Fading dan

Mitigasi

Pendahuluan
Kenapa penting untuk memahami secara memadai tentang
karakteristik channel wireless ?
To facilitate a suitable signal design
To develop smart transmission/reception technologies
In multiuser communication, channel access scheme must be
shared efficiently.
In cellular system, signal coverage need to be computed as just
necessary (excess power will create interference).
In mobile celluler, threshold level needs to be determined to
maintain connection while traveling from cell to cell.
Teknologi yang berbeda menunjukkan kelakuan yg berlainan pada
wireless channel.

Kanal Idel (AWGN)

Ideal Channel
detection
Ideal channel
Transmitted
bit

AWGN

Ideal Channel pass all signal spectral without distortion (channel

BW is infinite, frequency response is flat for all frequencies)
The only impairment is the AWGN
The received signal is deterministic using the statistics of AWGN
(Gaussian distribution)

Kanal real (fisik)

Physical Channel
detection
Physical Channel
Transmitted
bit

AWGN

Physical channel (cable) has a limited bandwidth

Only significant component of signal spectral is
passed through the channel distortion
Signal BW must equal or less than Channel BW
How to make signal BW <= Channel BW ??

Fourrier Series/Transformation
Physical channel is designed to have a large BW (twisted
pair, coaxial, fiber optic, microwave link)
Signal BW is confined to meet the channel BW (equalizer)
Wave shaping filter (Sync function)

Fourier

Problem of Wireless Channel

If a large portion of signal spectral component cannot be
passed through the channel, signal will experience
distortion due to limited Channel BW.
The receiver can be designed to detect the distorted
received signal (introduced by the channel plus AWGN).
A more severe distortion is introduced by the wireless
channel due to multipath propagation ISI
Without sophisticated technologies, the detector will be
unable to detect the received signal because the
received signal from wireless channel is very bad

Wireless mobile radio channel

Air interface (the main problem is located here)

Delay spread
The signal transmitted through a wireless
channel will undergoe multipath propagation.
As a result, multiple copies will arrive at the
receiver at different times causing intersymbol
interference

Wireless Propagation Mechanism

Free Space Loss
Which is the direct path (line of sight path) = very easy to
predict using the free space loss formula)
Reflection
Which is the indirect path(s) that arrive at the receiver
after reflected by other object. This can be multiple
reflections which contribute to a large delay.
Diffraction
Propagation through large object that create a secondary
source such as hill tops, etc
Scattering
Propagation through small and rough object that causes
multiple reflection to different direction

Wireless Propagation Mechanism

Effect of multipath propagation:
Large scale path loss
Small scale propagation
Large scale path loss
Large attenuation in average
The received signal power decay in proportion to the nth
power of distance (2 < n < 5)
Use prediction models to predict the path loss
Small scale
Fast signal fluctuation around the average level
Doppler spread which corresponds to fading rate
Time dispersive due to different time delay

The Use of Propagation Analysis

Prediction of large scale Propagation:
Network coverage
Hand-off between cells
Link budget (interference calculation)
Small scale (multipath fading)
Signal design
Sophisticated transmission, diversity, beamforming.
Improve signal detection (smart receiver),
equalisation, receive diversity, beamforming

Multipath fading
Large scale and small scale fading

Characterisation of Multipath Fading

Focus on Multipath Fading
Time spreading of signal
Time varying of channel
Time spreading of Signal
Frequency selective fading
Frequency nonselective (flat) fading
Evaluation/analysis
Time domain
Frequency domain

Delay spread Model

Channel sounding (by impulse response)
Multipath channel

Multipath delay is discretized into N bins each of which is .

The model is used to analyzed signal with BW <= 1/(2 ).
The total received power is the sum of all multipath component if
they can be resolved.
If the signal BW << channel BW multipath can be resolved
If signal BW >> channel BW multipath cannot be resolved.
SIRCIM (Simulation of Indoor Radio Channel IMpulse response)
SMRCIM (Simulation of Mobile Radio Channel Impulse resp.)

Delay spread Model

Example

Assume SMRCIM/SIRCIMat urban radio channel has max excess delay of

96 us, at microcell channel has max excess delay of 5 us, and at indoor has
max exces delay of 50 ns. Assume the multipath is discretized into 24 bins
in that all paths within each bin is considered as a single resolvable path.
Calculate the max bandwidth of signal that can be analyzed or represented
for each of the channel model above.
Model channel SMRCIM/SIRCIM pada daerah urban, daerah mikrocell, dan
propagasi indoor diasumsikan memiliki max excess delay masing-masing
96 us, 5 us, dan 50 ns. Jumlah komponen multipath dibagi dalam 24
kelompok path yg dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah path yg dapat
diresolusikan. Hitung BW max dari signal impulse yg bisa dianalisis atau
representatip untuk masing-masing model channel tsb.

