HIGH SCHOOL GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Science and Technology III

Objectives: At the end of the school year, the students should:

1. Define Chemistry and Related Fields;

2. Apply the Scientific Method in Experiments and Researches;
3. Keep in mind the scientific attitudes;
4. Be acquainted on how to work in the laboratory;
5. Familiarize laboratory apparatuses;
6. Apply proper laboratory techniques;
7. Convert a given unit to a desired unit with significant figures;
8. Draw a Concept Map of Matter;
9. Compare and contrast the different states of matter, its composition and the changes
it undergoes;
10. Classify matter and the changes it undergoes;
11. Solve for the number of protons, neutrons and electrons;
12. Distribute electrons via complete atomic structure, electron population and electron
configuration;
13. Synthesize the Trends/ Behavior of Elements in the Periodic Table;
14. Draw a Lewis structure of a given compound, its molecular geometry and polarity;
15. Name Chemical compounds and write chemical formulas;
16. Identify types of chemical reactions;
17. Balance chemical equations by inspection and reduction oxidation principles;
18. Define Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics;
19. Write Keq expressions and solve for equilibrium concentrations;
20. Differentiate a reaction with and without a catalysts;
21. Use stoichiometry in solving unknown mass, volume or moles;
22. Apply different gas laws;
23. Prepare a solution quantitatively;
24. Express a given amount of concentration to another concentration;
25. Differentiate different Acid Base Theories;
26. Know the concept of pH and pOH; and
27. Know the basic concepts on Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry and Organic
Chemistry.
1. CHEMISTRY AS A CENTRAL SCIENCE
1.1. What is Science
1.1.1. Branches of Science: Physical Science, Earth Science & Life Science
1.2. What is Chemistry
1.2.1. Branches of Chemistry: Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Analytical
Chemistry, Biochemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry (etc.)
1.2.2. Chemistry as a Science and Technology
Three Types of Technology (Tools/ Gadgets, Products, Processes)
1.2.3. Development of Chemistry through Time
1.3. The Chemists
1.3.1. Scientific Attitudes
1.3.2. Scientific Method
1.3.3. Famous Local and International Chemists
1.3.4. FEATURE: Know the Best Filipino Chemists.
1.4. The Laboratory
1.4.1. Laboratory Apparatus
1.4.2. Laboratory Safety
1.4.3. Basic Laboratory Procedures
1.5. Math in Chemistry
1.5.1. Measurement: Two Systems of Units (English and Metric), Base and Derived
Units,
Basic Unit of Measurements (SI units)
1.5.2. Precision versus Accuracy
1.5.3. Significant Figures
1.5.4. Scientific Notation
1.5.5. Conversion of Units/ Dimensional Analysis
1.6. The Periodic Table of Elements
1.6.1. Development of the Periodic Table
1.6.2. Features of the Periodic Table
1.6.3. FEATURE: Changes in the Periodic Table
2. MATTER
2.1. States of Matter
2.1.1. Solid: Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
2.1.2. Liquid
2.1.3. Gas
2.1.4. Plasma
2.1.5. FEATURE: How many states of matter do we really have?
2.2. Classifying Matter
2.2.1. Elements: Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids
2.2.2. Compounds : Acid, Base, Salts, Oxides
2.2.3. Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids, Suspensions, Foams, Gel, etc.
 2.3. How Chemists Classify Compounds
2.3.1. Metallic Substances
2.3.2. Ionic Substances
2.3.3. Covalent Molecular Substances
2.3.4. Covalent Network Substances
2.3.5. FEATURE: The Allotropes of Carbon
2.4. Changes in the Different Phases of Matter
2.4.1. Melting, Sublimation, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Deposition
2.4.2. The Phase Diagram
2.5. Separation of Mixtures
2.5.1. Physical Means
2.5.2. Chemical Means
2.6. Changes in Matter
2.6.1. Physical Changes
2.6.2. Chemical Changes
2.6.3. Nuclear Changes: Nuclear Fission and Fusion
2.7. Properties of Matter
2.7.1. Physical Properties: Extensive and Intensive
2.7.2. Chemical Properties
2.7.3. FEATURE: What’s behind the display monitor of your calculators?
3. THE ATOM: THE SMALLEST PARTICLE
3.1. Atomic Theory Development
3.2. Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles
3.2.1. Proton
3.2.2. Neutron
3.2.3. Electron
3.3. Quarks and Leptons
3.4. Solving the Number of Proton, Neutron and Electron
3.5. Isotopes
3.6. FEATURE: An Introduction of Nuclear Chemistry
3.7. Different Models of the Atom
3.8. Ways of Distributing Electrons
3.8.1. Complete Atomic Structure
3.8.2. Electronic Configuration
3.8.3. Electron Population
3.8.4. FEATURE: Unusual Electronic Configurations
