: an 8-sided polygon

Trapezoid: a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel

sides.

Nonagon: a 9-sided polygon

Parallelogram: a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite

sides parallel.

Decagon: a 10-sided polygon

Number Sense
Place Value

Comparing Numbers
> Greater Than
< Less Than
= Equal To
Write the numbers being compared vertically, aligning
same place values. Start on the left and move to the right
until you find two digits that are different. Compare the
two digits.
5,326,233.334 < 5,326,333.334
5, 326, 233. 334
5, 326, 333. 334
Comparing Fractions
Cross Multiply
2x3=6

4x1= 4

1
2

3
4

1
2

3
<
4

3
1
6 is greater than 4 so is greater than
4
2

Rounding
Find your number (underline)
Look right next door
4 or less, just ignore
5 or more, add 1 more +1
Round to the nearest whole number underline the digit
in the ones place.

642,039.098

642,039.999

642,039.000

642,040.000

Decimal and Fraction Equivalents

Write the decimal as a fraction and cross multiply
3
4

0.75
4x75=300

100x3=300

3
4

75
100

3
4

= 0.75

Fractions Represent Division Statements

Equivalent Fractions
Fractions that are equal =
You will get the same number when you cross multiply

Read from top-to-bottom

1
2

2x6= 12

12x1= 12

1
2

6
12

1
2

6
=
12

100
5
24
8

1 divided by 2
100 divided by 5
24 divided by 5

Computation and Estimation

Addition = Sum
Subtraction = Difference
Multiplication = Product
Division = Quotient
Division Steps
Divide (Does)
Multiply (McDonalds) x
Subtract (Sell) Compare (Cheese-) <, >
Bring Down (Burgers)

Multiplication Steps
Multiply the digit in the ones place of the bottom number
by each digit in the top number.
Cross out the digit in the ones place and put a zero to hold
its place.
Multiply the digit in the tens place of the bottom number
by each digit in the top number.
Add the partial products to find the answer.

Multiples

Factors

A multiple of a number is the product (answer) of that

number and another number. Multiples can be found by
repeated addition.

A factor of a number is a number that divides evenly into

that number with a remainder of zero. In other
wordsnumbers that can be multiplied together where the
answer is that number.

Examples:
Multiples of
3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42
10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60

Examples:
Factors of
12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Common Multiples
All of the multiples that 2 or more numbers share.
Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Of all the common multiples, the least number is the LCM.
Example:

1x12=12
2x6=12
3x4=12
15: 1, 3, 5, 15
1x15=15
3x5=15

3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
6: 6, 12, 18
Some of the common multiples of 3 and 6 are: 6, 12, and
18. The Least Common Multiple (LCM) is 6.

Common Factors
All of the factors that 2 or more numbers share.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Of all the common factors, the greatest number is the GCF.
Example:
12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
15: 1, 3, 5, 15

Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Unlike

Denominators
X4

1 4
=
2 X4 8

LCM
2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

2 2
+ =
8 8

8: 8, 16, 24
2

6 3
=
8 2 4

GCF
6: 1, 2, 3, 6
8: 1, 2, 4, 8

The common factors of 12 and 15 are 1 and 3. Three is the

GCF.
Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Unlike
Denominators
1. Write problem vertically
2. Find the least common multiple (LCM) of the
denominators
3. Change the fractions to an equivalent fraction with
using the LCM as the dominator
4. Add/Subtract the fractions with like denominators
5. Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of the
numerator and denominator
6. Divide by the GCF to find the simplest form of the
answer

Writing Fractions in Simplest Form

List all of the factors of the numerator and denominator.
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the Greatest
Common Factor (GCF).

Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions

Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
3

24 =

6
6

12

6
6: 1, 2, 3, 6
12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

11
4

2x4= 8 + 3 = 11
Multiply the whole number by the denominator and add
the numerator this gives you the new numerator. The
denominator doesnt change.
Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number
16
5

= 3

1
5

16 5 = 3 Remainder 1
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The whole
number in the answer is the whole number in the mixed
number the remainder is the numerator.