Delay spread Model

Jawab:
Urban

= 96/24=4 us Signal BW <= 1/(2*4 us)=0.125

MHz
Mikrocell
Indoor

= 5/24= Signal Bw <=

=

Delay spread Parameter

To determine the BW signal that can be passed through the channel
without ISI must know Channel Coherence BW.
Channel Coherence BW = W0 is related to rms delay spread m.
Channel coherence BW for freq correlation of >= 90 % is defined as
W0 = 1/(50 m), while for freq correlation of >= 50 % is W0 = 1/(5 m).
Example:
Environment

Frequency (MHz)

Rms delay

Urban

800 - 900

30 110 us

Suburban

800 - 900

200 350 ns

Indoor

800 900

50 100 ns

Indoor

1500 1800

20 100 ns

Delay spread Parameter

Example
Compute the rms delay spread for the channel with power-delay
profile as follow:

0 dB
- 10 dB
-- 20 dB
-- 30 dB
0

10

20

30

40

50

us

Compute the channel coherence BW with 90 % frequency

correlation. Is the channel suitable for GSM application without using
equalizer ?

Channel Coherence Band Width

Answer:

Characterisation of Multipath Fading

Time spreading of signal
Delay spread determines channel coherence BW
| ( f)|
S( )
W0

Delay spread,

1/

Channel coherence bandwidth, W 0

Effect of Fading/Mitigation
Manifestation of signal time-spreading
====================================================
Characterisation
Frequency selective
Flat fading
====================================================

Time domain

Frequency domain

W0 << W

W0 > >W

Signal degradation

ISI, loss of SNR.

Loss of SNR.

Mitigation

Channel equalization,
spread spectrum (rake)
error control

Diversity, error
control, power
control, Orthogonal
modulation (OFDM).

>> Ts

<< Ts

Time Varying Model

Channel variation (by motion) Doppler spread
Doppler spread fD channel coherence time T0 .
Channel coherence time is the time over which the channel is
considered time invariant.
Channel coherence time is the time over which two received signals
have a strong amplitudo correlation.
If the reciprocal BW of the transmitted signal is greater than the
coherence time the channel will change during one symbol period
fast fading.
For 50 % of time correlation function To = 9/(16 fD) where fD is the
maximum Doppler spread or fD = v/ .
Using popular geometric mean T0 = sqrt[9/(16 fD2)] = 0.423/fD.

Time Varying of Channel

Example
Sebuah vehicle melaju pada v = 36 km/jam menerima sinyal
multipath pada frekuensi 900 MHz menjauh dari pemancar.
Hitung channel coherence time
Hitung perioda sample untuk mendapatkan sample yang masih
berkorelasi tinggi
Hitung jumlah sample serta berama lama pengukuran sample dalam
jarak tempuh 25 m.
Berapa Doppelr spread dari channel tersebut

Time Varying of Channel

Jawab:

Effect of Fading/Mitigation

Time varying of channel

Time correlation of signal determines Doppler spread

( t)

Channel coherence time, T0

S( )
T0

1/fD

fc - fD

fc

fc + fD

Doppler spread

Effect of Fading/Mitigation
============================================================

Characterisation
Fast fading
Slow fading
======================================================
Time domain
T0 << Ts
T0 >>Ts
Frequency domain

fD >> W

fD << W

Signal degradation

Loss of SNR, pulse

Loss of SNR.

distortion, and synchronization

problem
Mitigation

Error control/interleaving Diversity, error

robust modulation
control, power control

Classification of fading channel

=========================================
Channel models
Ts >> T0
Ts << T0
=========================================
W >> W0
time-frequency
frequency-selective
selective fading
time-nonselective

W << W0

time-selective
time-frequency
frequency nonselective nonselective

The awful

The
worse

The Bad

Fading Simulator
Analytical evaluation of communication behavior in fading
channel is very difficult.
Field measurement is very costly and time consuming.
Fading simulator
Mathematical model
Realization
Computer simulation

Fading Simulator
Most popular fading simulator from Jakes (jakes method).
function y = fading(len, fd, T)
N = 34;
N0 = (N/2 - 1)/2;
alpha = pi/4;
xc = zeros(len,1);
xs = zeros(len,1);
sc = sqrt(2)*cos(alpha);
ss = sqrt(2)*sin(alpha);
ts = 0:len-1;
ts = ts'.*T + round(rand(1,1)*10000)*T;
wd = 2*pi*fd;
xc = sc.*cos(wd.*ts);
xs = ss.*cos(wd.*ts);
for lx =1:N0
wn = wd*cos(2*pi*lx/N);
xc = xc + (2*cos(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
xs = xs + (2*sin(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
end;
y = (xc + i.*xs)./sqrt(N0+1);

Fading Simulator
Example for fading rate fd= 5o Hz ( 30 km/hr at 1.8 GHz)
10

Fading amplitude [dB]

-5

-10

-15

-20

50

100

150

200
250
300
time x 0.67 msec

350

400

450

500

Ringkasan
The major challenge in Mobile Cellular Communications is
how to combat or mitigate the effect of wireless channel.
Wireless channel is characterised by amplitude fluctuation
(fading) and delay spread (frequency selectivity)

Most Channel in CDMA is frequency selective due to the large

bandwidth of the spread signal CDMA can resolve
multipath (frequency diversity) using RAKE receiver.
CDMA require tight power control to combat the near-far
problem.