3.9. Quantum Numbers
3.10. Periodic Trend of Elements
3.10.1. Atomic Radius
3.10.2. Metallic Conductivity
3.10.3. Ionization Energy
3.10.4. Electronegativity
3.10.5. Electron Affinity
4. CHEMICAL BONDS
4.1. Laws of Chemical Combination
4.1.1. Law of Conservation of Mass
4.1.2. Law of Definite Proportion or Composition
4.1.3. Law of Multiple Proportion
4.2. Lewis Structures or the Electron Dot Formula
4.3. Types of Chemical Bonds
4.3.1. Ionic Bond
4.3.2. Covalent Bond: Polar and Non Polar Covalent Bonds
4.3.3. Metallic Bond
4.4. Three Kinds of Bonding: Single, Double and Triple Bonds
4.5. Molecular Geometry and Polarity of Molecules
5. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND FORMULAS
5.1. Chemical Nomenclature
5.1.1. Binary Compounds: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Compounds and Acids
5.1.2. Ternary Compounds: Polyatomic Ions
5.1.3. FEATURE: Unusual Polyatomic Ions: Do they really exist?
5.2. Writing Chemical Formulas
5.3. Chemical Reactions
5.3.1. Writing Chemical Equations
5.3.2. Parts of a Chemical Equation
5.3.3. Types of Chemical Equations
5.3.4. Balancing Chemical Equations: By Inspection and by Reduction-Oxidation
Principles
5.4. FEATURE: Balancing Chemical Equations by Redox Principles in Acidic/ Basic
Medium
6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
6.1. Chemical Equilibrium
6.1.1. Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
6.1.2. Writing the Chemical Equilibrium Constant Expressions
6.1.3. Applications of the Chemical Equilibrium
6.2. Chemical Kinetics
6.2.1. Reaction Rates
6.2.2. Half Life
6.2.3. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
6.2.4. Collision Theory
6.2.5. Catalysts
7. STOICHIOMETRY
7.1. Formula Mass
7.2. Molecular Mass
7.3. Percent Composition
7.4. Empirical Formula
7.5. Molecular Formula
 7.6. Computations involving Stoichiometry
7.6.1. Mass to Mass
7.6.2. Mole to Mass
7.6.3. Volume to Volume
7.6.4. Mass to Mole
7.6.5. Mass to Volume
7.6.6. Volume to Volume
7.7. Limiting and Excess Reagent
7.8. Percentage Yield (Theoretical Yield)
8. GASES
8.1. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
8.2. Measurable Properties of Gases
8.2.1. Temperature
8.2.2. Pressure
8.2.3. Volume
8.2.4. No. of Particles
8.3. Different Gas Laws
8.3.1. Boyle’s Law
8.3.2. Charles’ Law
8.3.3. Combined Gas Law
8.3.4. Gay-Lussac’s Law
8.3.5. Avogadro’s Law
8.3.6. Ideal Gas Law
8.3.7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
8.3.8. Graham’s Law of Diffusion
8.4. Applications of the Different Gas Laws
9. SOLUTIONS
9.1. Types of Solutions
9.2. Properties of Solutions
9.2.1. Solubility: Types of Solubility, Factors Affecting Solubility, Predicting Soluble
and Insoluble Salts in Water
9.2.2. Miscibility
9.2.3. Concentration
9.3. Chemical Arithmetic of Solutions
9.3.1. % by Mass, Volume and Mass/Volume
9.3.2. Molarity
9.3.3. Molality
9.3.4. Normality
9.3.5. Mole Fraction
9.3.6. Parts per Million & Parts per Billion
9.4. Preparing Solutions: Dilution
9.5. Colligative Properties of Non Electrolytes
9.5.1. Boiling Point Elevation
 9.5.2. Freezing Point Depression
9.5.3. Osmotic Pressure
9.5.4. Vapor Pressure Lowering
10. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
10.1. Differences between Acid, Bases and Salts
10.2. Different Theories on Acids and Bases
10.2.1. Arrhenius Concept
10.2.2. Bronsted- Lowry Definition
10.2.3. Lewis Definition
10.3. Classification of Acids and Bases
10.4. Strengths of Acid and Bases:
10.4.1. pH: Power of Hydrogen
10.4.2. pOH: Power of Hydroxide
10.5. Quantitative Aspects of Acids and Bases: Calculating pH, pOH, and H3O+ and
OH- concentrations.
11. GOING BEYOND REACTIONS
11.1. Thermochemistry
11.1.1. The Law of Conservation of Energy
11.1.2. Thermodynamics
11.1.3. Exothermic and Endothermic Changes
11.1.4. Enthalphy
11.1.5. Calorimetry (using a Coffee – Cup Calorimeter)
11.1.6. Standard Heat of Formation
11.1.7. Hess’ Law of Heat Summation
11.2. Electrochemistry
11.2.1. Galvanic Cells
11.2.2. Writing Cell Notations and Cell Potentials
11.2.3. Standard Reduction Potential Table
11.2.4. Electrolysis
11.2.5. Corrosion
11.2.6. Applications of Electrochemistry
12. AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
12.1. The Carbon Atom
12.2. Functional Groups: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl,Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phospate
12.3. Biomolecules in Food
12.4. Major Classes of Organic Compounds
12.4.1. Carbohydrates and Sugars: Monosaccharides, Disacchrides, Polysaccharides
12.4.2. Lipids
12.4.3. Proteins
12.4.4. Nucleic Acids Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid or DNA and Ribonucleic Acid or RNA